1
INTRODUCTION
1. RATIONAL
Environmental Quality (EQ) in almost all provinces has been transformed towards
negative trend, especially soil environment with the reduced produce ability and
popularity of pollution in everywhere. Habitat quality of both human and organisms
has been declining. This causes considerable impacts on life and socio-economic
development each locality.
Not surprisingly, there exists an urgent need of review and assessment of soil
environment quality in every province. This, in one hand, is to identify areas that have
not yet be degraded to propose reasonable exploitation and protection strategies. In
other hand, this action enable us to find out areas that started degrade, degrade, strongly
degrade, extremely degrade to build up appropriate land use plan, effectively exploit
land resource, control soil environment quality development and have effectual soil
environment protection methods, create highly qualified habitat and contribute to
promote socio-economic development of province.
Research and evaluation on soil environment quality in developed countries have
long been conducted; while in Vietnam they have just been focused for 10 years. This
has brought about great achievements in scientific research, planning, management and
environmental protection for not only studied areas but also nation. However, this trend
of research in Vietnam has landed certain difficulties and limitations in terms of
collecting monitoring data, analyzing soil sample, building scientific basis of
environmental maps for soil environment management and protection under national
standards.
In this thesis, author applied TSQI method in evaluating soil environmental
quality. This method overcome the shortcomings of previous approaches, created
accurate and objective assessments as well gained in high economic efficiency.
Furthermore, the thesis built up a scientific base for establishing the map of soil
environment in provincial level to serve soil environment management and
protection with case study in Haiduong province, which can be replicated in many
other localities.

3.1. Reseach objectives
The thesis research the following issues: formation factors, processes of soil
formation and degradation; criteria to evaluate soil; principle and method to
represent SEQ in map; technique process to establish the map of evaluating SEQ
in provincal level applying GIS and observation in practice.
3.2. Research contents
- Spatial respect: researching the scientific basis for establishing map of soil
environmental quality in provincial level, which was applied for study area - Hai
Duong province.
- Time respect: almost all contents were from 2007 to 2010, except for a minority
of data was up-to-date to 2012.
- Content respect:
+ General scientific base for establishing provincial soil map in which focus on
technical process of establishing the map. Applying synthetic indicators method in
evaluate soil environmental quality in Hai Duong province.
+ For the reason that agriculture land prevail in land use structure in Haiduong
province, in which, land for rice, or land for rice and crops account for the vast
2
3
majority, the thesis did not evaluate SEQ in the whole province and just focused on
agriculture land, to be more specific, land for food.
+ The thesis did not apply the method of evaluating SEQ by separate indicators.
Alternatively, we employed the method of evaluating SEQ named total environment
quality indicator (TEQI) developed by Pham Ngoc Ho [83] to build TEQI indexs taking
the weight of indexs groups of soil quality and metal contamination into account.
+ Set up principles, methods and processes in establishing the maps of evaluating
SEQ in Haiduong in 2010 at the scales of 1:100.000.4. SCIENTIFIC AND
PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE THESIS
- Scientific significance: the results of the thesis contributed to finalizing
theoretical basis of thematic map establishment for provincial level, which can be

basis in establishing the map of provincial soil environment, which can be applied for
other province.
- Practical significance: research results together with maps presented in the thesis
are important scientific arguments serving effectively in territory organization,
exploitation, monitoring, exploitation monitoring, environmental use and protection.
The recommendations of the thesis can be viewed as appropriate suggestions for local
authorities in managing and protecting soil environment towards sustainable
development.
6. NEW CONTRIBUTION OF THE THESIS
- Applying TSQI method in assessing soil environment, contributing to finilizing
methods of assessing soil environment and building scientific base for establishing
the map of provincal soil environment to meet the needs of researching, evaluating
land resource for soil environment management and protection in Vietnam.
- Develop technical process for establishing provincal map of soil environment
and can be applied for other provinces in soil environment mapping.
7. THEORETICAL POINT FOR DEFENSE
- The first point: Applying GIS and monitoring in field survey to build scientific
base to finalizing technical process in establishing the provincial map of soil
environment quality; contributing to completing theoretical basis for establishing the
map of soil environment; Creating effective tool in environment management and
protection.
- The second point: Applying the method TSQI in establishing the map of
evaluating soil environment quality in Haiduong province.
8. THESIS’ STRUCTURE
Besides the introduction, conclusion, references and appendices, the thesis
includes three chapters:
Chapter 1. Cơ sở khoa học thành lập bản đồ môi trường đất.
Chapter 2. Establishing the maps of soil environment quality of Haiduong
province serving soil environment management and protection.
Chapter 3. Chất lượng môi trường đất và bảo vệ môi trường đất tỉnh Hải Dương

