hole 158 hood
ć The gang carried out three hold-ups
in the same day.
hole
hole /həυl/
noun
an opening or a space in
something
ć You’ve got a hole in your
sock.
ć We all peeped through the hole
in the fence.
ć Rabbits live in holes in
the ground.
holiday
holiday /hɒlde/
noun
1. a period when
you do not work, and sometimes go and
stay in a different place
ć When are you
taking your holiday or When are you
planning to go on holiday?
ć He’s go-
ing to Spain on holiday.
ć We always
spend our holidays in the mountains.
ć
How many days’ holiday do you have
each year?
2. a day on which most peo-

ć I like to go
home for the holidays.
˽ to make your-
self at home to behave as if you were in
your own home
ć He lay down on my
sofa, opened a bottle of beer, and made
himself at home.
2. a house ć They are
building fifty new homes on the edge of
the village.
3. a house where people are
looked after
ć My aunt has moved to an
old people’s home.
4. ˽ at home (
in
sports
) on the local sports ground ć
Our team is playing at home next Satur-
day.
í
adverb
towards the place where
you usually live
ć We’ve got to go home
now.
ć He usually gets home by 7
o’clock.
ć Don’t send it – I’ll take it

1. telling the
truth
ć He was honest with the police
and told them what he had done.
2.
tending to tell people the truth; treating
people fairly
ć I wouldn’t buy a car
from that garage – I’m not sure they’re
completely honest.
honestly
honestly /ɒnstli/
adverb
1. in an open
and honest way
2. used to express a feel-
ing of being annoyed
ć Honestly, you
might have told me sooner!
honesty
honesty /ɒnsti/
noun
the quality of be-
ing honest
ć I admire him for his hones-
ty in saying the job was too difficult for
him.
honey
honey /hni/
noun

í
verb
1. to show your respect for
someone
ć to honour the dead 2. to give
someone an award to show that you re-
spect them
ć He was honoured by the
university.
3. to do what you promised ć
He honoured the agreement and gave
the staff a pay rise.
hood
hood /hυd/
noun
1. a loose piece of
clothing to cover your head
ć He has a
blue coat with a hood.
2. a folding roof
on something such as a car or pram
ć
Let’s put down the hood, it’s very hot. 3.
US
a metal cover for the front part of a
car, covering the engine
ć He lifted the
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of a bird or animal
) to
jump with both feet together
ć Magpies
were hopping across the grass.
ć The
frog hopped onto the lily pad.
(NOTE:
hops – hopping – hopped)
í
noun
1.
a little jump ć Magpies walk in a series
of little hops.
2. a short flight ć It’s only
a short hop from London to Paris.
hope
hope /həυp/
verb
to want and expect
something to happen
ć We all hope our
team wins.
ć She’s hoping she will soon
be able to drive a car.
ć I hope it doesn’t
rain.
í
noun
the fact of wanting and ex-

the line in
the distance where the earth and the sky
meet
horizontal
horizontal /hɒr

zɒnt(ə)l/
adjective
flat; level with the ground
horn
horn /hɔn/
noun
1. a sharp pointed bone
growing out of an animal’s head
ć That
bull’s horns look very dangerous.
2. a
piece of equipment on a car that makes
a loud noise to warn people of some-
thing
3. a metal musical instrument
which you blow into
ć a piece of music
for horn and orchestra
horrible
horrible /hɒrb(ə)l/
adjective
extremely
unpleasant
ć The victims of the fire had

ć He’s out on
his horse every morning.
hospital
hospital /hɒspt(ə)l/
noun
a place
where sick or hurt people are looked af-
ter
ć She was taken ill at work and sent
to hospital.
ć When is she due to go into
hospital?
ć He was in hospital for sev-
eral days after the accident.
host
host /həυst/
noun
1. a person who has
invited guests
ć The host asked his
guests what they wanted to drink.
2. the
landlord of a hotel or inn, also some-
times of a restaurant
3. the person who
introduces and talks to the guests on a
TV or radio show
ć He had been a host
on a Saturday evening TV show.
4. ˽ a

