'i
}
If:
-C?
-tjl
'A
CHUYEN DICH DAI
TlT
NHAN XUNG NGOI
THLT
HAI
HAN - VIET
it{
51
NGUYEN
NGOC LONG '*'
T
rong giao tiep ngdn ngii, cac
chii
the tham gia giao tiep se phai xung
(tu gpi ten mmh) va hd (ggi ten ngudi
khae).
Cd the ndi, xung hd hay xung ggi
ludn didn ra d tat ca hoat ddng giao tiep
bang ngdn ngir va dugc chia theo ngdi.
Thudng
thi
ngdi giao tiep dugc phan
dinh nhu sau: Ngdi
thii
nha't

ximg
ho trong ngdn
ngiir Han:
TIf
xirng:
4i
'
^'fl'l
'
"ii ' "S'fn
mi'
M
Bdng
ximg:
^^]A.
'
A^
'
A-fe
'
Thd'ng
ximg:
^'^ ' XikJl
Ddi xung:
^^.
Tha
xUng:
-fe
Phiic xung:
i] £> ' i] ^ ' l]^;L

Anh diy nhd't dinh se tdi khu rdng
Bgch Hoa ndy.
flbl"^
° (A ^
bdng xung,
^ tuxUng)
Quy nii: nhd ngudi ta cd hoa deo,
cha minh tien it khdng mua noi.
A^^t%]An^
° (i h
dd'i xung,
^
bdng
ximg ^
tu xung,
Ij £>
phiic xUng)
Vi ngdy mai em se
Id
cd ddu ciia
ngudi khde, anh cdn kim che long minh.
'*'CN.
DaihocHaNdi.
53
TAP CHI HAN NOM SO 1 (92) - 2009
NGUYEN
NGQC LONG
{^'ikJL
thd'ng xung)
Mdi khi ai dd co thu

^
wo.
Or-
ni,
-fe
ta,
mang tinh khai quat va triu tugng hon.
Diiu
nay mang den nhirng trd ngai
khdng nhd cho nhiing hoat ddng lien
ngdn ngir van hda giiia hai dan tdc, trong
dd cd viec chuyen dich ldp
tir
xung hd
Han - Viet. Day se la chieu hudng chuyen
dich ttr Idi ndi trim tugng, khdng chi tiet,
trung
tinh
sang phong
each
chi tiet,
uy6n
chuyin, tinh te va het sii'c linh hoat.
Ldp ttr xung hd trong bat ky ngdn
ngir nao cung chia thanh hai nhanh,
mdt de xung ggi trong cac quan he
than tdc, nhiing tu nay, gan nhu khdng
cd bien the, dugc
xae
lap ttr md'i quan

^
i^:
bde
uncle:
^'V-^:
chdu, grandson, v.v
Nhanh cdn lai la tap hgp cua ttr xung
hd sir dung trong giao tie'p giii'a nhiing
md'i quan he phi than tdc. Nhanh nhiing
ttr xung hd nay trong tieng Han hien dai
khdng chi tiet, phiic tap nhu tieng Viet.
Tuy nhien, khi chuyen dich sang tieng
Viet, lai gap rat nhieu trd ngai.
Nhirng trd ngai trong qua
trinh
chuyin dich Idp tu xung hd chi cac md'i
quan he phi than tgc ttr tieng Han sang
tieng Viet, xua't phat chinh tu dac thti
ciia
hai ngdn ngtr ma cu
thi
la dac diem
ciia
he thd'ng ttr xung hd nhanh hai. Mgt
ben la sir dung dai ttr nhan xung mang y
nghia trung tinh khdng phan biet dia vi,
tuoi tac, sang hen, tdn khinh Mgt ben
la mugn he thd'ng ttr xung hd nhanh mdt,
chl quan he than tdc mang
sde

hoat ddng giao tie'p. Viec chuyen dich
nhdm dai tu nhan xung ngdi thiir hai
tieng Han sang tieng Viet cung phiic
tap nhat. Boi cd qua nhilu tuong duong
de
lira
chgn khi chuyen dich,
ttiy
theo
ttrng canh hudng giao tie'p cu
thi.
54
CHUYEN DICH DAI
TlT NHAN
XUNG NGOI
THlT HAI
HAN - VIET
Vi du:
itil^40-ft4 '
A-^^l^tltfj
o
1.
Thdy hay tin d em, em se he't
siic
CO
gang.
2.
Cd hay tin d em, em se he't
sire
CO

