some chocolate a map an umbrella her camera some water a towel
She has decided to take these things because:
perhaps she'll want to have a swim
it's possible she'll get lost
she might get hungry
she might want to take some photographs
perhaps she'll get thirsty
perhaps it will rain
Write sentences with in case saying why Barbara has decided to take these
things with her.
1. _She's going to take some chocolate in case she gets hungry._
2. She's going to take a map in case
3. She's going to
4.
5.
6
113.2 What do you say in these situations? Use in case.
1. It's possible that Mary will need to contact you, so you give her your
phone number.
You say: Here's my phone number
2. A friend of yours is going away for a long time. Maybe you won't see her
again before she goes, so you decide to say goodbye now.
You say: I'll say
3. You are shopping in a supermarket with a friend. You think you have
everything you need but perhaps you've forgotten something. Your friend has the
list. You ask him to check it.
You say: Can you
113.3 Write sentences with in case.
1. There was a possibility that Ann would phone. So I didn't go out.
_I didn't go out in case Ann phoned._
2. John thought that he might forget the name of the book. So he wrote it down.

Unless ='except if'
Some more examples of unless:
* I'll see you tomorrow unless I have to work late. (= except if I have to
work late)
* Don't tell Sue what I said unless she asks you. (= except if she asks you)
* 'Shall I tell Sue what you said?' 'Not unless she asks you.' (= only if she
asks you)
* I don't like fish. I wouldn't eat it unless I was extremely hungry. (=
except if I was extremely hungry)
We often use unless in warnings:
* We'll be late unless we hurry. (= except if we hurry)
* Unless you work much harder, you won't pass the exam.
* I was told I wouldn't pass the exam unless I worked harder.
Instead of unless it is often possible to say if not:
* Don't tell Sue what I said if she doesn't ask you.
* We'll be late if we don't hurry.
B. As long as etc.
as long as or so long as All these expressions mean 'if' or 'on condition
that'.
provided (that) or providing (that) All these expressions mean 'if' or 'on
condition that'.
For example:
* You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.
* You can use my car so long as you drive carefully.
(= you can use my car but you must drive carefully this is a condition)
* Travelling by car is convenient provided (that) you have somewhere to park.
* Travelling by car is convenient providing (that) you have somewhere to
park.
(= but only if you have somewhere to park)
* Providing (that) she studies hard, she'll pass her exams.

3. I'm playing tennis tomorrow _unless/providing_ it's not raining.
4. I don't mind if you come in late _unless/as long as_ you come in quietly.
5. I'm going now _unless/provided_ you want me to stay.
6. I don't watch television _unless/as long as_ I've got nothing else to do.
7. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool _unless/provided_ they are
with an adult.
8. _Unless/provided_ they are with an adult, children are not allowed to use
the swimming pool.
9. We can sit here in the corner _unless/as long as_ you'd rather sit over
there by the window.
10. A: Our holiday cost a lot of money.
B: Did it? Well, that doesn't matter _unless/as long as_ you enjoyed
yourselves.
114.4 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences.
1. We'll be late unless _we hurry._
2. I like hot weather unless
3. I like hot weather provided
4. Kate reads a newspaper every day as long as
5. I don't mind walking home as long as
6. I like to walk to work in the morning unless
7. We can meet tomorrow unless
8. You can borrow the money providing
9. You won't achieve anything unless
@p230
UNIT 115 As (reason and time)
A. As (reason)
As sometimes means 'because':
* As it was a public holiday, all the shops were shut. (= because it was a
public holiday)
* As they live near us, we see them quite often.

