WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK
October 2012
Coping with High Debt and Sluggish Growth
International Monetary Fund
World Economic and Financial Surveys
©2012 International Monetary Fund

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Public Debt and Economic Growth 106
Case Studies 109
Analysis 122
Conclusion 125
References 126
CONTENTS
world economic outlook: coping with high debt and SluggiSh growth
iv International Monetary Fund | October 2012
Chapter 4. Resilience in Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Will It Last? 129
How Has Resilience Varied across Countries and over Time? 132
What Factors Are Associated with Resilience? 137
Putting It All Together: Multivariate Analysis 141
Wrapping Up: What Has Contributed to Increased Resilience? 144
Conclusion 149
Appendix 4.1. Data Sources 149
Appendix 4.2. Characterizing Resilience Using an Autoregressive Process on Growth 152
Appendix 4.3. Duration Analysis 154
Appendix 4.4. Robustness and Additional Results 155
Box 4.1. Jobs and Growth: Can’t Have One without the Other? 159
Box 4.2. How Would an Investment Slowdown in China Aect Other Emerging Market
and Developing Economies? 164
Box 4.3. Resilient Growth in Low-Income Countries: Kenya and Tanzania 167
References 169
Annex: IMF Executive Board Discussion of the Outlook, September 2012 173
Statistical Appendix 175
Assumptions 175
What’s New 176
Data and Conventions 176
Classication of Countries 177
General Features and Composition of Groups in the World Economic Outlook Classication 177

Table 1.3.3. Uncertainty and Business Cycles 52
Table 1.5.1. Regional Food Vulnerability 56
Table 2.1. Selected European Economies: Real GDP, Consumer Prices, Current Account Balance,
and Unemployment 66
Table 2.2. Selected Advanced Economies: Real GDP, Consumer Prices, Current Account Balance,
and Unemployment 70
Table 2.3. Selected Asian Economies: Real GDP, Consumer Prices, Current Account Balance,
and Unemployment 72
Table 2.4. Selected Western Hemisphere Economies: Real GDP, Consumer Prices, Current
Account Balance, and Unemployment 78
Table 2.5. Commonwealth of Independent States: Real GDP, Consumer Prices, Current
Account Balance, and Unemployment 79
Table 2.6. Selected Middle East and North African Economies: Real GDP, Consumer Prices,
Current Account Balance, and Unemployment 82
Table 2.7. Selected Sub-Saharan African Economies: Real GDP, Consumer Prices, Current
Account Balance, and Unemployment 87
Table 2.SF.1. Behavior of Stress Indicators, 2007–12 91
Table 2.SF.2. Data for Spillover Feature 94
Table 3.1. Dierentiating Episodes by the Change in the Debt-to-GDP Ratio 107
Table 4.1. What Ends Expansions and Recoveries? 143
Table 4.2. Data Sources 150
Table 4.3. Economy Groups 151
Table 4.4. AR(1) Median Coecients and Interquartile Range 153
Table 4.5. What Shortens Expansions? Robustness Checks 156
Table 4.1.1. Short-Term Relationship between Labor Market Outcomes and Growth,
by Country Group 161
Table 4.1.2. Determinants of Okun Coecients and Employment Responsiveness 163
Table A1. Summary of World Output 190
Table A2. Advanced Economies: Real GDP and Total Domestic Demand 191
Table A3. Advanced Economies: Components of Real GDP 192

Services
Table B13. Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Region: Total Trade in Goods
Table B14. Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Source of Export Earnings: Total Trade in
Goods
Table B15. Advanced Economies: Current Account Transactions
Table B16. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Balances on Current Account
Table B17. Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Region: Current Account Transactions
Table B18. Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Analytical Criteria: Current Account
Transactions
Table B19. Summary of Balance of Payments, Financial Flows, and External Financing
Table B20. Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Region: Balance of Payments and External
Financing
Table B21. Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Analytical Criteria: Balance of Payments
and External Financing
Table B22. Summary of External Debt and Debt Service
Table B23. Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Region: External Debt, by Maturity and
Type of Creditor
Table B24. Emerging Market and Developing Economies by Analytical Criteria: External Debt, by
Maturity and Type of Creditor
Table B25. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Ratio of External Debt to GDP
Table B26. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Debt-Service Ratios
Table B27. Emerging Market and Developing Economies, Medium-Term Baseline Scenario: Selected
Economic Indicators
contents
International Monetary Fund | October 2012 vii
CONTENTS
Figures
Figure 1.1. Global Indicators 3
Figure 1.2. Euro Area Developments 4
Figure 1.3. Current and Forward-Looking Growth Indicators 5

