NGHE THUAT BQN
PHl/HNn
NHIN LAI VAN HOC CAMPUCHIA
SAU 199?
NGUYfiN
SY TUAN
V
e van hgc,
sir
thay
ddi
di nhan thay la
su tai lap Hgi
nhirng nha sang tac Khame
(Hdi nha van), vao ngay
12-4-
1993 (1). Ltic tai lap, Hgi chi
cd 20 hgi vien, trong dd cd
11
hgi vien la nhtfng ngudi may
man cdn sd'ng sdt sau nan diet
chung, do nha van You Bo lam
Chti tich Hdi. Sau dd, Hgi da
tie'n hanh phat trien them
nhilu hgi vien mdi d Phndm
Penh va cac tinh, thanh (de'n
nam
2003,
Hdi da cd
186
hdi

htit dugc nhieu ngudi sang tac
van hgc tham gia.
Hai su kidn cd
y nghia
n(>ibatcudifKXX,k»Hidp
dinh
hda
binh Paris
ve
Campuehia (1991)
vd
thanh
ldp
Chinh
phu lidn
hidp
Vdong
QUOC
Campuehia (1993), da Idm
thay
ddi
didn
mao
Campuehia,
dda dd't nudc
nay vdo thdi
ky
phat
trien
mdt.

nhidu iinh
vuc
khde
cua
ddi sdng xa
hdi
Cung can ndi them la
phong trao sang tac van hgc
trong thdi ky nay cdn dugc
trg gitip dac
lire
cua bao chf,
vd'n mgc len nhu nam ngay
sau khi
Campuehia
dugc
thanh lap va thtrc hien dudng
ldi ttr do, dan chit.
Chi
rieng
d Phndm Penh da cd 54 td
bao,
hau he't deu cd trang cd
dinh de dang lien
tire
cac
truyen ngan, tieu thuyet va
tha.
Trong cac cudc thi nay, ben
canh mdt sd tac gia vd'n da

quan chti lap hie'n nhung lai
theo dudng ldi tu do, dan chti,
da nguyen, da dang. Vi the
Campuehia tdn tai rai nhieu
dang phai (da cd ltic len tdi 57
dang phai), tao nen btfc tranh
chfnh tri da sdc mau. Diiu nay
da tac ddng khdng nhd de'n ddi
sdng van hda, xa hdi
ciia
Campuehia.
Trong linh
virc
van
hgc nhieu khuynh hudng sang
tae khac nhau da xuai hien.
Tuy nhien, nhin tdng quat, cd
may khuynh hudng mang tinh
ndi trdi sau day.
Sd313
Thang 7-2010
VAN HOA
NGHI^
THUAT
MIWC MCOAI
Mdt la, tiep tuc vie't ve
nhirng ma't mat, dau thuang
ma dan tgc Campuehia phai
ganh chiu dudi thdi Pdl Pdt.
Phai ndi rang diet chimg

hay khoet
sau
vao ndi dau vtra
li6n
da thit ma la nhdc nhd
mgi ngudi, khdng vi
sir
bdn
b6
cua cudc sd'ng hien thdi ma
quen mdt thdi qua khu dau
thuang.
Hai la, tie'p
tiic
phan anh
sir
kien ngay 7-1-1979 va khdng
dinh thanh
tim
cua che do
Cdng hda nhan dan
Campuehia. Cac tac pham
theo khuynh hudng nay
thudng mang tinh luan de
nhdm chtfng minh cho mdt
chan ly rdng ne'u khdng cd
ngay nay thi
Campuehia
se
khdng cd cudc hdi sinh ky

nhting mat trai cua nen kinh te
thi trudng.
Mot sd tac gia, tac pham
tieu bieu
Ven Xdn (1939),
hdi
vien
Hdi nha van, bdt dau sang tac
van hoc ttr sau ngay
Campuehia thoat khdi nan diet
chiing. Nam 1987, tac phdm
Mdi mdi dpi chd cua dng dat
giai ba. Nam 1991, dng doat
giai nha't cudc thi tho toan
qudc vdi tac phdm Ldi ddn
nhd tha (Bdn ddm kavdy). Ca
hai cudc thi nay do Bd Van
hda, Thdng tin, Tuyen truyen
td chuc. Sau nam 1993, Ven
Sdn tiep tuc sang tac, trong dd
Ldi dan ngudi con Khame dat
giai tu ve tha gidi thudng
Preah Sihanouk Riech,
nam
1996
va Gid'c ma thien du&ng
dat giai nhi ve tha gidi thifdng
ngdy bdy thdng gieng (1997).
Gid'c ma thien dudng tai hien
lai mgt