10.
Bde hay tin d chau, chau se het
siic
cd gdng.
11.
Chu hay tin d chau, chau se he't
siic
cd gdng.
12.
Cd hay tin d chau, chau se he't
sure
cd gdng.
13.
Bgn hay tin d tdi, tdi se he't
siic
cd' gang.
14.
Cdu hay tin d minh,
minh
se he't
sii'c cd gdng.
15.
Mdy hay tin d tao, tao se he't
siic
CO
gang.
Dai tir
-f.^
ni cua tieng Han d vi du tren
cd the cd ft nha't 15 dia ttr tuong duong

cd tdi 15 tucmg
duong de
lira
chgn cho mdi tinh hudng
ma thuc te cd tren 15 kha nang hay
phien ban de xem xet. Bdi tinh chi tiet
hda, bieu cam cao trong phong
each
xung hd tieng Viet, nd dugc
thi
hien d
nhung cap ttr xung hd dd'i xiing. Khi dich
sir dung cap ngdi - tdi, anh - tdi, em -
tdi.
bgn - ldi,
thii
trifdng - tdi, cdu - tdi, se cd
sde thai bilu cam
khae
so vdi viec dich
thanh ngdi - em, anh - em, em - anh, bgn
-
id
(minh), thit trifdng - em, cdu - minh
(id)
va cang
khae
xa vdi each dich la
mdy - tao.
Ngay nay, ngudi Han dting chu yeu

{ban Nguyin),
I-^±
{Ong
Vuong),^'VM.
{cd Ly).
Khae
vdi
ldi sir dung dai tu nhan xung trung tinh
i^-
ni,
f^-
nin,
each
hd ggi nay, ngoai
cdng nang khu biet ddi tugng giao tiep,
cdn mang
sde
thai bieu cam nha't dinh,
bilu thi
sir
tdn trgng,
lich
su va ca gan
giii nira. Nhung ne'u trong mdt ldp hgc
cd ttr hai hgc sinh mang hg
P>t
Nguyen
tra len
thi
fitJ^^

tinh
hoan
toan nhu you trong tieng Anh. Dai ttr nhan
xung
/p;
nhi,
)k
{-k)
nhu, sau nay phat
trien thanh
ij:
ni trong tieng Han hien dai.
Vl du:
1.
T^#T^3ft
' imfr^J^^MA^'^i
{Kinh Thi)
Nhd nguoi khdng len nui sdn bdt,
tgi sao trudc
ciia
nhd lgi treo nhieu thit
tha rimg nhu vay?
2.
i^^^ij.'^,
-kf-f^y^'^
°
{Kinh Thi)
Mdu xanh, mdu xanh, mdu xanh ndy
Id
do chinh tay ndng del nen.

iy-
va
-k
hoan toan mang y nghla trung tfnh.
Khoang 200 nam sau, vao nhiing
nam 400 - 500 TCN (thdi Khong Tu,
Ludn ngii) bat ddu co
sir
phan cdng vl y
nghia cung nhu
each
dung. Ngoai y
nghla mang tfnh khai quat nhu
ij:
ni
trong tieng Han hien dai, cac dai ttr trong
tieng Han co
^
nhi,
ijc
{-k)
nhif,
-^
tif
cdn bieu thi nhimg sde thai tinh cam yeu
ghet, tdn khinh Ngudi cd dia vi tha'p
hon dung
ik,
^-,
khi chuyen dich sang

