DAI HOC QUOC GIA HA
NQI
TRU'(^NG
DAI HOC KHOA HOC TlT NHIEN
*
+
*
De tdi
NGHIEN ClTU
ITNG
DUNG VI DIEU KHIEN DE
THU PHAT CAO TAN
Ma so: QT-08-08
Chii tri de tai: ThS Dang Thj Thanh Thuy
Can bp tham gia: ThS Do Trung Kien
NCV Le Quang Thao
GV Pham Van Thanh
DAI HOC
Q\y'^(.
VVl-llA
Ha noi- 2008
Bao cao torn tat (tieng Viet)
1.
Ten de tai:
Nghien
ciiu iing
dung vi dieu khien de thu phat cao tan
Ma
s6
: QT-08-08
2.

''Application
Of Frequency Composition And Microprocessor To
Broadcast
In
Microwave
Region'\
Dang Thanh Thuy, Pham Van Thanh,
Do Trung Kien, Bach Gia Duong, VNU Journal of Science, Mathermatics-
Physics 2008(dang in).
- Da h6 trg dao tao 02
cir
nhan nganh Vat ly V6 tuyen (Chu Tuan
Linh, Nguyin Thu Ha, 2008).
- Da h6 trg bien soan 01 sach giao trinh (Tuyen tap cac bai tap Vat ly
dai cuang I)
- Da h6 trg hoan thien 01 chuyen
d6
tien sy (Dang Thi Thanh
Thiiy,
chuyen de Phdn tich
phovd
to
hgp
tin hieu)
6.
Tinh hinh
kinh
phi
de tai:
Chi

Ms.
Dang Thi Thanh Thuy, Faculty of Physics
Hanoi University of Science (HUS), Hanoi National University
c. Incorporated members
Do Trung Kien
Le Quang Thao
Pham Van Thanh
d. Purposes and contents
Application of frequency composition and microprocessor to
broadcast in high frequency region
e. Results
-Sum up theory technique of creating the stable high frequency by
using a microprocessor-driven Phase-Lock-Loop's frequency composition
-Design and fabrication the high Frequency Transmitter/Receiver
using Microcontroller technique
- Testing the system high Frequency Transmitter/Receiver using
Microcontroller technique
MUC LUC
Lai ma dau 04
Chuong
1.
Vong bam pha 05
1.1
Giai thieu vong bam pha 05
1.2
Cac thong so dac trung
ciia
mot he thong PLL 05
1.3
Cac phan tu ca ban

1
19
Chuong 4. Xay dung he thong va khao sat thuc nghiem 20
4.1
Ung dung vi dieu khien de phat song sieu cao tan 20
4.2 Ung dung vi dieu khien trong he thong thu phat tin hieu ma dieu khien 22
Ket luan 26
Tai lieu tham khao 27
Phu
luc 28
Scientific Project
Phieu dang ky ket qua nghien
ciiu
KH-CN
Lcri
mo'
dau
Trong thoi dai phat trien
ciia
khoa hpc ky thuat ngay nay, van de dieu
khien thiet bi bang song v6 tuyen dugc quan tam nghien
ciiu
va
iing
dung mot
each
rgng rai. Trong bao cao nay chiing toi de cap den mot
iing
dung thu phat cao tan
sir

mot may phat khac cho
truoc
- Tao ra tan so
ciia
dao dong noi nhu mot mach chpn don gian ma khong can
thiet phai kiem tra lai hoac dieu chinh mach cong huong
Muc dich
ciia
de tai la phat song cao tan
sii
dung mach vong bam pha dieu
de to hgp tan so dugc dieu khien bang vi dieu khien PIC 16F877A .
1.2.Cac thong so dac
tru*ng
cua mot he thong PLL
Hinh
1.1
Dgc trung tdn so - dien the
o Dai bat (Capture range): la dai tan so
Ian
can gia tri tan so dao dong tu do
ban dau fo ma trong do he PLL co the bat chap voi tin hieu
loi
vao. No phu
thuoc vao bp lpc, thuc te neu fo -
fi
cao hon tan so cat cua bp Ipc thi tin hieu
ve
=
0, khi do he thong PLL khong lam viec va bp VCO se giu

he thong.
Dac trims tdn so - dien the (Frequency - Voltase) ciia he PLL
Xet truong hgp
fi
tang, qua trinh
b^t
chap se xay ra khi
f\
dat toi gia tri
f2.
fj
tilp
tuc tang thi the dieu
khiln Vc
ciing tiep tuc tang. Khi
Vc =
0 thi
fj =
fo.
Qua trinh
bam pha (giu chap) dugc
giO
cho
d8n
khi
fj
dat den gia tri
U-
Xet qua trinh tan so
fj