Dai hgc My thuat Hoang gia.
Budc vao lang van ttr nam
1983 vdi vd kich ndi Tdm
ldng anh, sau dd dng cdn co
cac tac phdm: Chu nong ddn
Kun (kich, 1984), Con sinh
trudc cha (kjch, 1985),
Bdtoi
ke chuyen (truyen ngdn,
1987).
Sau nam 1993, dng vdn
tie'p tuc sang tac, trong do
dang chti y nhat la tieu thuyet
Bdn nhgc vu quy bdt hanh,
tac pham dat giai nhi gidi
thudng ngdy bdy thdng gieng
(1997),
xuat ban 1998. Bdn
nhgc vu quy bdt hanh dua
ngudi dgc trd ve nhtfng nam
thang den td'i, ddi khd, loan
lac dudi thdi Pdl Pd't. Hai anh
em rudt Le va Lekhana lien
ttrc
bi
Angea
bdt lam lao dgng
khd sai trong cac cdng xd
ndng thdn ma thirc chat la cac
trai tap trung tra hinh. Tif do

(1987).
Nam 1989, dng doat
giai ba tai cudc thi van hgc
nghe thuat do TP Phndm Penh
td chiic vdi tieu thuyet Sdng
bien.
Sau nam 1993, dng tiep
tlie
sang tac, trong dd Dem
yen tinh (tieu thuye't) dat gidi
thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech
(1995) va Ngdy khdng rai (4)
(tieu thuye't) doat giai nhai
gidi thudng ngdy bdy thdng
gieng (1997). Ngoai ra dng
edn cd mgt sd truyen ngdn
dang tren tap chf
Nudc
hd
Tdiile
Sdp. Ngdy khdng rai
md ta mdt each het stfc chan
thuc va sd'ng ddng Campuehia
trong thdi gian ba nam tam
thang hai muoi ngay dudi che
do Pdl Pdt. Sd'ng trong mdt xa
hdi edn han la mdt dia nguc,
nhtmg ngudi dan Campuehia,
nhifng nd le hien dai, da bi
bie'n thanh nhtfng con vat

cLia
su bai hanh, niem
hanh phtic vd bd chgt ap de'n,
da't nudc Campuehia dugc giai
phdng vao ngay 7-1-1979
(chuang 8, Cupc ddi mdi).
Kudng Bunchuan (1939),
hdi vien Hdi nha van, bdt dau
su nghiep van ehuong ctia
minh ttr nam 1957 vdi tieu
thuyet Bien chet, md ta cudc
ddi cua mgt tac gia da dau
minh de viei ve bien hd. Nam
1963,
dng bi chfnh
quyfin
bat
vi tdi vie't Ldu ddi dia
ngiic
(tieu thuyet) cd ngtr y phe
phan cpng ddng xd hpi binh
ddn do Hoang than
N.Sihanouk lanh dao. Nam
1970 dng lai bi bdt giam vi tdi
da viet Ddu
Id
tuang lai cda
nd phe phan che dg cdng hda
cua tudng Lon-non, ngudi da
lat dd Qudc trudng, Hoang

Pd
N hiay
at
(1995),
Hoa Rum
dudn (1995), Dom ddm
(1995),
Ndm md nguyen
(1997),
Sd phdn ndng
Marina (2000) Trong sd
nay, 3 tac phdm Hoa
Riim
dudn,
Dom ddm va Ndm md
nguyen tuy khdng dugc giai
nhung lai gay dugc
sir
chti y
trong gidi van chuang
Campuehia
duong thdi bdi
each nhin thdi cudc qua nhtfng
van
d^
mdf me ma tac gia dat
ra. Hoa Rum dudn tai hien
mdt each chan thtrc xa hdi
Campuehia dudi thdi Cgng
hda nhan dan

