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Dang-Khoa Mac, Eric Castelli
International Research Center MICA
HUST-CNRS/UMI 2954 Grenoble INP
Hanoi, Vietnam
{dang-khoa.mac, eric.castelli}@mica.edu.vn
Abstract - Prosodic attitudes, or social affects, are main part
of face-to-face interaction and linked to the language
through the culture. This paper presents a study on prosodic
attitudes in Vietnamese, a tonal language. Perception
experiments on 16 Vietnamese attitudes were carried out
with Vietnamese and French participants. The results
revealed perception differences between native and non-
native listeners. As attitudinal expressions are partially
carried through speech prosody, an analysis was also carried
out, in order to have a better understanding of why these
attitudes are recognized or confused, and to bring out some
prosodic characteristics of Vietnamese social affects.
Keywords - Vietnamese, attitude, perception, prosodic
analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
During communication between humans, speech is an
important information channel to express mental,
intentional, attitudinal and emotional states. According to
some theoretical models of affects [1], the affective
expression in speech communication may be controlled at
different levels of cognitive processing, from the
involuntarily controlled expressions of emotion to the
intentionally, voluntarily controlled expressions of
attitudes. Therefore, attitudes and emotions can be
distinguished depends on the nature of the control exerted
by the speaker (voluntary vs. involuntary) [2]. Some types
of expressivity may be expressed as either an attitude or an
emotion. For example, “surprise” can be considered as an
attitude when expressed during a voluntary process;
otherwise it can be considered as an emotion.
Attitude expression carries the intention and points of
view of the speaker (e.g. surprise, confirmation, politeness
etc.) [3]. Attitudes are constructed for each language and
each culture and they need to be learned by children or by
second language students [5]. As all attitudinal expressions
are constructed for a certain language and culture, they can
differ between languages. Some attitudes can be expected
to have a universal value (e.g. “surprise”), but specific
attitudes in one language may not be recognized or may be
ambiguous in another language [7]. The understanding of
this phenomenon may benefit from cross-cultural studies
[3,6,7].
The important role of prosody in emotional and
attitudinal expression was shown in many researches [4,9].
According to [4], some emotions can be characterized by
the mean level and the range of F0. This research also
showed the different contour shapes for different emotions.
With a tonal language such as Vietnamese, the acoustic

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