Figure 1.2.2. Implications of Higher Debt Levels for the Global Economy 46
Figure 1.2.3. Illustrative Eects of Allowing Government Debt to Drift Higher 48
Figure 1.3.1. Evolution of Uncertainty 50
Figure 1.5.1. Regional Food Vulnerabilities 57
Figure 2.1. Revisions to WEO Growth Projections for 2012 and 2013 61
Figure 2.2. e Eects of Lower Potential Growth 62
Figure 2.3. Weekly Equity and Bond Fund Flows during Financial Stress in Advanced Economies 63
Figure 2.4. Europe: Revisions to 2013 GDP Growth Forecasts 64
Figure 2.5. Europe: In the Midst of Economic and Financial Stress 65
Figure 2.6. United States and Canada: Revisions to 2013 GDP Growth Forecasts 68
Figure 2.7. United States and Canada: A Weak Recovery 69
Figure 2.8. Asia: Revisions to 2013 GDP Growth Forecasts 73
Figure 2.9. Asia: Activity Decelerates 74
world economic outlook: coping with high debt and SluggiSh growth
viii International Monetary Fund | October 2012
Figure 2.10. Latin America and the Caribbean: Revisions to 2013 GDP Growth
Forecasts 76
Figure 2.11. Latin America: A Moderate Slowdown 77
Figure 2.12. Commonwealth of Independent States: Revisions to 2013 GDP Growth Forecasts 80
Figure 2.13. Commonwealth of Independent States: Vulnerable to Negative Spillovers 81
Figure 2.14. Middle East and North Africa: Revisions to 2013 GDP Growth Forecasts 83
Figure 2.15. Middle East and North Africa: An Uneven Recovery 84
Figure 2.16. Sub-Saharan Africa: Revisions to 2013 GDP Growth Forecasts 85
Figure 2.17. Sub-Saharan Africa: A Strong Expansion 86
Figure 2.SF.1. Financing Conditions for Euro Area Periphery Economies and the United States,
2007–12 89
Figure 2.SF.2. Changes in Stress Indicators, 2007–12 90
Figure 2.SF.3. Global Weekly Capital Flows 92
Figure 2.SF.4. Global Fund Flows during Stress 93
Figure 2.SF.5. e Composition of Capital Flows during Stress 93

Figure 4.10. Frequency of Various Types of Domestic and External Shocks to Emerging Market
and Developing Economies 145
contents
International Monetary Fund | October 2012 ix
Figure 4.11. Policy Frameworks and Policy Space in Emerging Market and Developing Economies 146
Figure 4.12. Structural Characteristics of Emerging Market and Developing Economies 147
Figure 4.13. Contribution of Shocks, Policies, and Structure to the Length of Expansions
in Emerging Market and Developing Economies 148
Figure 4.14. Emerging Market and Developing Economies: Eects of Changing the Autoregressive
Model Coecients 154
Figure 4.15. Emerging Market and Developing Economy Subgroups: Dynamics of Output
per Capita following Peaks 157
Figure 4.16. Emerging Market and Developing Economy Regions: Contributions of Shocks,
Policies, and Structure to the Length of Expansions 158
Figure 4.1.1 Diverging Global Labor Market Trends, 2007–11 159
Figure 4.1.2. Distribution of Okun’s Law Coecients and Employment Responsiveness, 2007–11 161
Figure 4.1.3. Okun’s Law: Employment and Output in Emerging Market
and Developing Economies 162
Figure 4.2.1. Composition of China’s Growth and Imports 164
Figure 4.2.2. Increasing Exports to China 165
Figure 4.2.3. Impact of an Investment Slowdown in China 166
Figure 4.3.1. e Resilience of Kenya and Tanzania 167