1. very warm; with a
high temperature
ć The weather is very
hot in June, but August is the hottest
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hot dog 160 humor
month. ć If you’re too hot, take your
coat off.
ć Plates should be kept hot be-
fore serving the meal.
ı heat 2. (
of
food
) full of spices, giving you a burn-
ing feeling in your mouth
ć This curry
is particularly hot.
ć He chose the hot-
test dish on the menu.
hot dog
hot dog /hɒt dɒ/
noun
a snack consist-
ing of a hot sausage in a long piece of
bread
hotel

house in London.
ć He has a small flat
in town and a large house in the country.
ć All the houses in our street look the
same.
2. a part of a Parliament ć The
British Parliament is formed of the
House of Commons and the House of
Lords.
ć The American Congress is
formed of the House of Representatives
and the Senate.
house
house
2
/haυz/
verb
to provide a place for
someone or something to stay or be kept
ć His collection of old cars is housed in
a barn.
ć We have been asked if we can
house three students for the summer
term.
(NOTE: houses – housing –
housed)
household
household /haυshəυld/
noun
the peo-

ć I don’t know
how he does it.
2. showing or asking
about things such as the age, size or
quantity of something
ć How big is
their house?
ć How many people are
there in your family?
ć She showed us
how good she was at skiing.
ć How old
is your little boy?
ć How far is it to the
church?
3. showing surprise ć How
cold it is outside!
ć How different it is
from what I remember!
however
however /haυ

evə/
adverb
but ć We
never go out on Saturdays – however,
this week we’re going to a wedding.
í
conjunction
in whatever way ć Do it

(NOTE: hugs – hugging –
hugged)
huge
huge /hjud/
adjective
of a very large
size
ć Huge waves battered the ship. ć
The concert was a huge success. ć Fail-
ing the test was a huge disappointment
for him.
hum
hum /hm/
verb
1. to make a low sound
like a bee
ć Bees were humming around
the hive.
2. to sing without words ć If
you don’t know the words of the nation-
al anthem, you can always hum the tune.
(NOTE: hums – humming – hummed)
human
human /hjumən/
adjective
relating to
people
humble
humble /hmbəl/
adjective

in a
humorous
humour
humour /hjumə/
noun
1. the ability to
make situations seem funny ć He has a
good sense of humour.
ć She has abso-
lutely no sense of humour.
ć Want to
meet male, aged 30 – 35, with a good
sense of humour (GSOH).
2. a general
feeling or mood
ć I am in no humour to
talk about holidays just now.
ć His good
humour lasted until the end of the party.
hump
hump /hmp/
noun
1. a raised part on
the back of a person or animal
ć Arabi-
an camels have only one hump, while
Bactrian camels have two.
2. a small
raised part in the ground
ć They have

hundredth
hundredth /hndrədθ/
adjective
relat-
ing to number 100 in a series
ć Tomor-
row is his hundredth birthday.
hung
hung /hŋ/ past tense and past participle
of
hang
hungry
hungry /hŋri/
adjective
feeling that
you need to eat
ć You must be hungry
after that game of football.
ć I’m not
very hungry – I had a big lunch.
ć Hur-
ry up with the food – we’re getting hun-
gry.
hunt
hunt /hnt/
verb
1. ˽ to hunt for some-
thing to search for something
ć We’re
hunting for a cheap flat. ć The police

ć She hurried across the
room. ć You’ll have to hurry if you want
to catch the last post.
ć There’s no need
to hurry – we’ve got plenty of time.
(NOTE: hurries – hurrying – hurried)
hurry up
phrasal verb
to go or do
something faster
ć Hurry up – we’ll be
late for the film.
ć Can’t you get the
cook to hurry up? I’m getting hungry!
hurt
hurt /ht/
verb
to have pain, or to cause
someone to feel pain
ć My tooth hurts.
ć No one was badly hurt in the accident.
ć Where did you hurt yourself? (NOTE:
hurts – hurting – hurt)
husband
husband /hzbənd/
noun
a man to
whom a woman is married ć Her hus-
band is Scottish.
ć He’s the doctor’s