indicators related to soil environment quality. Besides, there exits a number of
researches apply the method of FAO in assessing soil capabilities [29], [37].
1.1.2.3. The studies on assessing soil environment quality
In 2000, Pham Ngoc Ho, Hoang Xuan Co et al, Environmental Impacts
Assessment in Hoabinh province, initially launched a new method to evaluate SEQ.
In 2009, the General Department of the Environment issued a method to
calculate indicators serving evaluating water environment quality. However, this
method has not been applied for indicators evaluating other components of
environment such as soil, air.
1.1.3. In Haiduong province
In 2007, the project "Environmental planning in Haiduong province from 2006 to
2020" was implemented by the People's Committee, Department of Resources and
Environment of Haiduong province and the Centre of researching, monitoring and
modeling, belonging to Hanoi University of Sciences, VNU [62].
In 2011, the Center of Investigating and Evaluating land resources, the General
Department of Land Management has conducted a project named "Surveying and
assessing soil environment in the Northern key economic region to serve sustainable
land use and management "[60].
1.2. SOME CONCEPTS RELATED TO ESTABLISHING SOIL ENVIRONMENT MAP
1.2.1. The concepts of soil and land
5
6
1.2.1.1. The concepts of soil
1.2.1.2. The concepts ò land
Inheriting the concepts of V.V Docuchaev [according to 6] and FAO
[according to 20].
1.2.2. The concepts of environment and soil environment
1.2.2.1. The concepts of environment
These concepts were quoted as in the Law of environment protection of
Vietnam 2012.

characteristics that are distributed in space depending on specific purposes.
6
7
1.2.3.2. Soil environment map
Soil environmental map is a component of environement map reflecting elements
of soil environment that are distributed in space to serve for specific purpose. Soil
environment fulfills requirements of an environment map and a thematic map.
Hai Duong is a province located in the north of the Red River Delta region, with
coordinates from 20
0
36' to 21
0
13'N and from 106
0
08' to 106
0
36'E. Haiduong
province shares its border with six provinces: Bacninh, Bacgiang, Quangninh,
Thaibinh, Haiphong and Hungyen.
2.1.1.2. Topography and minerals
- Topography: terrain is quite flat but still witness a slight difference between
Western North and Eastern South, the evaluation gradually decrease according to
that direction in accordance with general characteristics of the Red river delta.
Geology: limestone mixed shale accounts for large propotion in mountain;
cobbles, gravel and sand are distributed in the southwest of Hai Duong; sand, clay
creating fertile alluvial layer can be found in almost all everywhere in the province.
- Hai Duong is not of abundant in mineral types. However, some kinds
concentrated high quantity and are of good quality that can meet industrial
development requirement, especially building materials produce.
2.1.1.3. Climate and hydrology

