S &
Bookbooming
CHUtfNG 1: VAN TAITRONG NGOAITHUtfNG
Caul: van tdi Id gi?tai sao ndi vdn taila nganh san xua't dac biit?
+) Van tai la m6t ngiirih kinh t£ c<5 muc dfch cua con ngu&i nhlm dip ting nhu
ciu di chuyin trong khfing gian cua d<5i tuong vta chuyln
+) Van tai Id mdt nganh sin xud't vd't cha't die bifit:
TM nha't: van tai Id m6t nganh san xu£t vat cha't vi:
* MQt nganh sin xua't vat chdt cin 3 yfe'u 16: stic lao d6ng; cOng cu lao d6ng,
d<5i tuqfog lao ddng. Ngdnh van tai c6 du 3 y£u 16 ndy stfc lao ddng; cdng cu lao dijng,
la phitong tifin chuyfin chd, tuyfe'n du&ng van tii ddi tuong chuyta trfr la hanh khdeh
hang hoa
* San xuat trong nganh van tii lam ti€u hao lluong nguy6n nhifin vat lifeu 1
luong hao m5n mdy m6c nha't dinh
* Ddi tuong chuySn char sau qud trinh san xud't c6 m6t su thay d6i gid tri vat
chat nha't dinh
Thtf hai: Van tai lk nganh san xua't vat chit dac bifit vi:
Qua tiinh trong nganh khftng khfing nham muc dich lam thay d6i tinh cMt hoa
ly kfch thudc trong luong cua dtfi tucmg chuySn chd. N£u c6 chi ia rid ro
San phdm cua nganh van tii khOng c6 hlnh dang kfch thudc san phfoi cu th£ vi
hai d|c tfnh cua san ph£m cung khdqdi: gid tri sir dung la cdng dung vdi ngudi sir
dung iam thay d6i vi trf trong kh6ng gian gid tri ia luomg lao d6ng xa hQicdn thiS't kfe't
tinh trong san ph&n bilu hifin bing ti£n cudc phi van tai
* Trong nganh van tii qua tiinh sin xudt va tifiu thu khOng tdch rdi nhau
Cdu2: Vai trd, tdc dung cua vdn tdi trong nin kinh te quoc ddn?
+) Vai trb:
- Nganh giao th6ng v|n tai la mdt trong nhiing nganh kinh t£ ky thuat quan
trong cua n£n kinh te' quO'c dan. M$t mat nganh van tai co nhifim vu phuc vu nhu cdu
chuyfin chcr clia toan bd n£n kinh te' - xa hdi, tao ra mdt phdn dang k£ trong thu nh|p
kinh t£ qudc dan. Mat khde nganh van tii ia mdt thi trudng tifiu thu la m6t thi trucmg
tieu thu rift ldn san phlm cua nhung nganh kinh te' ky thuat kMc
- van tii qudc t£ phdt tri& gdp phdn 1dm thay-d<3i ca ctfU hdng hod Vkca. cdu
thi trudng trong budn bdn qu6c t<SL Trade day thucmg raaiqudc t£ chu yftu fi hdng
thdnh phlm c6 gid tri cao nay c6 ci hdn£ bit) fhdnb-ph&n,. nguyftfi liftu, hdng cd gid
tri thdp . Vd trade day thi tradng’ chu#£u Id pKflng nude Jdrig giSng thi hiftn nay van
tii qudc 16 phdt tri£n ldm phant vi.J&EilRl^jgdugc md rtog, cir ly chuyftn chd hSng
hod trung binh trong van ti!ii du& gSH B^sM £ ting-tii 3.967 hii W ndm 1985 lftn
4.230 hii If
- vdn tii qudc t£ cd tdc dung bio vft rich cue ho|c ldm xdu di edn can mdu djch
vd edn edn thanh todn. Vdn tii cd hai chtic nSng: ehtfc ndng phue vu dim bio nhu
chuyftn chd hang hod xudt nfidp khdu cia m6i nude; chiic nang kinh doanh xudt khdu
sin phdm van tii nhdt Id vdn tii dirdng biin .Thu chi ngoai tft trong IMi'vue xudt nhdp
khdu sin phdm van tii Id mOt bd phdn quan trpng cua edn edn thanh todn qudc t£.