International Monetary Fund | October 2012 xi
A number of assumptions have been adopted for the projections presented in the World Economic Outlook. It has
been assumed that real eective exchange rates remained constant at their average levels during July 30–August 27,
2012, except for the currencies participating in the European exchange rate mechanism II (ERM II), which are assumed
to have remained constant in nominal terms relative to the euro; that established policies of national authorities will
be maintained (for specic assumptions about scal and monetary policies for selected economies, see Box A1 in
the Statistical Appendix); that the average price of oil will be $106.18 a barrel in 2012 and $105.10 a barrel in 2013

is a state as understood by international law and practice. As used here, the term also covers some territorial
entities that are not states but for which statistical data are maintained on a separate and independent basis.
Composite data are provided for various groups of countries organized according to economic characteris-
tics or region. Unless otherwise noted, country group composites represent calculations based on 90 percent or
more of the weighted group data.
e boundaries, colors, denominations, and any other information shown on the maps do not imply, on
the part of the International Monetary Fund, any judgment on the legal status of any territory or any endorse-
ment or acceptance of such boundaries.
ASSUMPTIONS AND CONVENTIONS
xii International Monetary Fund | October 2012
is version of the World Economic Outlook is available in full through the IMF eLibrary (www.elibrary.
imf.org) and the IMF website (www.imf.org). Accompanying the publication on the IMF website is a larger
compilation of data from the WEO database than is included in the report itself, including les containing
the series most frequently requested by readers. ese les may be downloaded for use in a variety of software
packages.
e data appearing in the World Economic Outlook are compiled by the IMF sta at the time of the WEO
exercises. e historical data and projections are based on the information gathered by the IMF country
desk ocers in the context of their missions to IMF member countries and through their ongoing analysis
of the evolving situation in each country. Historical data are updated on a continual basis as more informa-
tion becomes available, and structural breaks in data are often adjusted to produce smooth series with the use
of splicing and other techniques. IMF sta estimates continue to serve as proxies for historical series when
complete information is unavailable. As a result, WEO data can dier from other sources with ocial data,
including the IMF’s International Financial Statistics.
e WEO data and metadata provided are “as is” and “as available,” and every eort is made to ensure, but
not guarantee, their timeliness, accuracy, and completeness. When errors are discovered, there is a concerted
eort to correct them as appropriate and feasible. Corrections and revisions made after publication are incor-
porated into the electronic editions available from the IMF eLibrary (www.elibrary.imf.org) and on the IMF
website (www.imf.org). All substantive changes are listed in detail in the online tables of contents.
For details on the terms and conditions for usage of the WEO database, please refer to the IMF Copyright
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Hites Ahir, Gavin Asdorian, Shan Chen, Angela Espiritu, Sinem Kilic Celik, Nadezhda Lepeshko, Murad
Omoev, Ezgi O. Ozturk, Katherine Pan, Daniel Rivera-Greenwood, Jair Rodriguez, Marina Rousset, Min Kyu
Song, and Bennet Voorhees provided research assistance. Kevin Clinton provided comments and suggestions.
Tingyun Chen, Mahnaz Hemmati, Toh Kuan, Rajesh Nilawar, Emory Oakes, and Steve Zhang provided tech-
nical support. Skeeter Mathurin and Luke Lee were responsible for word processing. Linda Grin Kean of
the External Relations Department edited the manuscript and coordinated the production of the publication.
External consultants Amrita Dasgupta, Aleksandr Gerasimov, Shamiso Mapondera, Nhu Nguyen, and Pavel
Pimenov provided additional technical support.
e analysis has beneted from comments and suggestions by sta from other IMF departments, as well as
by Executive Directors following their discussion of the report on September 14, 2012. However, both projec-
tions and policy considerations are those of the IMF sta and should not be attributed to Executive Directors
or to their national authorities.
PREFACE

International Monetary Fund | October 2012 xv
FOREWORD
T
he recovery continues, but it has weak-
ened. In advanced economies, growth is
now too low to make a substantial dent
in unemployment. And in major emerg-
ing market economies, growth that had been strong
earlier has also decreased. Relative to our April 2012
forecasts, our forecasts for 2013 growth have been
revised from 2.0 percent down to 1.5 percent for
advanced economies, and from 6.0 percent down
to 5.6percent for emerging market and developing
economies.
e forces at work are, for the most part,
familiar.