tie'p
tire
di sau phan anh mgt
"xa hdi nha tu khdng ed tudng
bao quanh" qua Ndm md
nguyen, hudng ngudi dgc vao
nhifng gia tri bin vtfng, trudng
tdn cua truyen thdng van hda
dan tde. Hinh anh trung tam
Sd313
Thang 7-2010
VAN HOA NGHF THUAT
MlWC
MCOAI
CLia
tie'u thuyet la canh may
ten dd te giet hai mdt ntf
diin
vien mtia Apsara xinh dep d
ngay chan de. Mac dau da
chei, chi vdn cam chdc trong
tay va gia cao btic phit dieu
Apsara. Day la mdt
hinh
tugng
nghe thuat mang tfnh hu cau,
nhu'ng nd cd tinh bidu tugng
hei stfc sau sde, rdng
sir
tan

nam ngay dat nudc thoat khdi
nan
diet
chung (1979-1989).
Sau nam 1993, ba sang tac rat
nhiSu,
chi tfnh den nam 2000,
da cd 24 tieu thuyet va 8 kich
video, trong dd Khdng the
quen doat giai nhat gidi
thudng Preah Sihanouk Riech
nam 1995. Khdng the quen la
cau
chuyen ke ve ngudi con
gai md cdi ca cha ldn me,
khdng ngu'di than thi'ch, khdng
nai nuang
tira.
Mdt con ngudi
ludn bi bam riei bdi cdc hinh
anh dan cdi, khdng nha,
khdng
cira,
lang thang, ddi
khat
CLia
quang ddi tudi tho.
Chi cd Trung tam Hoa hdng
(trai tre md cdi d Phndm Penh
dudi thdi Cdng hda nhan dan

nghiep, md, nang lugng
Phndm Penh, dugc biei den ttr
hai bai tho Linh hdn Khame
va Khame oi dugc phat tren
Dai phat thanh qudc gia nam
1973.
Cung trong nam 1973,
ba cho xuai ban hai cudn tie'u
thuyet Cupc bupc chi cd tay
ddy nudc mdt va Tinh yeu sd
phdn.
Sau nam 1979, bd tie'p
tuc lam tho, trong dd hai bai
tho Dd
Ihu
Khome,
No cd mpt
ddi (1983) dugc nhieu ngudi
biei den. Nam 1991, truyen
tho Vdng mudi ctia ba dugc
giai khuye'n khfch tai Lien
hoan sang tac van hgc nghe
thuat toan qudc.
Sau nam 1993, Pdn Pixay
vie't kha nhieu. Tuy nhien
ngudi dgc chti y de'n Truyen
tho Sdn khdu ddi nguai, tac
phdm doat giai nhat gidi
thtfdng Preah Sihanouk Riech
(1995)

thanh nien nam ntf, khuyen ho
lam tdt vai trd ngudi chdng,
ngudi vg va cao han la hoan
thanh trgng trdch ctia
minh
trong thdi ky mdi. Cung co
nhd nghien ctiu van hgc
Campuehia di xa hon, cho
rdng Sdn khdu ddi ngudi
mang mdt y nghia bieu tugng
ve ba me Khame nhan hau,
nhung dau thuong, di sud't doc
dai cua lich
sir
dat nude (5).
Mau Xomnang (1959),
hOi
vien Hdi nhd van, trinh lang
bdng tde phdm ddu tay, tieu
thuyet Cdi ddc tinh (1982).
[7|S6
313
Thang 7-2010
NGHE THUAT BQN PHUONG
Nhtfng nam'dudf che'dd Cdng
hda nhan dan
Campuehia,
ba
la mdt trong nhitng ngudi sang
tac nhieu va deu dan nhdt. Sau

cudc ndi chien de budc vao
cudc sdng mdi. Dd la mdt
Campuehia
dang trong giai
doan chuydn ddi, vdi nhting
md'i quan he chdng cheo, dan
xen, phtfc tap, vdi nhung than
phan gidu sang cd, thap hen
ed, chi'nh
trite
cd, bat nhan cd.
Bdi vay, cud'n sach day dp cae
bie'n cd, cac su kien, cac tinh
tiei,
mac dau cdt truyen xoay
quanh than phan
ciia
mdt cd
gai bj chfnh ngudi cha rugt
ctia minh bd roi ttr khi cdn
ndm trong bung me. Cau
chuyen bdt ddu ttr mgt chiit
hidu ldm ma dng Narei da
dudi ba Montha ra khdi nha
khi ba dang mang thai cd con
gai Bd Seba. Ba Montha phai
kiem sd'ng va nudi con mgt
minh vdi bao ndi cd don, khd
cue.
Montha vd