'
nh
Vfl(f|,
U
B^
so sAnh ph
B
(Phase
compftrator)
V,(t)
VCO
&OlQct£nstfthtfp
(Low-Pass
*
Filter)
Vid)
Di^
ip dUu khjen
VCO
Hinh 1.2 - Sa do khoi
ciia
vong
bam
pha PLL
Ba khoi nay tao thanh mot vong phan hoi ve tan so khep kin ( close loop frequency
feedback).
Khi khong co tin hieu vao PLL,
sir
chenh lech dien ap
Ve(t) o

tan so
ciia
tin hieu vao
fg
tien dan den
fo
do tinh chat hoi tiep
ciia
PLL se thiic day
VCO dong bg hoac bat chap voi tin hieu loi vao. Sau khi chap, tan so
ciia
VCO se
bang tan so cua tin hieu loi vao, tuy nhien se van co mot dp lech nao
do.Sir
khac
biet ve pha nay la can thiet vi no se tao ra dien ap sai
Ve(t)
de chuyen tan so dao
dong tu do
ciia
VCO thanh tan so cua tin hieu vao
fs,
nhu vay se giu cho PLL
o
trang thai
gilj
chap tan so
.Tuy
nhien, khong phai tin hieu nao vao VCO ciing bat
chap dugc tan so ma chi co tan so

o
trang thai
giij
chap vai tin hieu vao. Can
chii
y
rang giai
giir
chap doc lap voi dai tan so cua bp lpc thong thap, vi rang khi mach a
trang thai giu chap thanh phan tin hieu tan so bao gia ciing la dong mot chieu.
1.3.Cac
phan
tu*
co*
ban cua vong khoa pha
1.3.1 Bo so pha
BO
so
pha(Phase
comparator):
Hinh
1.3
Bo So pha
Co hai loi vao va mot loi ra ,
th6
ra ti le thuan voi
sir
sai khac pha
ciia
hai tin

dong dugc
sii
dung nhieu hon boi vi chiing c6 cac thong so
dac trung tot hon va mach dien cung don gian hon .
I.3.2.B0
dao dong co tan so
dtftfc
dieu khien bang dien ap VCO :
La mot bg dao dong co tan so dugc dieu khien bang dien ap dau
vao.Yeu
cau
chung doi voi cac bg tao dao dong co tan so dieu khien dugc la quan he giiia dien
ap dieu khien va tan so day xung phat ra phai tuyen tinh. Ngoai ra mach phai c6 dp
on dinh cao, dai bien doi
ciia
tan so theo dien ap vao rong, don gian,
dl
dieu chinh
va thuan
Igi
doi voi viec to hgp thanh vi mach. Ve nguyen tac, co the dung mpi
mach tao dao dong ma tan so
ciia
no bien thien trong pham vi ± 10% den ± 50 %
xung quanh tan so dao dong tu do.
CHU'CfNG
2.
PHU^ONG
PHAP TO HOP
TAN

trinh),
tan so loi ra bp chia dugc dua vao bp so sanh pha
ciing
voi tan so chuan
thach anh. Bp so sanh pha so pha hai tan so nay , o dau ra bp so sanh se xuat hien
thanh phan tong va hieu
ciia
hai tan so nay , thanh phan tong se bi loai bo, thanh
phan hieu se dugc khuech dai len boi bp lpc tan thap va bp khuech dai.
Q
loi ra bp
lpc tan thap se thu dugc mot dien ap ,dien ap nay se dua vao dieu khien VCO lam
cho tan so
ciia
VCO bam theo tan so chuan thach anh .
Tan so loi ra
ciia
VCO co gia tri :
f^
==^
N *
fv
vai N la he so chia
Theo cong thiic tren ta thay neu muon thay doi
fr
ta chi can thay doi he so
chia N
.D6i
voi PLL diing trong cac he thong thong tin tan so loi ra
ciia