Uncertainty appears more diuse, more Knightian
in nature. Worries about the ability of European
policymakers to control the euro crisis and worries
about the failure to date of U.S. policymakers to
agree on a scal plan surely play an important role,
but one that is hard to nail down.
Low growth and uncertainty in advanced econo-
mies are aecting emerging market and develop-
ing economies, through both trade and nancial
channels, adding to homegrown weaknesses. As
was the case in 2009, trade channels are surpris-
ingly strong, with, for example, lower exports
accounting for most of the decrease in growth in
China. Alternative risk-o and risk-on episodes,
triggered by progress and regress on policy action,
especially in the euro area, are triggering volatile
capital ows.
Turning to policy action, the main focus contin-
ues to be the euro area. Here, there has been a clear
change in attitudes, and a new architecture is being
put in place. e lessons of the past few years are
now clear. Euro area countries can be hit by strong,
country-specic, adverse shocks. Weak banks can
considerably amplify the adverse eects of such
shocks. And, if it looks like the sovereign itself
might be in trouble, sovereign-bank interactions can
further worsen the outcome.
erefore a new architecture must aim at reduc-
ing the amplitude of the shocks in the rst place—
at putting in place a system of transfers to soften

once, would be happy if our baseline forecasts turn
out to be inaccurate—in this case, too pessimistic.
Olivier Blanchard
Economic Counsellor
International Monetary Fund | October 2012 xvii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
T
he recovery has suered new setbacks,
and uncertainty weighs heavily on the
outlook. A key reason is that policies
in the major advanced economies have
not rebuilt condence in medium-term prospects.
Tail risks, such as those relating to the viability
of the euro area or major U.S. scal policy mis-
takes, continue to preoccupy investors. e World
Economic Outlook (WEO) forecast thus sees only a
gradual strengthening of activity from the relatively
disappointing pace of early 2012. Projected global
growth, at 3.3 and 3.6 percent in 2012 and 2013,
respectively, is weaker than in the July 2012 WEO
Update, which was in turn lower than in the April
2012 WEO (Chapter 1). Output is expected to
remain sluggish in advanced economies but still
relatively solid in many emerging market and
developing economies. Unemployment is likely
to stay elevated in many parts of the world. And
nancial conditions will remain fragile, according to
the October 2012 Global Financial Stability Report
(GFSR). Chapter 2 discusses regional developments
in detail.

that this action will materialize.
is juncture presents major diculties for
policymakers. In many advanced economies, injec-
tions of liquidity are having a positive impact on
nancial stability and output and employment,
but the impact may be diminishing. Many govern-
ments have started in earnest to reduce excessive
decits, but because uncertainty is high, condence
is low, and nancial sectors are weak, the signi-
cant scal achievements have been accompanied
by disappointing growth or recessions. In emerging
market and developing economies, policymakers are
conscious of the need to rebuild scal and monetary
policy space but are wondering how to calibrate
policies in the face of major external downside risks.
An eective policy response in the major
advanced economies is the key to improving
prospects and inspiring more condence about the
future. In the short term, the main tasks are to rule
out the tail risk scenarios and adopt concrete plans
to bring down public debt over the medium term.
e crisis in the euro area remains the most
obvious threat to the global outlook. e ECB has
put in place a mechanism to improve the transmis-
sion of low policy rates to borrowing costs in the
periphery, where investors’ fears about the viability
of the euro have pushed market rates to very high
levels. e periphery economies need to continue
to adjust. Governments must meet their commit-
ment to make the euro area rewall more exible.