over the country.
2.1.2.3. Infrastructure and technical facilities
Infrastructure and technical facilities in Haiduong gained a quite good base to
motivate economic development. However, these factors also indirectly affect SEQ
through produce process and transport activities [62].
2.2. SCIENTIFIC BASES OF SOIL SAMPLING AND ASSESSMENT METHOD
OF SOIL ENVIRONMENT QUALITI
2.2.1. Scientific bases of soil sampling
Soil sampling was conducted basing on: soil map, the classification map of the
study area, size and scale of study area map to choose appropriate sample size, a
rating scale of key indicators of soil environment, result of soil geographic slide in
study area.
2.2.2. Method of evaluating SEQ by total environment quality index
2.2.2.1. Recipe of total environment quality index (TEQI)
In 2011, Pham Ngoc Ho [83, 84] proposed a new indicator named TEQI to
evaluate environment quality of each element (air, water and soil) to overcome
drawbacks of EQI employed broadly in over the world.
Assessment threshold in TEQI has advantage of that depending on the parameter
n surveys, which do not self-regulate and fix as other EQI methods.
Calculation of weight and hierarchical depends on parameter n which is set by
theory based on mathematical conditions: minimum value, maximum value, MIN
value, MAX value, median and mean values [83,84]. In the reference number 84 has
just built assessment thresholds and hierarchical for air and water environment
quality, but not for soil environment quality. This problem will be addressed in this
PhD thesis.
2.2.2.2. Setting total soil quality index (TSQI) to assess soil environment quality
a. Recipe of TSQI
By applying TEQI, we have the recipe to evaluate SEQ:
8
9

: the number of parameters satisfying
1
i
q
<
.
k : the number of survey parameters satisfying
1
i
q
>
.
1
1
1
w
m
m i i
i
P q
=
=
∑
(2.7);
( )
2
2
1
w 1
m

is value content of monitoring soil
environment of parameter i and
*
i
C
is the permitted limit value of i according to
prescribed environment standards to each type of soil (heavy metal group, total
dosage group, etc).
b. Converting soil rating scale to SEQ rating scale
To apply the recipe 2.5, it should firstly convert soil rating scale to SEQ rating
scale for each separate indicator. The following was based on researching
Vietnamese and international literature regarded soil standards for each soil goup
(rich, poor and medium) illustrated in appendix 2.
- Target group calculated by total content will be summarized in the following table:
Table 2.7. Conversion from soil rating scale to soil environment quality rating
scale for total parameters
Parameter Level Classification
Reference
source
Convert
to SEQ
∈
[a,b]
Soil
quality
OM
> 2,5% High
Agricultural
Compendium,
1989

Medium
0,06 –
0,1%
Medium
<0,06% Low <0,06% Bad
Total K
2
O >2% High Curriculum of >2% Good
9
10
Parameter Level Classification
Reference
source
Convert
to SEQ
∈
[a,b]
Soil
quality
soil practice
1 – 2% Medium 1 – 2% Medium
<1% Low <1% Bad
[Appendix 2 and 9]
- Criteria to calculate digestible content as the way of converting as the above
table will be shown in the table 2.8.
- Salt content in soil will be shown in the table 2.9.
- Heavy metals group in soil will be shown in the table 2.10.
c. Calculating weight W
i
of parameters i

surveyed group. This will be applied in calculating and ranking the soil sample to
point D1 as an example.
d . Applying for a specific case study in the study area: the author based on table 2.7,
2.8 , 2.9 and 2.10 in the thesis to classify:
d.1. Group 1:
- Metal group, called as the lower standard meaning that if the value C
i
of
parameters i is smaller than permitted limit C
i
*
, SEQ is good; if
*
i i
C C=
, SEQ will be
average; if
*
i i
C C
>
, SEQ will be bad. Corresponding to this, the individual
indicators: q
i
< 1; q
i
= 1 và q
i
> 1. In this case, temporary weight of i will be
calculated as follow:

The final weight is calculated as the recipe 2.10.
For example, there are 5 metals in Vietnam Standard [9] synthesizied as
following:
Table 2.7: Vietnam standard of some heavy metal in agriculture land
Paramete Asen (As) Cadini (Cd) Copper (Cu)
Lead
(Pb)
Zinc (Zn)
C
i
*
(mg/kg dry land) 12 2 50 70 200
Source [9].
Thus, n = 5 (there are 5 parameters surveyed). Cd is the parameter possesses
minimum value of C
i
*
(2), therefore,it is selected as standardized parameter
* *
1
2
Cd
C C
= =
.
Appling formula 2.11 we will calculate temporary weight as follow:
*
'
1
*