xuong tan so so sanh
Fss
. Bp phat hien
pha se so sanh tan so nay voi tan so
Fn.
Neu hai tan so nay nhu nhau thi tin hieu
16i
o dSu
ra
xk.
nho . Bp lpc tan so thap se chuyen tin hieu dong sira sai thanh the, sau
do VCO se chuyen tin hieu the nay thanh tan so. Tan so
Fr
se dupe chia di N
Ian
bang
mot bp dem N ( thanh
Fn
) va dugc so sanh voi
Fss-
Vi vay co the coi ve co ban
PLL se dieu khien the tac dong vao VCO sao cho
Fn
=
Fss-Thong
thuong tan so dao
dong chuan
Fss
la rat on dinh, tuy nhien no lai bi gioi han la tan so dao dong thap .
PLL cung

Doi voi bp dem N , neu chi
sii
dung mot bp dem thi se bi gioi han khi hoat
dong
o
tan so cao ma tan so ra thuong lai la cao tan . Vi vay nguoi ta che tao bp
dem N
=
P*B+A
( voi P la bp chia truoc , A va B la cac bp dem lap trinh dugc ) .
Trong bieu thiic nay B luon
Ion
hon hoac bang A .
2.3 Khoi IC chirc nang
Bp to hgp tan so diing mach vong bam pha ngay nay dugc tich hgp tren mot
IC vi du nhu
ADF4113,
LMX2316
a) Dac trung:
o Tan so 4.0 Ghz
o Nguon nuoi 2,7-5.5 V
o Chia truoc module kep 8/9, 16/17,
32/33,
64/65
o Bp Charge Pump Currents
lap
trinh dugc
o Bg khoa tach song so
o Che dp ngat nguon bang phan ciing va phan mem
bi

o Bp chia R cho phep chpn tan so
REFIN
tai loi vao
ciia
PFD
Trong he thong, IC
ADF4113
dong vai tro
la
khoi thuc thi chiic nang cua
PLL
tt>^^^i-
^^
o
-o-
1
h
+
^
+
ADF41ia'ADF411I
AOF4112/ADF4113
• CND OOHO
Hinh
2.1-Sa
do khoi chuc nang cua IC
ADF4113
d) Bp chia N
B6 chia
N

OB«
at
DBA
BI
««n ACOUHTEfl
OB7
AS
I>B<
AC
DOC
A4
004
AS
DB3
A3
OB!
Al
COHmOL
Brrs
DB4
C2(0)
DBO
ciO)
X
•
bit
khAf^
i|uan
tx^ne
e) Bp chia R

R14
DS14
RO
DB13
Ri3
Det2
rm
14-erT
R^CflENCE
COUKH^ER.
R
OB-tl
R<0
DBiO
R«
DBS
RS
DBA
R7
DB7
nc
DBC
RC
DBS
R«
DBA
R3
DB}
R2
DB2

8Kxl4 bit, bp nho
dii
lieu 368x8 byte RAM va bp nho du lieu EEPROM voi dung
lugng 256x8 byte. S6 PORT I/O la 5 voi 33 pin I/O.
Cdc dac tinh nsoai vi bao somcdc khoi chirc nans sau
o TimerO: bg dem 8 bit voi bp chia tan so 8 bit
o
Timer!:
bp dem
16
bit voi bp chia tan so, co the thuc hien chiic nang dem
dua vao xung clock ngoai vi ngay khi vi dieu khien hoat dong che dp sleep
o Timer2: bp dem 8 bit voi bp chia tan so, bp postcaler
o Hai bp Capture/so sanh/dieu che dp rong xung
o Cac chuan giao tiep noi tiep SSP (Synchronous Serial Port),
SPI
va I2C
o Chuan giao tiep noi tiep USART vai 9 bit dia chi
o Cong giao tiep song song PSP (Parallel Slave Port) voi cac chan dieu khien
RD,
WR, CS o ben ngoai
Cdc dac tinh Analos
o 8 kenh
chuyen d6i
ADC 10 bit
o Hai bp so sanh
Ben canh do
Id
mot vdi dac tinh khdc ciia vi dieu khien
nhir:

MCLR
Vac,
Vss
Tine-rD
Timers
1D-b A'D
X
PORTB
POR
"D
PORTE
RAO.'ANO
RA-t/ANI
RA2i'AN2'VBep->'CV«EF
RA3,'AN3.V'»Ef*
RA4/TDCta;C10UT
RASfAN<.'SS.'C20U"^
RS!
R32
RBS PGM
R34
R35
RgT'-^GD
RC0~'OSO/T^CKI
RC1~-^0St;CCP2
RC2.'CCPt
RCS.'SCK SCL
RC4/SCI.'S.DA
RCS.'SCO
RC6.~X-CK

fTinh
3.1
Sa dd khSi vi diiu khien
PIC16F877A.
3.3.T6
chirc bo nhd
Ck\x triic bp nho cua vi dieu khien PIC16F877A bao gom bp nho chuong
trinh (Program memory) va bp nho dii lieu (Data Memory).
3.3.I.B0
nho"
chu-ong trinh
Bp nho chuong trinh ciia vi dieu khien PIC16F877A la bp nha flash, dung
lugng bp nho 8K word (1 word = 14 bit) va dugc phan thanh nhieu trang (tir pageO
dan page 3). Nhu vay bp nho chuong trinh co kha nang
13
chiia dugc 8*1024
=
8192 lenh (vi mot lenh sau khi ma hoa
se co
dung lugng
1
word (14
bit).Dl
ma hoa dugc dia chi
ciia
8K word bg nho chuong trinh, bp
d^m
chuong trinh co dung lugng
13
bit

Hinh
3.2 Bo
nha
chirang trinh cua vi dieu khien
PIC16F877A
Khi
vi
dieu khien dugc reset, bp dem chuong trinh se chi
d6n
dia chi OOOOh
(Reset vector). Khi
co
ngat xay ra, bp dem chuong trinh
se
chi den dia chi 0004h
(Interrupt vector).
Bp
nho chuong trinh khong bao gom bp nho stack va khong dugc
dia chi hoa boi bp dem chuong trinh. Bp nho stack se dugc de cap cu the trong
phSn
sau.
3.3.2.B0
nho*
du*
lieu
Bg nho
du
lieu
ciia
PIC

GPR (General Purpose Register) nam
6 viing
dia chi con lai trong bank. Cac thanh
ghi SFR thuong xuyen dugc
sii
dung (vi du nhu thanh ghi STATUS) se dugc dat
a
tSt
ca cac bank
ciia
bp nho
dix
lieu giup thuan tien trong qua trinh truy xuat va lam
giam bat lenh cua chuong trinh. So do cu the
ciia
bp nho dir lieu
PIC16F877A
nhu
sau:
14
No
File
Address
rndirect ad*.*'»
TMRO
PCL
STATUS
FSR
PORTA
PORTS

BanK
0
£3
Unimple
• Not a
ph
te 1: These re
2:
These re
OOh
Olh
02h
03h
04h
05h
06h
07h
08h
09h
OAh
OBh
OCh
ODh
OEh
OFh
lOh
11h
12h
13h
I4h

TR1S8
TRISC
TR1SD<^»
TRISE*''
PCLATH
INTCON
PIE1
PIE2
PCON
SSPCON2
PR2
SSPADD
SSPSTAT
TXSTA
SPBRG
CM
CON
CVRCON
ADRESL
ADCON1
General
Purpose
Register
80 Bytes
accesses
70h-7Fh
Bank 1
3
memory
locatic

99h
9Ah
9Bh
9Ch
9Dh
9Eh
9Fh
AOh
EFh
FOh
FFh
)ns.
read
z
J
on the P
Jin
these r
IrKJirect addr,<'>
TMRO
PCL
STATUS
FSR
PORTS
PC
LATH
INTCON
EEDATA
EEADR
EEDATH

lOBh
lOCh
lODh
lOEh
lOFh
llOh
lllh
112h
113h
114h
115h
116h
117h
llSh
119h
IIAh
11
Bh
llCh
lIDh
IIEh
IIFh
120h
16Fh
17Ch
17Fh
indirect
addr.**'
OPTION REG
PCL