sai lam va tai hgp cting Bd
Seba.
Cd the cd nhidu ngudi cho
rdng Sdng xd cdt cd qua nhieu
tinh tiei,
sir
kien ma qua mdng
ve khfa canh tam ly dd tao nen
nhtfng nhan vat van hgc
di'ch
thtrc.
Nhan xet ndy khdng phai
khdng cd ly. Nhung, van hge
Campuehia,
nhu thudng thay,
vdn thien ve mat hanh dgng.
Didu nay cd ngudn gdc ttr
trong lich
sir
van hgc, va lai,
nd cung phan anh, ddng thdi
cung la de dap tfng mdt thi
hieu mang tfnh phd quat
ciia
phdn ldn dgc gia Campuehia
ndi chung, dd la vdn
diifang
dimg de dien
did
khdng phdi

nhan nhugng, tha thtf vdi
nhiing ngudi biet nhan ra ldi
lam. Cd the ndi, Sdng xd cdt
la cudc da'u tranh khdng ngoi
nghi cua nhtfng con ngudi
khdng nai nuong
tira
trong bao
to,
gidng nhu nhung hat cat bi
nhting dgt sdng lien hdi xd
ddy tren bai bidn.
Ngoai cac khuynh hudng
chit
dao tren, tuy chua trd
thanh mdt khuynh hudng.
nhung da xuai hien nhifng nha
van mud'n
thir
stfc
minh
trong
loai truyen mang tinh thuang
mai dd kiem sdng, mac dit sd
ngudi thuc
sir
sdng dugc bdng
nghe van la
cue
ft, neu khdng

Pha ngang, nhung rieng viec lam vfa lai rat td't;
ngay Kim xa la ngdy chi nen danh vdo viec
cting dudi ma la td't nhat; ngay Xudm xa la
ngay di san, danh ca la td't nhat; ngdy Can xa la
ngay td't nha't danh cho tham hdi ban be, anh em
hg hang, nhtfng cdng viec giao tie'p.
Ngudi Mudng trdnh khdi cdng lam nha, gieo
trdng vao ngdy sao tua rua di qua mat trang.
Day la dieu quan trgng ma dng ba, cha me phai
can dan con chdu trudc khi ve rdng (4).
Ngudi Thdi d Thanh Hda sd'ng gan gui vdi
ngudi Mudng ttr lau ddi nen da
sir
dung bd lich
phap nay ciia ngudi Mudng nhu bd lich rieng
cita dan tde minh. Do dd hai dan tgc Mudng,
Thdi da
sir
dtrng bd lich nay vdi
mirc dich
gdn
nhu gid'ng nhau.
Nhin chung, lich phap ciia ngudi Mudng la
mdt phdn tri thiic tgc ngudi dugc bdt ngudn ttr
trong cudc sd'ng. Day
la
nhirng kinh nghiem
duge due ke't qua nhidu ddi, duge
ehdt
lgc trong

Xuan co
1 muong,
Ngpc
Lac co 7 mucmg, Lang Chanh co 4
mucmg, Thach Thanh co 5 muong, va Yen Dinh co 1
muong. Cac mucmg nay ton tai tru6c Cach mang thang
Tam.
2.
Cao Son Hai, Tuc ngd Mudng Thanh Hoa, Nxb
Vdn hoa Thong
tin.
Ha Noi,
2002.
3.
4. Hoang Anh
NhSn,
Vdn hoa dm thuc Mudng,
Nxb Vdn hoa Ddn
tpc.
Ha Npi,
2003.
NHIN
LAI VAN HOC
(Tie'p theo trang 75)
ctfng phdi dung trudc mdt cudc canh tranh mdi:
van hda dgc bi Ian at bdi van hda nghe nhin
dang dugc hd trg dde
lire
cua cae phuong tien
ky thuat hien dai, cting tam ly hudng thu cua

dong xa hpi
binh
dan (1954-1969), Cfing hoa Khome
(1970-1975),
Campuehia
dan chu (1975-1979), Cpng hoa
nhan dan
Campuehia
(1979-1991),
Thai ky qua
d6
duoi
sir
quan ly
ciia
UNTAC (1991-1993), thai Vuong qudc
Campuehia (tir
1993
den nay).
3.
Vuong qudc
Campuehia
I la thoi ky 1954-1969,
dudi
sir
trj vi ctia Qudc vuong N.Sihanouk.
4.
Tieu
thuyet nay cd
tira

•in«S6 313
•H Thang
7-2010