HAN -
VI$T
Nhan Uyen Quy
Lip
difng hdu,
Khdng Tu ndi: "Sao cdc nguoi (con)
khdng ndi chi hudng
ciia
minh ra? "
{Td truyen)
Nhd nguoi thi biet gi ? Ne'u chi sdng
den trung tuoi thi cdi
edy
tren md nhd
ngifoi
dd du cd ngudi dm rdi
ddy.
De'n thdi Mac Tif, Mgnh Tif, Trang
Tif, dai tir nhan xung ngdi
thii
hai
^
tif
khdng cdn mang nghia tdn xung nhu
f£
nin nua, ma chi cd y nghla trung tinh
nhu
^1^-
ni trong tieng Han hien dai. Cung
vao giai doan nay,

cung cd
each
dung tuong tu nhu vay, dting
de chi hai thai
cue
trai ngugc nhau: he't sire
cam ghet va cue ky yeu men.
Khae
vdi tieng Han hien dai, dai ttr
nhan xung ngdi thir hai trong tieng Han
CO
kha phong phii, ngoai
^k,
'1^,
-?"
cdn
cd
^
nhuge,
ifv
nhi,
TJ
ndi. Cd dieu, ba
dai ttr nay chi mang y nghla trung tfnh,
cd the diing thay
the
tuong duong nhu
i^~
ni {you) va
ij:

Sau qua trinh gian hda, dai
tir.
nhan xung
ngdi
thii
hai trong tieng chi cdn lai
ij;
(thdng xung) va
/£.
(tdn xung). Dai ttr
nhan xung sd ft
ij:
ni dugc phat triin ttr
/p
nhi trong tieng Han co. Su xuat hien
ciia /*.
nin ngdi
thii
hai mang y nghia
kinh
ximg
trong tieng Han hien dai
da dugc nhilu nha lich sir ngdn ngir hgc
Han quan tam, nghien ciiru. Theo
^^^-frf-,
(Nguyen nhdn chgn dgi tif nhdn kinh
ximg
Ht-
nin), dang tren bao Joumal of
Zhangjiakou Vocational College of

Id chii
re cita ede chdu.
i't
a day chi cac chau
i^^-ii]
(you). Xet
ttt
binh dien ngii am, dng cho rdng
M
nin
la ndi tdt
ciia
ttr td
i^^A^
ni lao
renjia (ninlao - nil- nin).
Tieng Han cd dac
thti.
y nghla nhieu
khi bat ngudn ttr ban than van tu.
Thudng nhirng chir Han cd bd
'C^'
tdm
§7
TAP
CHi HAN
NOM SO 1
(92) -
2009
NGUYEN

kinh
trgng,
tdn thd.
Tren
bd tdm cd
chii
-f.lr
ni
('C^Ji^'f,^
ldm
thugng
hiTii
nhi).
Sau
nay,
cung
vdi
sir
phat triin
cua
xa
hdi,
iiy.
ni,
i!t
nin cd su khu
biet
vl
nghla ngir
dung,

nhilu ngdn ngir. Trong tieng
Anh
CO dai ttr
thou
(i^)
luc ddu
khdng
mang
y
nghia kinh xifng,
sau nay
xuat
hien
you, ye
(/^.),
sau dd
thou
dan dan ft
dung
cho de'n the ky
XVIII
thi
hoan toan
khdng
sir
dung nira. Khdng
cdn
thou
mang
y

doi cua tu
than
cac dai ttr
nhan xung
tieng
Han
thii
vi bao
nhieu
thi
viec
tim
cac tuong duong trong ngii dfch
de
chuyin dich
lai
phiic
tap bay
nhieu.
Tam
If ciing
nhu
chien
lugc
trong giao tie'p
d
bat
ky
ngdn ngii
nao

ij:,
it
Tat ca cac
trang thai
tam
If,
tinh
cam
ciia
cac
thanh
vien tham
gia
giao tie'p trong
cac md'i
quan
he
chdng chit
ciia
xa hdi
diu
gdi
ggn trong
hai ttr
i^.,
it
Khi
chuyen
djch
se dugc

hgc
Viet
Nam, Nxb. Dai hpc &
THCN, 1981.
2.
Nguyin Hdng
Cdn: Co sd
ngon
ngU
hgc ciia nghien
cdu
dich thudt
vd bg mon
dich
thudt
hgc,
Ngdn
ngif,
sd
8, 2004.
3.
Nguyin
Van
Khang: Tieng Hdn
dViel
Nam
vdi tu
each
Id
mgt

hpc qud'c te), 2006,
U.263-281.
6.
F$ia^:
{^m^^^it^my,
x
^#r:
Ji^lr^hif #lf it
;jg.?i.
2000.
7.
f,f.®i^:
{^^^%itX^-}
,
itt^:
^hi|-#t#^*^%
tb;&^i.
1984./.
58