discussed in the October 2012 Fiscal Monitor. U.S.
legislators must soon remove the threat of the scal
cli and raise the debt ceiling––if they fail to do
so, the U.S. economy could fall back into reces-
sion, with deleterious spillovers to the rest of the
world. Furthermore, policymakers in the United
States urgently need to specify strong medium-term
scal plans. ose in Japan need to persevere with
planned adjustments and specify new measures to
halt and soon reverse the increase in the public-
debt-to-GDP ratio.
More generally, policymakers need to specify real-
istic scal objectives and develop plans for contin-
gencies. is means adopting structural or cyclically
adjusted targets, or anchoring plans on measures
and their estimated yields, rather than on nominal
targets. Automatic stabilizers should be allowed to
play freely. Also, should growth fall signicantly
short of WEO projections, countries with room to
maneuver should smooth their planned adjustment
over 2013 and beyond. At the same time, declin-
ing ination rates, growing slack, and sizable scal
adjustment in the advanced economies argue for
maintaining very accommodative monetary condi-
tions, including unconventional measures because
interest rates are near the zero lower bound.
So far, policymakers’ record in meeting structural
challenges has been mixed; therefore, further eorts
are needed. Programs to relieve chronic household
debt burdens, where these have been tried, have not

impact of the weakness in advanced economy markets:
scal decits have typically been above precrisis levels,
whereas real interest rates have been lower. Domestic
credit has grown rapidly. Over the medium term,
policymakers will need to ensure that they retain the
ability to respond exibly to shocks by maintaining
a sound scal position and by keeping ination and
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
International Monetary Fund | October 2012 xix
credit growth at moderate rates. In this respect, the
policy tightening during 2011 was appropriate. Given
the growing downside risks to external demand, cen-
tral banks have appropriately paused or reversed some
of the monetary policy tightening. Many have scope
to do more to support demand if external downside
risks threaten to materialize.
Global imbalances, and the associated vulner-
abilities, have diminished, but there is still a need
for more decisive policy action to address them.
Within the euro area, current account imbalances––
the large surpluses in Germany and the Netherlands
and the decits in most periphery economies––need
to adjust further. At the global level, the current
account positions of the United States, the euro area
as a whole, and Japan are weaker than they would
be with more sustainable scal policies—and the
real eective exchange rates of the dollar, euro, and
yen are stronger. In contrast, the current account
positions of many Asian economies are undesirably
strong and their exchange rates undesirably weak.

CHAPTER
 e global economy has deteriorated further
since the release of the July 2012 WEO Update, and
growth projections have been marked down (Table
1.1). Downside risks are now judged to be more
elevated than in the April 2012 and September 2011
World Economic Outlook (WEO) reports. A key issue
is whether the global economy is just hitting another
bout of turbulence in what was always expected
to be a slow and bumpy recovery or whether the
current slowdown has a more lasting component.
 e answer depends on whether European and
U.S. policymakers deal proactively with their major
short-term economic challenges.  e WEO forecast
assumes that they do, and thus global activity is pro-
jected to reaccelerate in the course of 2012; if they
do not, the forecast will likely be disappointed once
again. For the medium term, important questions
remain about how the global economy will operate
in a world of high government debt and whether
emerging market economies can maintain their
strong expansion while shifting further from external
to domestic sources of growth.  e problem of
high public debt existed before the Great Recession,
because of population aging and growth in entitle-
ment spending, but the crisis brought the need to
address it forward from the long to the medium
term.
Recent Developments
Indicators of activity and unemployment show

shortfalls (Box1.1).
The Crisis in the Euro Area Intensi ed
Notwithstanding policy action aimed at resolv-
ing it, the euro area crisis has deepened and new
interventions have been necessary to prevent mat-
ters from deteriorating rapidly. As discussed in the
October 2012 Global Financial Stability Report
(GFSR), banks, insurers, and  rms have swept spare
liquidity from the periphery to the core of the euro
area, causing Spanish sovereign spreads to hit record
highs and Italian spreads to move up sharply too
(Figure 1.2, panel 2).  is was triggered by contin-
ued doubts about the capacity of countries in the
periphery to deliver the required  scal and struc-
tural adjustments, questions about the readiness of
national institutions to implement euro-area-wide
policies adequate to combat the crisis, and concerns
about the readiness of the European Central Bank
(ECB) and the European Financial Stability Facility/
European Stability Mechanism (EFSF/ESM) to
respond if worst-case scenarios materialize.
GLOBAL PROSPECTS AND POLICIES
Table 1.1. Overview of the World Economic Outlook Projections
(Percent change unless noted otherwise)
Year over Year
Difference from July
2012 WEO Update
Q4 over Q4
Projections Estimates Projections
2010 2011 2012 2013 2012 2013 2011 2012 2013