I
i
i /a/, I
noun
the ninth letter of the alpha-
bet, between H and J
I
I
1
/a/
pronoun
used by a speaker when
talking about himself or herself
ć She
said, ‘I can do it’, and she did it.
ć He
told me I could go home early.
ć She
and I come from the same town.
ć I said
I was going to be late.
(NOTE: When it is
the object of a verb, I becomes me:
I
gave it to him – he gave it to me
;
I hit
him – he hit me
. When it follows the
verb be, I usually becomes me:

icy
icy /asi/
adjective
covered with ice ć Be
careful, the pavement is icy.
idea
idea /a

də/
noun
a thought which you
have about something
ideal
ideal /a

dəl/
adjective
perfect; extreme-
ly suitable
ć This is the ideal site for a
factory.
ć The cottage is an ideal place
for birdwatching.
identical
identical /a

dentk(ə)l/
adjective
ex-
actly the same

ć He
changed his identity when he went to
work for the secret services.
idle
idle /ad(ə)l/
adjective
not doing any-
thing
ć He’s the idlest man I know – he
never does any work at all.
if
if /f/
conjunction
1. showing what might
happen
ć If it freezes tonight, the paths
will be slippery tomorrow.
ć If I’m in
London, I’ll come and see you.
ć If he
had told me you were ill, I’d have come
to see you in hospital.
ć If I won the lot-
tery, I would take a long holiday.
2. used
in asking questions
ć Do you know if
the plane is late?
ć I was wondering if
you would like to have some tea.

adjective
sick; not well ć Stress can
make you ill.
ć If you’re feeling ill you
ought to see a doctor.
˽ to fall ill to be-
come ill
ć She fell seriously ill and we
thought she was going to die.
˽ to be
taken ill to become ill suddenly
ć He
was taken ill while on holiday in
Greece.
illegal
illegal /

li(ə)l/
adjective
against the
law
ć It is illegal to serve alcohol to
people under 16.
illegally
illegally /

liəli/
adverb
in an illegal
way

ć The book has 25 colour
illustrations.
image
image /md/
noun
1. a picture of
someone or something
ć I want the por-
trait to be a faithful image of my mother.
2. a picture produced by something such
as a mirror or a computer
ć The mirror
throws an image onto the paper.
ć Can
this software handle images in that for-
mat?
ć Can you adjust the projector?
The image on the screen is out of focus.
imaginary
imaginary /

mdn(ə)ri/
adjective
not real; part of a story
imagination
imagination /

md

neʃ(ə)n/

ć He made us all laugh by im-
itating the head teacher’s way of walk-
ing.
imitation
imitation /m

teʃ(ə)n/
noun
1. a copy
made of something
2. an act of copying
someone’s behaviour in order to make
other people laugh
ć She does a very
good imitation of the Queen.
í
adjec-
tive
made to appear to be something else
more valuable
ć a necklace of imitation
pearls
ć The bag is made of imitation
leather.
immediate
immediate /

midiət/
adjective
1. very

iour
impact
impact
1
/mpkt/
noun
1. a strong ef-
fect
ć The TV documentary had an
strong impact on the viewers.
2. an in-
stance of two things coming together
with force
ć The car was totally
crushed by the impact of the collision.
˽
on impact as soon as contact is made ć
The plane burst into flames on impact
with the ground.
impact
impact
2
/m

pkt/
verb
˽ to impact on
something to have a strong effect on
something
ć The fall in the value of the

implication
implication /mpl

keʃ(ə)n/
noun
1.
the possible effect of an action ć What
will be the implications of the election
results for public spending?
2. with the
fact of being involved in a crime or
something that is morally wrong
ć The
newspaper revealed his implication in
the affair of the stolen diamonds.
3. a
suggestion that something such as a crit-
icism is true although it has not been ex-
pressed directly
ć I resent the implica-
tion that I knew anything about the re-
port in advance.
imply
imply /m