laeh
ia7h
lash
189h
IS
Ah
18Bh
ISCh
i3Dh
ia£h
laFh
190h
191h
192h
193h
194h
195h
196h
197h
198h
199h
19Ah
19Bh
19Ch
19Dh
19Eh
19Fh
lAGh
lEFh
IFCh

m6i
cong co the khac nhau. Ben canh do, do vi dieu khien duac tich hpp
sin ben trong cac dac tinh giao tiep ngoai vi nen ben canh chiic nang la cong xuat
nhap thong thuong, mot so chan xuat nhap con co them cac chiic nang khac de
th6
hien su tac dong
ciia
cac dac tinh ngoai vi neu tren doi voi the gioi ben ngoai. Chiic
15
nang cua
timg
chan xuat nhap trong moi cong hoan toan co the
dupe
xac lap va dieu
khien
dugc
thong qua cac thanh ghi SFR lien quan den chan xuat nhap do.
Vi
di6u
khiln
PIC16F877A
co 5 cong xuk nhap, bao
g6m
PORTA, PORTB,
PORTC,
PORTD va PORTE.
3.4.1.PORTA
PORTA (RPA) bao
g6m
6 I/O pin. Day la cac chan "hai

voi PORTE la
TRISE).
Ben
canh do PORTA con la ngo ra
ciia
bp ADC, bp so sanh, ngo vao analog ngo vao
xung clock
ciia
TimerO va ngo vao
ciia
bp giao tiep MSSP (Master Synchronous
Serial Port). Dac tinh nay se dugc trinh bay cu the trong phan sau.
Cdc thanh shi SFR lien quan den PORTA bao som
^
PORTA (dia chi 05h) : chiia gia tri cac pin trong PORTA.
^
TRISA (dia chi 85h) : dieu khien xuat nhap.
v^
CMCON (dia chi 9Ch) : thanh ghi dieu khien bp so sanh.
v^
CVRCON(dia
chi 9Dh): thanh ghi dieu khien bp so sanh dien ap.
v^
ADCONl
(dia chi 9Fh) : thanh ghi
diSu
khiln bp ADC.
3.4.2.PORTB
PORTB (RPB) gom 8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi dieu khien xuat nhap tuong
iing

dilu khiln ngat ngoai vi va bp TimerO.
3.4.3 PORTC
PORTC (RPC)
g6m
8 pin I/O. Thanh ghi dilu khiln xuk nhap tuong
iing
la
TRISC. Ben canh do PORTC con chiia cac chan chiic nang
ciia
bp so sanh, bp
Timer
1,
bp PWM va cac
chu§n
giao
tilp nli tilp
I2C, SPI, SSP, USART.
Cdc thanh shi dieu khiin lien quan din PORTC
^
PORTC (dia chi 07h) : chiia gia tri cac pin trong PORTC
^
TRISC (dja chi 87h): dilu khiln xuk nhap
3.4.4 PORTD
PORTD (RPD) gom 8 chan I/O, thanh ghi dieu khiln xuat nhap tuong
iing
la
TRISD. PORTD con la cong xuat du lieu
ciia chuSn
giao tiep PSP (Parallel Slave
Port).

'Hc:«i(^
"ir;
:Hb viEN
DT
/
ni
Day la mot trong ba bp dem hoac bp dinh thai
ciia
vi dieu khiln
PIC16F877A.
TimerO la bp
dim
8 bit dugc
kit
noi voi bg chia
t§n s6
(prescaler) 8
bit.
Ck\
tnic
ciia
TimerO cho phep ta
lira
chpn xung clock tac dong va canh tich
cue
cvi^
Yiina
rlnr.k-
Na^t
TimerO se xuat hien khi TimerO bi tran. Bit TMROIE