We use as (time) for actions and happenings. As + a situation (not an action)
usually means 'because' (see Section A):
* As we were asleep, we didn't hear the doorbell. (=because we were asleep)
* As they live near me, I see them quite often. (=because they live near me)
You cannot use as for time in sentences like this. You have to use while or
when:
* The doorbell rang while we were asleep. (not 'as we were asleep')
* Angela got married when she was 23. (not 'as she was 23')
@p231
EXERCISES
115.1 What does as mean in these sentences? (because), (at the same time as)
1. As they live near us, we see them quite often. (because)
2. Jill slipped as she was getting off the bus. (at the same time as)
3. As I was tired, I went to bed early.
4. Unfortunately, as I was parking the car, I hit the car behind.
5, As we climbed the hill, we got more and more tired.
6. We decided to go out to cat as we had no food at home.
7. As we don't use the car very often, we've decided to sell it.
115.2 (Section A) join a sentence from List A with one from List B. Begin each
sentence with As.
A: 1. yesterday was a public holiday
2. it was a nice day
3. we didn't want to wake anybody up
4. the door was open
5. none of us had a watch
B: 1. I walked in
2. we came in very quietly
3. all the shops were shut
4. we didn't know what time it was
5. we went for a walk by the sea

2. It began to rain just as
3. As I didn't have enough money for a taxi,
4. Just as I took the photograph,
@p232
UNIT 116 Like and as
A. Like = 'similar to', 'the same as'. Note that you cannot use as in this
way:
* What a beautiful house! It's like a palace. (not 'as a palace')
* 'What does Sandra do?' 'She's a teacher, like me.' (not 'as me')
* Be careful! The floor has been polished. It's like walking on ice. (not 'as
walking')
* It's raining again. I hate weather like this. (not 'as this')
In these sentences, like is a preposition. So it is followed by a noun (like a
palace), a pronoun (like me/like this) or ~ing (like walking).
You can also say 'like (somebody/something) doing something':
* 'What's that noise?' 'It sounds like a baby crying.'
B. Sometimes like = 'for example':
* Some sports, like motor racing, can be dangerous.
You can also use such as (= for example):
* Some sports, such as motor racing, can be dangerous.
C. We use as (not 'like') before a subject + verb:
* I didn't move anything. I left everything as I found it.
* They did as they promised. (= They did what they promised.)
Compare like and as in these sentences:
* You should have done it like this. (like + pronoun)
* You should have done it as I showed you. (as + subject + verb)
We also say as you know/as I said/as she expected/as I thought etc.:
* As you know, it's Tom's birthday next week. (= you know this already)
* Jane failed her driving test, as she expected. she expected this before)
Note that we say as usual/as always:

4. He really gets on my nerves. I can't stand people him.
5. Why didn't you do it I told you to do it?
6. 'What does Bill do?' 'He's a student most of his friends.'
7. Why do you never listen? Talking to you is talking to the wall.
8. I said yesterday, I'm thinking of changing my job.
9. Tom's idea seemed a good one, so we did he suggested.
10. It's a difficult problem. I never know what to do in situations this.
11. I'll phone you tomorrow usual, OK?
12. This tea is awful. It tastes water.
13. Suddenly there was a terrible noise. It was a bomb exploding.
14. She's a very good swimmer. She swims a fish.
15. I'm afraid I can't meet you on Sunday we arranged.
16. We met Keith last night. He was very cheerful always.
116.2 (Sections A and D) Complete the sentences using like or as + one of the
following:
a beginner blocks of ice a palace a birthday present a problem a child a
church winter a tourist guide
1. This house is beautiful. It's _like a palace._
2. Margaret once had a part-time job
3. My feet are really cold. They're
4. I've been learning Spanish for a few years but I still speak
5. 1 wonder what that building with the tower is. It looks
6. My brother gave me this watch a long time ago.
7. It's true that we disagree about some things but I don't regard this
8. It's very cold for the middle of summer. It's
9. He's 22 years old but he sometimes behaves
116.3 (All sections) Put in like or as.
1. Your English is very fluent. I wish I could speak you.
2. Don't take my advice if you don't want to. You can do you like.
3. You waste too much time doing things sitting in cafes all day.