pla/
verb
to suggest some-
thing without saying it directly
ć He im-

imported from France.
importance
importance /m

pɔtəns/
noun
the fact
of being important
ć Do not attach too
much importance to what he says.
ć The
bank attaches great importance to the
deal.
important
important /m

pɔtənt/
adjective
1.
having a great effect; mattering very
much
ć It’s important to be in time for
the interview.
ć I have to go to London
for an important meeting.
ć He left a file
containing important papers in the taxi.
2. (
of a person
) in a high position ć He

impression /m

preʃ(ə)n/
noun
an ef-
fect on someone’s mind
ć Blue walls
create an impression of coldness.
ć The
exhibition made a strong impression on
her.
impressive
impressive /m

presv/
adjective
im-
pressing people
ć He had a series of im-
pressive wins in the chess tournament.
ć
The government staged an impressive
display of military hardware.
improve
improve /m

pruv/
verb
1. to make
something better

in
in /n/
preposition
,
adverb
1. used for
showing place
ć He lives in the country.
ć In Japan it snows a lot during the win-
ter.
ć She’s in the kitchen. ć He’s still in
bed.
ć Don’t stand outside in the pour-
ing rain.
2. at home, in an office, at a
station
ć Is the boss in? ć He isn’t in
yet.
ć My husband usually gets in from
work about now.
ć The train from Bir-
mingham is due in at 6.30.
3. used for
showing time
ć In autumn the leaves
turn brown.
ć On holiday there was
nothing to do in the evenings.
ć She was
born in 1999.

lems.
inch
inch /ntʃ/
noun
a measure of length
equal to 2.54 centimetres
ć a three-and-
a-half-inch disk
ć Snow lay six inches
deep on the ground.
ć She is five foot six
inches tall (5’6’’).
ı foot (NOTE: The
plural is inches. With numbers inch is
usually written with the symbol ":
a 3½’’
disk
;
He is 5’ 9’’.
; say: ‘a three and a
half inch disk’, ‘He’s five foot nine’)
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incident 165 indoor
incident
incident /nsd(ə)nt/
noun

ć
There were 120 people at the wedding if
you include the children.
including
including /n

kludŋ/
preposition
tak-
ing something together with something
else
ć The total comes to £25.00 includ-
ing VAT.
income
income /nkm/
noun
an amount of
money which you receive, especially as
pay for your work
ć Their weekly in-
come is not really enough to live on.
incorrect
incorrect /nkə

rekt/
adjective
wrong,
not correct
increase
increase

adjective
larger or
higher than before
ć These increased
rail fares mean that we cannot afford to
travel so much.
increasingly
increasingly /n

krisŋli/
adverb
more
and more
ć He found it increasingly dif-
ficult to keep up with the workload at the
office.
ć His future with the company
looks increasingly doubtful.
indeed
indeed /n

did/
adverb
(
for emphasis
)
really ć Thank you very much indeed
for inviting me to stay.
ć They have been
very kind indeed to their daughter.

pendent of her family.
index
index /ndeks/
noun
1. a list, usually in
alphabetical order, showing the pages
on which different subjects appear in a
book
ć Look up the references to Lon-
don in the index.
(NOTE: The plural in
this sense is indexes) 2.
a regular re-
port which shows rises and falls in
things such as prices and unemployment
ć The economic indices look very prom-
ising at the moment.
(NOTE: The plural
in this sense is indices)
indicate
indicate /ndket/
verb
to show some-
thing
ć Can you indicate the position of
the enemy camp on this map?
ć The lat-
est figures indicate a fall in the number
of unemployed men.
indignant