Xudt siftu se gdp phdn cii thiftn edn edn thanh todn qudc t& Xudt siftu se gdp phdn cai
thiftn edn can thanh todn. Nhap siftu se 1dm tham hut edn edn thanh todn
Cdu4: Ca si d i phdn chia trdch nhiim vi vdn tdi trong ngoai thucmg. Tdc
dung cua viicgianh duffc quyin vdn tdi?
+) Co sd d6 phan chia trdch nhiftm v6 van tii trong ngoai thuong Id 13 di£u kiftn
ca sd giao hdng trong n5m 2000
+) tdc dung:
- bftn gidnh du^e quy^n vdn tii cd di£u kiftn chu ddng trong ehuyftn chd ddm
phdn vd kf kftit hop ddng thuft vdn tai
- nftu hop ddng ngoai thucmg khdng quy dinh 1 thdi han giao hdng cu thi chfnh
xdc thi bftn gidnh dugc quydn vdn tii se chu d^ng vd giao nhdn hdng hod
- khi hdng hod duoc quyin chd bdng dudng biin thi vifte gidnh dugc quyftn cho
phftp su dung tdt luc lugng tdu bufln trong nude vd nd cung thiic dly cde nghiftp vu
khde cua ngoai thuong phdt tri£n. Didu ndy cd nghla Id cho phftp cii thiftn edn edn
thanh todn cua qudc gia.
- Gidnh dugc quyin van tii gdp phdn ndng cao uy tin cua 1 qudc gia trftn th£
gidi
Chu Cd mdt sd trudng hgp khdng nftn gidnh quyin vdn tii:
nude:
- mdn nude ca'u tao ia chilu cao tha'p nha't tOr ddy tau lfin. mat nude khi tku
khdng chd hang
- mdn nude tdi da ia chilu cao thing gdc tCr ddy tau len mat nude klii tku cho
ddy hkng vdo miia he
Mdn nude con thay doi theo mua va vung biln ma tau di qua: ve mua hfe vil
vilng nude ngot thi mon nude cua tau ldn hon
6. Trong luong hay con goi la luong gian nude cua tau la trong luong cua khC'i
nude ma tdu chie'm chd tfnh bang td'n dai. Trong luong cua tau duoc tinh bang each
Id'y M thi tich cua khd'i md tau chiem chd chia cho 35
Trong luong cua tdu cd 2 loai:
- Trong luong tdu khdng chd hdng la bang trong lucrng cua vo tau mdy rndc
trang thie't bi tr6n tail, ndi hoi nude trong n6i hoi phu tung thuyen bd va hanh ly cua
ho
- Trong luong tau khi chd hdng Id bang trong luong tdu khdng chd hdng cdng
vdi trong luong cua dau ma nude ngot luong thuc thuc ph£m d6 du tru khde vat lieu
chen 16t vd trong lirong cua hang hoa thuong mai m& tau chd duoc
Dai hoc Ngoai thuong
Bookbooming
Bfrp fin m0R v$h Y fa
7. Trong tii li siic chd cua tiu dugc t£nh bing tdn dii 6 mdn nude tdi da vi miia
ddng mila hi ho|c 6 viing biin cd lien quan tiiy tiStng tnrfmg hgp. Cd 2 loai trong tii
cua tiu:
- Trong tii toin phdn c&a tiu li bing tdng trong lugng hing hoi thucmg mai,
trgng lugng nhiin liiu, nude nggt, luong thuc thuc phlm, vat lifiu chin Idt dd du trfl
khde vi phu titng tfnh blng DW= HD- LD
- Trong tii tinh cua tiu li trgng lugng hing hda thucmg mai mi tiu cd thi chd
dugc. Trpng tii tinh cua tiu chlnh bing trpng tii toin phdn cua tiu trCt di trgng lugng
cua nhien lieu nude ngot lucmg thuc thuc phlm dd du trtt khde vi phu timg. Tr<?ng tii