TimerO
nhw sau
CUKO
C-
Foso'4)
RA4/T10CKI
^-^i
P5A
Sync
Cycles
i
TMRO
Reg
h
PRESCALER
S-l>it
Prw*c«iler
8-to-1
MUX,
VJDT EiiaEDe IM
u.
PS2
PSO
Note:
TOCS,
TOSE,
PS^.
PS2
PSD are (OPTIOr
J_REG-S:0-)

h6
trg
ciia
prescaler va ngugc lai. Prescaler
dugc dilu khiln boi thanh ghi OPTIONREG. Bit PSA (0PTI0N_REG<3>) xac
dinh
dii
tugng tac dong
ciia
prescaler. Cac bit PS2:PS0 (OPTIONREG <2:0>)
xac dinh ti
s6
chia
t^n
s6
cua prescaler.
Cac lenh tac dong len gia tri thanh ghi TMRO se xoa
chi
dp hoat dong
ciia
p^__i
j^u:
AA:
^,^^
*A^
^A„^
lA
T^imerO,
tac dong len gia tri thanh ghi TMRO se
18

bit, gia tri
ciia Timer
1 se dugc luu trong hai thanh
ghi (TMR1H:TMR1L). Co
ngat ciia
Timerl la bit
TMRIIF
(PIR1<0>). Bit dilu
khien
ciia
Timerl se la
TMRIIE (PIE<0>).Tuong
tu nhu TimerO, Timerl ciing co
hai che do hoat dong: che dp dinh thoi (timer) voi xung kich la xung clock
ciia
oscillator (tan so
ciia
timer bang
!/4
tan so
ciia
oscillator) va che dp dem (counter)
voi xung kich la xung phan anh cac
sir
kien can dem lay tu ben ngoai thong qua
chan
RCO/TIOSO/TICKI
(canh tac dong la canh len). Viec
lira
chpn xung tac

Clock
3yrchroiiz?d
'TCKPS1:T1CK==0
TMRICS
Cbck nput
1
-*—
'7-
T1SVKC
1,2
4.8
t.
G/ro-ror
ie
C:€l
1
Hinh
3
19
CHlTcnVG
4. XAY
DVl*^G
HE THONG VA KHAO SAT
THlTC
NGHIEM
4.1
iTng
dung vi dieu khien
di
phat song sieu cao tan

thuc thi chiic nang su dung IC chuyen dung
ADF4113.
<C"Vout
vcc
ADF41I3
CP
C
RFinB
~
C9
R4
R5
RFin
R6 Caf
lOOp |]>30 lOOp
luF
6
mm
>
CM.
h
Cll
lOOp
OOluF
R7
IK
-ft^
lOK
RFinA
REFin

Cap
O.luF
Hinh 4.2
Khdi
thuc thi chirc nang PLL
(ADF4113)
20
Khoi VCO duoc thiet ke theo so do 3 diem.
VCO
vcc
a
RI
120
f
C3
C4
Vconirol "^
2
20K
:C1
O.lur
C2
InP
D
Varactor
-pHI—1 ^1
1—C^L^
3p
<
^

dupe
mot
dien ap va dien ap nay se dua tro lai bp dieu khien VCO lam cho tan so cua
VCO bam theo tan so chuan cua thach anh.
21
Chuong trinh
vilt
cho
vi
dieu khien bang ngon
ngir
lap
trinh
C
(phu luc).
Trong truong hgp
nay vi
dieu khien dong vai
tro
dieu khien
he so
chia trong
mach to hgp tan so. Ket qua tin hieu thu dugc khi cho qua may phan tich pho:
idB
A wrt
B_blr
fJortu fjort
1.02000
GHz
40.00

S.QO
///«/? ^.5 Tm hieu
phat qua may phdn
tich
pho
Tin hieu phat
ciia
bg tao dao
dong dugc quan
sat
tren may phan tich pho,
hinh anh thu dugc cho thay tin hieu phat
6
tan so 1020MHz co dinh pho sac net.
Dp sai lech tan so phat khoang
10"^.
4.2
U ng
dung vi dieu khien trong he thong thu phat
tin
hieu ma dieu khien.
Mot he thong thu phat khong day thuong dugc cau tao theo so do tong quat
sau:
PhSt m3
dilu khiin
Ang-ten
V
/"
s
Ph^t tin

thu
phat v6 tuyen
(a)Khoi
phat
(bJKhoi
thu
22
IV.2.1 Khdi
phat
PhJin di6u
khiln kh6i phat dugc
sii
dung
bang
vi
di^u
khiln
PIC16F876A.
FTinh
4.7
Khoi dieu
khien
phdn phat
VCO thiet
kl
cho khoi phat ma dieu khiln
tSn s6
song mang co
315
MHz.