Cu
C
C
= = =
;
*
'
1
*
2
w 0,029
70
Pb
Pb
C
C
= = =
;
*
'
1
*
2
w 0,01
200
Zn
Zn
C
C
= = =

i=
= = =
∑
;
'
5
'
1
0,167
w 0,13
1,246
As
As
i
i
w
w
=
= = =
∑
;
'
5
'
1
0,04
w 0,032
1,246
Cu
Cu

w 0,008
1,246
Zn
Zn
i
i
w
w
=
= = =
∑
.
d.2. Group 2:
Group of parameters with rating scale in the limit [a, b]. It is supposed that
groups of parameters in the following limit: [a
1
,b
1
], [a
2
,b
2
], [a
3
,b
3
], …. [a
n
,b
n

1
i
i
i
a
q
C
= >
.
It means
*
'
1
*
w
i
i
a
a
=
with i = 1, 2,…n. (2.12)
+ Case 2: if monitoring parameter has value C
i
∈
[a
i
,b
i
] , then
*

i
i
b
q
C
= <
Temporary weight will be calculated as following
*
'
1
*
w
i
i
a
b
=
với i = 1, 2,…n.(2.14)
e. Building assessment thresholds and rating scale of TSQI
The assessment method of TEQI will be applied to develop assement thresholds
and rating scale for TSQI.
e.1. Building assessment threshold
Scientific basis to establish assessment threshold of TSQI is determined by the
following formula: (2.15)
In which: n – total number of surveyed parameters (actual observation), k -
number of parameters does not match the Environment Standard. Considering the
following cases:
1) the upper threshold of rating scale is 100 (good level) when n surveyed
parameters match Environment standard; it means that n parameters have
1

,
100(1 ) 50
2
k
n
T
n
= − =
(2.17)
Case 2: if n is an odd number,
1
2
n
k
+
=
,
1 1
100(1 ) 50
2
k
n n
T
n n
+ −
= − = ×
(2.18)
5) Very bad threshold, when MAX (k) = n-1,
1 100
100 (1 )

I
n
−
< ≤

2 1
50 100
n
I
n
−
< ≤
Good/Very good
(Very good when I =100)
(has not yet degraded)
1 2 1
100 50
n n
I
n n
− −
< ≤

1 2 1
100 50
n n
I
n n
− −
< ≤

Bad
(Strongly degrade)
100
0 I
n
≤ ≤
100
0 I
n
≤ ≤

Very bad
(Extremly degrade)
Source [33],[84]
Note:
In case n=2, assessment thresholds of “bad, very bad and extremely bad” are the
same, then there exist three scales in the table 2.12; In case n=3, assessment
13
14
thresholds of “bad and very bad” are the same, then there exist four scales in the
table 2.12
f. The process of calculating and assessing SEQ by total indicators (using TSQI)
- Analysing data to eliminate unreliable observed values: if finding any anomalies
(very large compared with the others) when processing seri of data (of the whole study
area), investigating reasons at the sampling location to decide to keep or remove.
- Calculating the sub-index (single index) for each monitoring parameter under
the following circumstances:
+ Case 1: For the inferior standard parameters group:
*
i

then
i
i
a
q
C
=

(2.22); If
i
a C b
≤ ≤
then
1
i
q =
(2.23);
If
i
C b
>
then
i
i
b
q
C
=
(2.24).
In which :

- Computing P
n
= P
m
+P
k
= P
m1
+P
m2
+ P
k
as fomular (2.6)
- Computing SEQ index TSQI as the fomular (2.5)
- Applying n as total number of actual monitoring parameter in the table 2.12 to
infer the SEQ rating scale for study area.
- Comparing TSQI results to rating scale to infer SEQ in a certain monitoring
location: good/moderate/poor/bad/very bad, corresponding to soil quality of:has not
yet degraded, start to degrade/slightly degrade/strongly degrade/extremely degrade in
the table 2.12.
2.3. CALCULATING TSQI INDEX FOR RESEARCH SUBJECTS IN HAIDUONG
PROVINCE
2.3.1. Calculating weights of the 11 parameters
First thing to do to have data to present on maps is calculating TSQI index.
Subsequently, analysing collected 104 soil samples on 2 main types of land as: land
for rice and land for rice and crops. The results show that soil samples are
appropriate and have no case of anomalies. The parameters analyzed in each soil
14
15
sample are diversity while assessment rating scales in practice are limited or even do