* Ann sounds as though she's got a cold. (= as if she's got a cold.)
B. You can also say It looks/sounds/smells as if (or as though):
* Sandra is very late, isn't she? It looks as if she isn't coming.
* We took an umbrella with us because it looked as if it was going to rain.
* Do you hear that music next door? It sounds as if they're having a party.
* It smells as though someone has been smoking in here.
After It looks/sounds/smells, many people use like instead of as if/as though:
* It looks like Sandra isn't coming.
C. You can use as if with other verbs to say how somebody does something:
* He ran as if he was running for his life.
* After the interruption, the speaker carried on talking as if nothing had
happened.
* When I told them my plan, they looked at me as if I was mad.
D. After as if we sometimes use the past when we are talking about the
present.
For example:
* I don't like Norma. She talks as if she knew everything.
The meaning is not past in this sentence. We use the past ('as if she knew')
because the idea is not real: Norma does not know everything. We use the past in
the same way with if and wish (see Unit 38).
Some more examples:
* She's always asking me to do things for her as if I didn't have enough to
do. (I do have enough to do)
* Harry's only 40. Why do you talk about him as if he was an old man? (he
isn't an old man)
When you use the past in this way, you can use were instead of was:
* Why do you talk about him as if he were an old man?
* They treat me as if I were (or was) their own son. (I'm not their son)
@p235
EXERCISES

it's going to rain she isn't coming we'll have to walk
1. Sandra said she would be here an hour ago. You say: _It looks as if she
isn't coming._
2. The sky is full of black clouds. You say: It
3. You hear two people shouting at each other next door.
You say:
4. You see an ambulance, some policemen and two damaged cars at the side of
the road.
You say:
5. You and a friend have just missed the last bus home.
You say:
6. Sue and Dave have just been telling you about all the interesting things
they did while they were on holiday. You say:
117.4 These sentences are like the ones in Section D. Complete each sentence
using as if
1. Brian is a terrible driver. He drives _as if he were_ the only driver on
the road.
2. I'm 20 years old, so please don't talk to me a child.
3. Steve has only met Nicola once but he talks about her a close friend.
4. It was a long time ago that we first met but I remember it yesterday.
@p236
UNIT 110 For, during and while
A. For and during
We use for + a period of time to say bow long something goes on:
for two hours, for a week, for ages For example:
* We watched television for two hours last night.
* Victoria is going away for a week in September.
* Where have you been? I've been waiting for ages.
* Are you going away for the weekend?
We use during + noun to say when something happens (not how long):

* I'll be in London next week. I hope to see Tom while I'm there. (not 'while
I will be there')
* What are you going to do while you are waiting? (not 'while you will be
waiting')
See also Unit 25.
@p237
EXERCISES
118.1. Put in for or during.
1. It rained _for_ three days without stopping.
2. I fell asleep _during_ the film.
3. I went to the theatre last night. I met Lucy the interval.
4. Martin hasn't lived in Britain all his life. He lived in Brazil four
years.
5. Production at the factory was seriously affected the strike.
6. I felt really ill last week. I could hardly eat anything I three days.
7. I waited for you half an hour and decided that you weren't coming.
8. Sue was very angry with me. She didn't speak to me a week.
9. We usually go out at weekends, but we don't often go out the week.
10. Jack started a new job a few weeks ago. Before that he was out of work
six months.
11. I need a change. I think I'll go away a few days.
12. The President gave a long speech. She spoke two hours.
13. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat the
journey.
14. We were hungry when we arrived. We hadn't had anything to eat eight
hours.
118.2 Put in during or while.
1. We met a lot of people _while_ while. we were on holiday.
2. We met a lot of people _during_ our holiday.
3. I met Mike I was shopping.