tinh cua tiu li mdt dai lugng thay ddi vl nd phu thudc vio khdi lugng nhien lieu, nude
hing dd khi hing dd dugc x£p trong hdm tiu. He sd xip hing cua hing hod ndi ro
mdt tdn dii cua hing hod chiim bao nhieu dcm vi thi tfch trong hdm tiu ki ci dung
sai cho phip khi xip. Hing dugc coi li hing nang niu cd SF>40 C.ft/tdh. Khi xip
4
Dai hoc Ngoai thipong
Bookbooming
s r t p t e z n t e
v n n t± i
tidng xud'ng tdu muO'n dung hit trong tdi vd dung tich cua tdu thi phdi chpn m6t hoac
nhilu mat hdng c6 he s6 xlp hdng bdng he s6 xfip hdng cia tdu. N<5i cdch khdc phai
x6'p cdc mat hdng khdc nhau thoa man he phuong tiinh:
X+Y
Trong d6:
X,Y: Id trong luong cua titng mat hdng tuong ting
Sfx: he s6' xe'p hdng cua mdt hdng X
Sfy: hi
s6 x£p hdng cua mat hdng Y
DWCC: trong tai tjnh cua tdu
CS: dung tfch chtia hdng cua tdu
Cdu 6: Cdc loai tdu budn chd hdng?
* Phdn loai theo cOng dung:
- Tdu chd hdng kh<5: chd nhflng mat hdng d thi ran c6 hay khdng c6 bao bl.
G6m nhflng dang sau:
1. Tdu chd hdng Mch hod: chd nhflng mat hdng do ngdnh cdng nghiep sdn xutft
thudng duoc ddng bao cd gid tri tucrng dtfi cao
2. Tdu container: Id tdu chd hdng bdch hod hien dai c6 nhflng phuong tien trang
thie't bi hien dai c6 trong tai ldn tdc dd ldn hon tdu chd hdng bdch hod thdng thudng
rdt nhieu
3. Tdu chd xd - lan: tr£n xd lan cd container, tdu sit dung he thdng xlp dd chlm
n6i bdng nude
- tiu trfc c6 tudi nhd hon 15
- tiu trung binh: tit 15- 25 tu<5i
- tiu gii c6 trftn 25
- tiu rift gii cd tudi trftn 45 yW
Cdu 7: Khdi ni$m cdng biin? CMc ndng ctia cdng biin? N h i4 in
biin vi$t nam? * u
+) Cing biin li noi ra vio neo ddu cia tiu biin li noi phyc vu
hod li diu mdi giao thdng quan trgng cia 1 nude
+) chtfc n3ng: Cing biin cd hai chttc nang:
- phuc v\i tiu biin cing li noi ra vio neo d&u cua tiu li ncri ^
vu dua d6n tiu ra vio lai dit eung ting diu md nude nggt vft sinh sfina c y t
- Phuc vu hing hoi: cing phii lim nhiftm vy xftp dd giao n il# 1*
quin luu kho tii chft ddng g<5i phin ph<fi hing hod XNK . Cing e d n 1®-
cdc thi tuc XNK li noi bit diu tiftjp tuc hay kftt thtic qud trtnh vdn t&i
+) Nhiftm vu vi quyin han cua cing biin vift nam: -titiO*1
- Xdy dung quy hoach k& hoach phdt triin cia cing biin t r o n g *
nhiftm qu
- Phdi hgp hoat dQng cia cdc td chtfc ca quan thuc hiftn chde
nude tai cing biin ^
- kiim tra gidm sit vife thgc hien cic quy djnh ciia phip luA* ~sr
ninh toin cing vi ludng ra vio cing *-»o£c
- Phdi hgp vdi cdc ca quan thtfe hiftn hoat dQng flm kiftin cdu
cd6 nhi£mm6itrudng •*;
- Ctfp gidy ph6p cho tiu ra vio cing vi thuc hiftn yftu cdu v£
hing hii - jj.6'
- Yftu ciu cic ci nhin ca quan httu quan eung dp cic thdng tin
hiftn chdc nang quin ty nhi nude cua cing
Cdu 8: Trang thiit bi vd cdc chi tiiu hoat d$ng cdng biin?