ć We treat
each individual case on its merits.
ć We
provide each member of the tour group
with an individual itinerary.
indoor
indoor /ndɔ/
adjective
inside a build-
ing
ć an indoor swimming pool
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indoors 166 initial
indoors
indoors /n

dɔz/
adverb
inside a build-
ing
ć Let’s go indoors. ć Mum was in-
doors, reading.
industrial
industrial /n

dstriəl/

infant /nfənt/
noun
a young baby
infatuation
infatuation /n

ftjueʃ(ə)n/
noun
a
sudden strong feeling of love for some-
one, especially someone you do not
know very well or someone who does
not love you
infect
infect /n

fekt/
verb
to pass on a disease
or infection to someone
ć He was in-
fected with the disease when he was
abroad on holiday.
infection
infection /n

fekʃən/
noun
a disease
which spreads from one person to an-

form of a verb, usually shown with ‘to’
influence
influence /nfluəns/
noun
the ability to
change someone or something; an effect
ć He has had a good influence on the
other staff in the department.
ć The in-
fluence of the moon on the tides.
ć He
was charged with driving under the in-
fluence of alcohol.
í
verb
to make
someone or something change
ć She
was deeply influenced by her old teach-
er.
ć The moon influences the tides. ć
The price of oil has influenced the price
of industrial goods.
inform
inform /n

fɔm/
verb
to tell someone
something officially

set of facts about something
ć She
couldn’t give the police any information
about how the accident happened.
ć
She gave me a very useful piece or bit of
information.
ć For further information,
please write to Department 27.
informed
informed /n

fɔmd/
adjective
having a
lot of information, or having the latest
information
infuriate
infuriate /n

fjυəriet/
verb
to make
someone very angry
ć Slow service in
restaurants always infuriates him.
ingenious
ingenious /n

diniəs/


nʃ(ə)l/
adjective
first ć The in-
itial stage of the project went off
smoothly.
ć My initial reaction was to
say ‘no’.
ć He started the business with
an initial sum of £500.
í
verb
to write
the first letters of your name on a docu-
ment to show you have read and ap-
proved it
ć Can you initial each page of
the contract to show that you have ap-
proved it?
ć Please initial the agree-
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initially 167 instance
ment at the place marked with an X.
(NOTE: initials – initialling – ini-
tialled)
initially

injure /ndə/
verb
to cause pain or
damage to a part of the body
ć He in-
jured his back playing rugby.
ć He was
badly injured in a car accident.
injured
injured /ndəd/
noun
hurt ć The in-
jured girl had fallen off her bike.
injury
injury /ndəri/
noun
damage to your
body
ć He never really recovered from
his football injury.
ć She received se-
vere back injuries in the accident.
(NOTE: The plural is injuries.)
ink
ink /ŋk/
noun
the liquid in a pen ć He
has ink marks on his shirt.
ć The ink
won’t come off the tablecloth.

ć In English law, the accused
is always presumed to be innocent until
he is proved to be guilty.
innovative
innovative /nəvetv/
adjective
new
in a way that has not been tried before
ć
a very innovative design
input
input /npυt/
noun
information that is
put into a computer
ć The input from the
various branches is fed automatically
into the head office computer.
inquiry
inquiry /n

kwaəri/
noun
1. a formal in-
vestigation into a problem
ć a govern-
ment inquiry into the police force
ć A
public inquiry will be held about plans
to build another airport.

another sentence into the letter.
ć He in-
serted each leaflet into an envelope.
ć
Insert a coin into the slot.
insert
insert
2
/nst/
noun
a paper which is
put inside something
ć The invitation
card had an insert with a map showing
how to get to the hotel.
inside
inside /n

sad/
adverb
in a house or oth-
er building
ć Come on inside – it’s cold
in the street.
ć It rained all afternoon,
so we just sat inside and watched TV.
ć
Is there anyone there? – The house
seems quite dark inside.
í

a senior of-
ficial who examines something closely
install
install /n

stɔl/
verb
to put a piece of
equipment into the place where it will
operate
ć It took the plumber a week to
install the new central heating system.
instance
instance /nstəns/
noun
an example ć
There have been several instances of
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