* We'd better hurry. We have to be at home by 5 o'clock. (=at or before 5
o'clock, not later than 5 o'clock)
* Where's Sue? She should be here by now. (=now or before now - so she should
have arrived already)
You cannot use until with this meaning:
* Tell me by Friday whether or not you can come to the party. (not 'Tell me
until Friday')
B. We use until (or till) to say bow long a situation continues:
* 'Shall we go now?' 'No, let's wait until (or till) it stops raining.'
* I couldn't get up this morning. I stayed in bed until half past ten.
* I couldn't get up this morning. I didn't get up until half past ten.
Compare until and by:
#1 until
Something continues until a time in the future:
* Fred will be away until Monday. (so he'll be back on Monday)
* I'll be working until 11. 30. (so I'll stop working at 11.30)
#2 by
Something happens by a time in the future:
* Fred will be back by Monday. (= he'll be back not later than Monday)
* I'll have finished my work by 11. 30. (I'll finish my work not later than 11.
30)
C. You can say 'by the time something happens'. Study these examples:
* It's not worth going shopping now. By the time we get to the shops, they
will be closed. (= the shops will close between now and the time we get there)
* (from a letter) I'm flying to the United States this evening. So by the time
you receive this letter, I'll be in New York. (= I will arrive in New York
between now and the time you receive this letter)
* Hurry up! By the time we get to the cinema, the film will already have
started.
You can say 'by the time something happened"(for the past):

closed now.
6. I'd better pay the phone bill. It has to be paid tomorrow.
7. Don't pay the bill today. Wait tomorrow.
8. A: Have you finished redecorating your house?
B: Not yet. We hope to finish the end of the week.
9. A: I'm going out now. I'll be back at 4.30. Will you still be here?
B: I don't think so. I'll probably have gone out then.
10. I'm moving into my new flat next week. I'm staying with a friend then.
11. I've got a lot of work to do. the time I finish, it will be time to go
to bed.
12. If you want to do the exam, you should enter 3 April.
119.3 Use your own ideas to complete these sentences. Use by or until.
1. Fred is away at the moment. He'll be away _until Monday._
2. Fred is away at the moment. He'll be back _by Monday._
3. I'm just going out. I won't be very long. Wait here
4. I'm going shopping. It's 4.30 now. I won't be very long. I'll be back
5. If you want to apply for the job, your application must be received
6. Last night I watched TV
119.4 Read the situations and complete the sentences using By the time
1 Jane was invited to a party but she got there much later than she intended.
_By the time she got to the party_, most of the other guests had gone.
2. I had to catch a train but it took me longer than expected to get to the
station.
, my train had already gone.
3. I saw two men who looked as if they were trying to steal a car. I called
the police but it was some time before they arrived.
, the two men had disappeared.
4. A man escaped from prison last night. It was a long time before the guards
discovered what had happened.
, the escaped prisoner was miles away.

but:
on Friday morning(s), on Sunday afternoon(s), on Monday evening(s) etc.
* I'll be at home on Friday morning.
* Do you usually go out on Saturday evenings?
D. We do not use at/on/in before last/next/this/every:
* I'll see you next Friday. (not 'on next Friday')
* They got married last March.
E. In a few minutes/in six months etc. = a time in the future
* The train will be leaving in a few minutes. (= a few minutes from now)
* Jack has gone away. He'll be back in a week. (= a week from now)
* She'll be here in a moment. (= a moment from now)
You can also say 'in six months' time', 'in a week's time' etc.:
* They're getting married in six months' time. (or in six months.)
We also use in to say how long it takes to do something:
* I learnt to drive in four weeks. it took me four weeks to learn)
@p241
EXERCISES
120.1 Complete the sentences. Each time use at, on or in + one of the
following.
the evening the moment Sundays about 20 minutes 21 July 1969 he Middle
Ages 1492 the 1920s 11 seconds Christmas the same time night
1. Columbus made his first voyage from Europe to America _in 1492._
2. In Britain most people do not work
3. If the sky is clear, you can see the stars
4. After working hard during the day, I like to relax
5. The first man walked on the moon
6. It's difficult to listen if everyone is speaking
7. Jazz became popular in the United States
8. I'm just going out to the shop. I'll be back
9. (on the phone) 'Can I speak to Clare?' 'I'm afraid she's not here '