normalized parameters, then apply the formulas (2.11), (2.12), (2.13) and (2.14) to
calculate temporary weights
'
W
i
of parameter i corresponding to each group. Results are
shown in the table 2.14.
Table 2.14. Parameters, rating scale and temporary weights of 11 criteria
Group
Heavy metals Total content Easily digestible content Salt content
Inferior standard
Standards ∈ [a
h
,b
h
] Standards ∈ [a
h
,b
h
]
Standards
∈[a
h
,b
h
]
*
Cd- standardized substance
*
P

N
dt
P
2
O
5dt
K
2
O
dt
*
Na
+
Unit
mg/kg
soil
mg/kg
soil
mg/kg
soil
% % % %
mg/100g
soil
mg/100g
soil
mg/100g
soil
lđl/100g soil
Environ
ment

C
3
<70
q
4
<1
when
C
4
>0,1
q
5
<1
when
C
5
>2,5
q
6
<1
when
C
6
>0,2
q
7
<1
when
C
7

15
16
Group
Heavy metals Total content Easily digestible content Salt content
Inferior standard
Standards ∈ [a
h
,b
h
] Standards ∈ [a
h
,b
h
]
Standards
∈[a
h
,b
h
]
*
Cd- standardized substance
*
P
2
O
5ts
- standardized substance
*
N

q
4
=1
when
C
4
=0,06-
0,1
q
5
=1
when
C
5
=1,2
5-2,5
q
6
=1
when
C
6
=0,1-
0,2
q
7
=1
when
C
7

1 0,04 0,029 0,75 0,032 0,4 0,04 0,04 0.49 0,16 0,6
Case3
q
1
>1
when
C
1
>2
q
2
>1
when
C
2
>50
q
3
>1
when
C
3
>70
q
4
>1
when
C
4
<0,06

9
>1 when
C
9
<3,6
q
10
>1
when
C
10
<10
q
11
>1 when
C
11
<0,3
W'
i
1 0,04 0,029 1,00 0,05 0,60 0,06 1 0,56 0,2 1
2.3.2. Calculating TSQI for land for rice
Based on the data system of the sampling points in land for rice, the author
calculated for example for soil sample D1 according to the process of computing total
indicator SEQ (TSQI) as following:
a. Step 1: Source of data
Table 2.15. Values of the parameters for soil sample D1 position in the area of land
for rice
Paran
eter

and based on the table 2.14, appropriate temporary weights for each circumstance
also can be easily choosen.:
- Regarding Cd, therefore, this is standardized substance for heavy metals group
*
1
2a
=
, temporary weight .
- Regarding Cu, therefore , temporary weight .
- Regarding Pb, therefore , temporary weight .
- Regarding P
2
O
5ts
, therefore , this is standardized substance for total content
group, temporary weight .
- Regarding OM, , therefore
5
1,64
1
1,64
q = =
, temporary weight
*
'
4
5
5 5
2 2 0,06
W 0,032

17
- Regarding
K
2
O
ts
, therefore , temporary weight
*
'
4
7
7
0,06
W 0,06
1
a
a
= = =
- Regarding
N
dt
, , therefore
8
6,16
1
6,16
q = =

, this is standardized substance for easily
digestible content group, temporary weight

- Regarding Na
+
, therefore , this is standardized substance for salt content group
*
11
0,3a
=
, temporary weight .
c. Step 3: Calculating temporary weights of 11 parameters
+ Sum of temporary weights
11
'
1
w 1 0,04 0,029 0,6 0,032 0,4 0,06 0,4 0,43 0,2 0,43 3,621
i
i=
= + + + + + + + + + + =
∑