Latin America and the Caribbean 6.2 4.5 3.2 3.9 –0.2 –0.3 3.7 3.0 4.6
Brazil 7.5 2.7 1.5 4.0 –1.0 –0.7 1.4 2.9 3.8
Mexico 5.6 3.9 3.8 3.5 –0.1 –0.2 3.9 3.2 4.1
Middle East and North Africa 5.0 3.3 5.3 3.6 –0.2 0.0 . . . . . . . . .
Sub-Saharan Africa
5
5.3 5.1 5.0 5.7 –0.1 0.0 . . . . . . . . .
South Africa 2.9 3.1 2.6 3.0 0.0 –0.3 2.6 2.7 3.3
Memorandum
European Union 2.1 1.6 –0.2 0.5 –0.2 –0.5 0.8 –0.2 1.2
World Growth Based on Market Exchange Rates 4.1 2.8 2.6 2.9 –0.1 –0.3 2.3 2.2 3.3
World Trade Volume (goods and services) 12.6 5.8 3.2
4.5 –0.6 –0.7 . . . . . . . . .
Imports
Advanced Economies 11.4 4.4 1.7 3.3 –0.2 –0.9 . . . . . . . . .
Emerging Market and Developing Economies 14.9 8.8 7.0 6.6 –0.8 –0.4 . . . . . . . . .
Exports
Advanced Economies 12.0 5.3 2.2 3.6 –0.1 –0.7 . . . . . . . . .
Emerging Market and Developing Economies 13.7 6.5 4.0 5.7 –1.7 –0.5 . . . . . . . . .
Commodity Prices (U.S. dollars)
Oil
6
27.9 31.6 2.1 –1.0 4.2 6.5 20.8 3.7 –3.3
Nonfuel (average based on world commodity
export weights) 26.3 17.8 –9.5 –2.9 2.6 1.4 –6.4 1.9 –5.4
Consumer Prices
Advanced Economies 1.5 2.7 1.9 1.6 –0.1 0.0 2.8 1.7 1.7
Emerging Market and Developing Economies
3
6.1 7.2 6.1 5.8 –0.2 0.2 6.5 5.6 5.3

reconsidering the issue of the seniority of the ESM
with respect to lending to Spain. In response to
escalating problems, Spain subsequently agreed on a
program with its European partners to support the
restructuring of its banking sector, with nancing of
up to €100 billion. Also, leaders launched work on a
banking union, which was followed up recently with
a proposal by the European Commission to establish
a single supervisory mechanism. Leaders agreed that,
once established, such a mechanism would open
the possibility for the ESM to take direct equity
stakes in banks. is is critical because it will help
break the adverse feedback loops between sovereigns
and banks. Moreover, in early September, the ECB
announced that it will consider (without ex ante
limits) Outright Monetary Transactions (OMTs)
under a macroeconomic adjustment or precaution-
ary program with the EFSF/ESM. e transactions
will cover government securities purchases, focused
on the shorter part of the yield curve. Importantly,
the ECB will accept the same treatment as private
or other creditors with respect to bonds purchased
through the OMT program.
e anticipation of these initiatives and their sub-
sequent deployment set o a relief rally in nancial
markets, and the euro appreciated against the U.S.
dollar and other major currencies. However, recent
activity indicators have continued to languish, sug-
gesting that weakness is spreading from the periph-
ery to the whole of the euro area (Figure 1.3, panel

Euro Area
Germany
Russia
United Kingdom
France
Italy
Spain
Turkey
Sweden
Greece
Portugal
Middle East & Africa
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
3. GrowthTracker
4
–50
–40
–30
–20
–10
0
10
20
30
40
2000 02 04 06 08 10
Jul.
12
Figure 1.1. Global Indicators