12. We travelled overnight to Paris and arrived 5 o'clock the morning.
13. The course begins 7 January and ends sometime April.
14. It was quite a short book and easy to read. I read it a day.
15. I might not be at home Tuesday morning but I'll probably be there
the afternoon.
16. My car is being repaired at the garage. It will be ready two hours.
17. The telephone and the doorbell rang the same time.
18. Mary and Henry always go out for a meal their wedding anniversary.
19. Henry is 63. He'll be retiring from his job two years' time.
@p242
UNIT 121 On time/in time, At the end/in the end
A. On time and in time
On time = punctual, not late. If something happens on time, it happens at the
time which was planned:
* The 11.45 train left on time. (=it left at 11.45)
* 'I'll meet you at 7.30.' 'OK, but please be on time.' (= don't be late, be
there at 7.30) * The conference was very well organised. Everything began and
finished on time.
The opposite of on time is late:
* Be on time. Don't be late.]
In time (for something/to do something) = soon enough
* Will you be home in time for dinner? (= soon enough for dinner)
* I've sent Jill her birthday present. I hope it arrives in time (for her
birthday). (= soon enough for her birthday)
* I must hurry. I want to get home in time to see the football match on
television.
(= soon enough to see the football match)
The opposite of in time is too late:
* I got home too late to see the football match.
You can say just in time (=almost too late):

5. I've just washed this shirt. I want to wear it this evening, so I hope it
will be dry
6. The train service isn't very good. The trains are rarely
7. I nearly missed my flight this morning. I got to the airport just
8. I nearly forgot that it was Joe's birthday. Fortunately I remembered
9. Why are you never ? You always keep everybody waiting.
121.2 Read the situations and make sentences using just in time.
1. A child ran across the road in front of your car. You saw the child at the
last moment. (manage/stop) _I managed to stop just in time._
2. You were walking home without an umbrella. just after you got home, it
started to rain very heavily. (get/home)
3. Tim was going to sit on the chair you had just painted. You said, 'Don't
sit in that chair!', so he didn't. (stop/him) I
4. You went to the cinema. You were a bit late and you thought you would miss
the beginning of the film. But the film began just as you sat down in the cinema.
(get/cinema/beginning of the film)
121.3 Complete the sentences using at the end + one of the following:
the course the interview the match the month the race
1. All the players shook hands _at the end of the match._
2. I normally get paid
3. The students had a party
4. Two of the runners collapsed
5. To my surprise I was offered the job
121.4 Write sentences with In the end. Use the verb in brackets.
1. We had a lot of problems with our car. (sell) _in the end we sold it._
2. Judy got more and more fed up with her job. (resign)
3. I tried to learn German but I found it too difficult. (give up)
4. We couldn't decide whether to go to the party or not. (not/go)
121.5 Put in at or in.
1. I'm going away _at_ the end of the month.

C. On
Study these examples:
on the ceiling, on the wall, on the door, on the table, on her nose, on the
floor, on a page
* I sat on the floor/on the ground on the grass/on a chair/on the beach.
* There's a dirty mark on the wall on the ceiling/on your nose/on your shirt.
* Have you seen the notice on the notice board/on the door?
* You'll find details of TV programmes on page seven (of the newspaper).
D. Compare in and at:
* There were a lot of people in the shop. It was very crowded.
but Go along this road, then turn left at the shop. (somebody giving directions)
Compare in and on:
* There is some water in the bottle.
but There is a label on the bottle.
Compare at and on:
* There is somebody at the door. Shall I go and see who it is?
but There is a notice on the door. It says 'Do not disturb'.
@p245
EXERCISES
122.1 Answer the questions about the pictures. Use in, at or on with the words
below the pictures.
(bottle), (traffic lights), (arm), (door), (Paris), (wall), (top/ bottom
/stairs), (gate), (end/queue), (beach)
1. Where's the label? _On the bottle._
2. Where is the car waiting?
3. Where's the fly?
4. a. Where's the notice?
b. Where's the key?
5. Where's the Eiffel Tower?.
6. Where are the shelves?