+ Applying the formula 2.10 to compute final weights W
i
for each parameter:
W
1
= 0,276; W
2
= 0,011; W
3
= 0,008; W
4

= + + + + + + + + + + =
∑
d. Calculating parameters P
m1
, P
m2
, P
k
Applying the formula 2.7, if q
i
=1,
1
2
1
w 0,23
m i i
i
P q
=
= =
∑
.
Applying the formula 2.8, if q
i
<1 ,
6
2
1
w (1 ) 0,535
m i i

Applying the formula 2.5:
100 1 89,112
k
n
P
TSQI
P
 
= − =
 ÷
 

g. Step 7 and 8: Assessing SEQ for soil sample D1: slightly degrade
- Other soil samples in area of land for rice were calculated and presented results
in appendix 4, 5, 6.
2.3.3. Calculating TSQI for area of land for rice and crop
The principle of calculating for this option is the same as for area of land for rice
as above. Results were presented in table 2.17 in the thesis.
2.4. TECHNICCAL PROCESS IN ESTABLISHING SEQ MAPS FOR HAIDUONG
PROVINCAL
2.4.1. General provisions
- Technical process was applied for State management agencies in local and
organizations, individuals engaged in setting up soil environment maps.
- Limit was set up for these maps are provincial level to serve soil environment
planning and protection.
- Base map (data used as geographical background) in provincal soil environment
maps (at scale 1:100,000) was established from topographic maps at the scale
1:50,000 or 1:100,000.
- Designing glossary for geographical base maps.
2.4.2. Technical process for establishing provincial soil environment maps

important roads connecting districts. These objects were presented by liner symbols
in difference colour, kind of lines.
- Hydrological system is shown by liner and area symbols differed with
transportation and boundaries by colour.
- The main contents of the map:
+ Soil sample locations were shown by red point symbols combining with
number of points.
+ Determining soil group distribution was based soil characteristics. The
presenting method was mosaic method to illustrate distribution and characteristics of
every kind of soil in the study area.
2.5.1.4. Content presenting and legend disigning
The map was designed as the figure 2.9 in the thesis.
2.5.2. Establishing the map of soil environment quality in Haiduong province
in 2010
2.5.2.1. Determining the name, scale, purpose and meaning of the map
- There are three maps established in the thesis, including: the map of
environment quality of land cultivated rice, the map of environment quality of land
cultivated rice and crops, the map of environment quality of land cultivated food
crops, all at the scale of 1:100,000. Purposes of these maps are to serve environment
management and protection, help to visually present soil environment situation and
evaluate this situation of the whole province.
2.5.2.2. Principles in establishing the maps
- Mathematical be constructed in accordance with the provisions of the
coordinate system and the reference system VN2000, center meridian is 105
0
30’E.
- Letter systems are clearly designed, covered with map scale, content as well as
the purpose of use.
- The maps must ensure scientific accuracy, logic, and visual aesthetics.
19

+ The map of SEQ for land for rice in Haiduong is shown in figure 2.11.
+ The map of SEQ for land for rice and crop is shown in figure 2.12.
+ The map of SEQ for land for food is shown in figure 2.13.
CHAPTER 3
SOIL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY AND PROTECTING SOIL
ENVIRONMENT IN HAIDUONG PROVINCE
20
21
3.1. SOIL ENVIRONMENT QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF HAIDUONG PROVINCE
3.1.1. SEQ distribution by districts of Haiduong
3.1.1.1. Degradation of land for rice
Based on the map of SEQ for land for rice in 2010, areas of each type of soil as
rating scale were calculated for each district and then build up a diagram for
visualization purpose. SEQ of land for rice in districts range from “has not yet
degraded” to “slightly degrade”.
3.1.1.2. Degradation of land for rice and crops
Based on the map of SEQ for land for rice and crops – figure 2.12, it is easy to
extract information and build up a diagram. As can be seen from the map and graph,
SEQ of land for rice and crops experienced four levels, range from has not yet
degraded to strongly degrade. The overwhelming majority of strongly degrade
concentrate in Haiduong. This will raise an emergency message to authorities and
people in Haiduong to have appropriate policies in the process of soil environment
resources exploitation, use and protection.
3.1.1.3. Degradation of land for food
Based on the map of SEQ for land for food, data can be extracted to build up a
diagram. As can be seen from the map and diagram, SEQ of land for food
experienced four levels from has not yet degraded to strongly degrade. This kind of
land covered in all districts of the province.
3.1.2. SEQ distribution by region in Haiduong
Based on the terrain morphology, Haiduong’s soil environment is divided into