09
Jan.
10
Jan.
11
Jul.
12
Above trend and rising
Below trend and rising
Below trend and moderating
Contracting at a moderating rate
Contracting at an increasing rate
Source: IMF staff estimates.
Note: US = United States; EA = euro area; CIS = Commonwealth of Independent States; DA =
developing Asia; EE = emerging Europe; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; MENA = Middle
East and North Africa.
1
Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, euro area, Hong Kong SAR, Israel, Japan, Korea, New
Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan Province of China, United Kingdom,
and United States.
2
Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Colombia, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Latvia, Lithuania
Malaysia, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Thailand,
Turkey, Ukraine, and Venezuela.
3
Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is omitted due to data limitations.
4
The Growth Tracker is described in Matheson (2011). Within regions, countries are listed by
economic size.
WORLD ECONOMIC OUTLOOK: COPING WITH HIGH DEBT AND SLUGGISH GROWTH

amid slow approvals for new projects, sluggish
structural reforms, policy rate hikes designed to
rein in inflation, and flagging external demand.
• Real GDP growth also decelerated in Latin Amer-
ica to about 3 percent in the first half of 2012,
largely due to Brazil. This reflects the impact of
past policy tightening to contain inflation pres-
sure and steps to moderate credit growth in some
market segments—with increased drag recently
from global factors.
• Emerging European economies, following a strong
rebound from their credit crisis, have now been
hit hard by slowing exports to the euro area,
with real GDP growth coming close to a halt. In
Turkey, the slowdown has been driven by domes-
tic demand, on the heels of policy tightening and
0
90
180
270
360
450
2008 09 10 11
Jul.
12
3. ECB Gross Claims on Spanish and Italian Banks
(billions of euros)
Spain
Italy
Figure 1.2. Euro Area Developments

3
4
5
6
7
8
2007 08 09 10 11
Sep.
12
2. Government Bond Yields
2
(percent)
Italy
Spain
Germany
France
June 29, 2012
Euro area
Periphery
1
CHAPTER 1 GLOBAL PROSPECTS AND POLICIES
International Monetary Fund | October 2012 5
a decline in confidence. Unlike in 2008, however,
generalized risk aversion toward the region is no
longer a factor. Activity in Russia, which has ben-
efited various economies in the region, has also
lost some momentum recently.
Prospects Are for Sluggish and Bumpy Growth
Looking ahead, no signicant improvement
appears in the ong. e WEO forecast includes

sive plan to restore fiscal sustainability.
Fiscal Adjustment Will Continue but Not in Many
Emerging Market Economies
Fiscal adjustment has been detracting from activ-
ity in various parts of the world and will continue
–40
–30
–20
–10
0
10
20
30
2007 08 09 10 11 12:
Q2
–6
–3
0
3
6
9
12
2007 08 09 10 11 12:
Q2
Figure 1.3. Current and Forward-Looking Growth Indicators
Purchasing managers’ indices for the manufacturing sector do not yet point to a significant
reacceleration of activity—they remain below the level of 50, indicating falling output. The
deterioration is particularly pronounced in the periphery of the euro area. Investment in
machinery and equipment has also weakened, especially in the euro area. Furthermore, the
pace of stock building has moved into a lower gear. Consumption has shown greater

change)
Oil 2012
(current)
Oil 2012
(April)
Of which:
machinery and equipment
4
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
2008 09 10 11 Aug.
12
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
2008 09 10 11 Aug.
12
Germany and France
Emerging market

6
2008 09 10 11 Jul.
12
5. Estimated Change in Global
Inventories
(index)
5
Sources: Haver Analytics; and IMF staff calculations.
Note: Not all economies are included in the regional aggregations. For some economies, monthly
data are interpolated from quarterly series.
1
Argentina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Colombia, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Latvia, Lithuania,
Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Thailand, Turkey, Ukraine,
and Venezuela.
2
Australia, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, euro area, Hong Kong SAR, Israel, Japan, Korea, New
Zealand, Norway, Singapore, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan Province of China, United Kingdom, and
United States.
3
Greece, Ireland, Italy, and Spain.
4
Purchasing-power-parity-weighted averages of metal products and machinery for the euro area,
plants and equipment for Japan, plants and machinery for the United Kingdom, and equipment and
software for the United States.
5
Based on deviations from an estimated (cointegral) relationship between global industrial production
and retail sales.
6
U.S. dollars a barrel: simple average of spot prices of U.K. Brent, Dubai Fateh, and West Texas
Intermediate crude oil. The dashed lines indicate projected oil price in April 2012 WEO and current