water and air.
3.2. SOIL ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT AND PROTECTION
3.2.1. Environment management and protection in the world and in Vietnam
Vietnam committed to implement the provisions of the UN. Besides, Vietnam
uniformly issued Environmental Protection Law as well as bylaws documents from
the government to local levels to well implement environment management and
protection.
3.2.2. Soil environment management and protection in Haiduong
3.2.2.1. Foundations on soil environment management and protection
- Managing and controlling waste from industry, agriculture, urban,
transportation, hospital and rural areas [18]. Specifically:
+ Agriculture: protecting soil and water environment, preventing erosion and
restructuring in agriculture production to ensure sustainable ecosystems.
Implementing a green and clear agriculture.
+ Industry: upgrading new technology to reduce waste, gradually removing
outdated technology plants that cause pollution and badly affect public health.
+ Tourisim and Service: building rules and strict regulations on environmental
protection to apply in tourist sites, restaurants, hotels, parks, clubs , etc. Collecting
and treating waste in time to prevent contamination.
+ Developing environmental management and control resources as staff training,
strengthening equipments for environmental inspection and monitoring.
- Building proper land use plans in both short-term and long-term, timely
updating and adjusting to be in accordance with new policies.
3.2.2.2. Proposing rational land use and protection plans
- Process of land use need to comply with plans approved by authorities.
- People should have long, sustainable and rational land use plans to avoid
depletion disregarding to the rehabilitation of SEQ.
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- Authorities need to have rational policies in land management, closely monitor

mentioned-above things, we build basic contents for technical process in
establishing the maps of provincial soil environment.
- Classifying the system of provincial soil environment maps, assessing the
importance and significance of each map in the system. Subsequently, applying to the
actual conditions in Haiduong to establish important maps that scientificly and
intuitively represent soil environment quality. The selected maps include: the map of
soil samples locations in Haiduong province in 2007 and 3 SEQ assessment maps: the
map of environment quality assessment of land cultivated rice in 2010, the map of
environment quality assessment of land cultivated rice and crops in 2010 and the map
of environment quality assessment of land cultivated food crops in 2010, all at the
scale of 1:100,000. Data source includes spatial data from the Department of Natural
Resources and Environment of Hai Duong and statistical data from the General
Statistics Office of Hai Duong with high precision to ensure quality of the maps.
There are 5 main categories of soil in Haiduong, including salinity soil, acid
sulphate soil, alluvial soil, gray and barren soil and feralit soil. In which, there are 10
sub-categories, including light salinity soil and intense salinity soil, potential deep
and salt acid sulphate soil, neutral and less acidic alluvial soil, silted and sour
alluvial soi, glay alluvial soil, alluvial soil with patchy red and yellow, gray soil on
ancient alluvial, feralit soil on clay and chalk laid schist, light yellow soil on
sandstone, feralit soil changed due to wet rice cultivation. Kinds of soil are
distributed unequally in the whole province.
- The SEQ assessment maps were applied by new assessment method - using
total indicators TSQI method inherited TEQI method of author Pham Ngoc Ho. This
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new method reflected an overall picture of SEQ through 11 indicators (for Haiduong
province), with 5 SEQ levels in rating scale including good, moderate, poor, bad,
very bad corresponding to 5 soil degradation levels: has not yet degraded, starting to
degrade, slightly degrade, strongly degrade and extremely degrade. Establishing
these maps also helps to develop and finilize technical process of establishing