+) Thiftt bi cia cing bao gdm: ‘ .
- Tirang thiftt bi phuc vy tiu ra vio neo diu gdm: ciu tiu ludn lacxt*-
- tdu chay gifla cdc cang theo 1 lich trinh cdng bd trade
- chving tir dilu chinh cdc mdi quan he trong tliue tdu cho Id vdn don &aOn<
bi£n - B/L
- khi thue tdu cho chit hdng phdi mac nhien thira nhdn nhffng di&J kien do clu':
tau quyfi't djnh vd duoc in sdn vdo mat sau B/L
- Gid cudc tdu chqr g6m ca chi phf x£p dd do cdc hang tdu quy djnh vd duoc ir-
sSn 6 bang cudc. Uu di^m cua viec ndy Id de ddng don gian cho nhung chit hdng
khdng thdng thao. Nhuoc di&n cua nd la cudc thudng cao vd khdng mdc cd d£ giair;
gid cudc vi tdu cho la tdu nho theo 1 lich trinh djnh trade vd khdng phai luc ndo cun?
ddy hdng
- Cdc chu tau thudng thanh lap cdc cdng hdi tdu cho hoac cdng hdi cudc phf fr!
khdng ch£ thi trudng vd ning cao kha nang canh tranh
+) Trudng hop dp dung:
- chu hdng cd khdi luong hdng hoa khdng ldn khdng xep dQ mdt con tau
- Khi lich trinh cua tdu phu hop vdi cang bde va cang bde dd hdng cua chilng U
Cdu 10: Tdu chuyen? Phuong thvee thui tdu chuyen cdc hinh thi'cc thui tern
chuyi'n?
+) Khdi niem:
- Tdu chuye'n la tdu chuyen chd hdng hod gitta hai hay nhi£u cang theo y6u cdu
cua chu hdng trfen co sd mdt hop ddng thue tdu
- thue tau chuyen Id viec chu hdng lien he vdi chu tdu hoac dai dien cua chu tdu
yeu cdu thue todn bd con tdu de chuyen chd hdng hod tir 1 cang hoac nhi6u cdng xSp
dSn 1 hay nhifiu cang dd
+) DSc diem:
7
Dai hoc Ngoai thimng
Bookbooming
sftp Ar ni&n vte t Aj
- tdu khdng chay theo 1 lich trtnh c6 dinh nhu tku chor mi theo yfiu c3il cua chu
hdng
Cdu 11: khdi niim vd chitc n&ng cua B/L?
+) khdi niem: van don dudng biin lk chting tir chuyen chd hkng hod do ngudi
chuyen chd hoac dai di$n cua ngudi chuyen chd cdp cho chi hkng sau khi hkng da
duoc xgp len tdu hay du<?c nhkn di x€p len tdu
- Ngudi cdp B/L: ngudi chuyen chd thuy6n trudng dai If cua ngudi chuyen chd.
ten ghi r6 ho ten h9 tu cdch phdp If trtn B/L
- Ihdi diem cap B/L: sau khi hkng hod du<?c xep len tku hoac sau khi hdng hoa
dugc nhdn di x£p
- Ngudi dUQic cdp B/L: lk chu hkng hay ngudi giao nhdn thay mat chi hdng
+) Chile nang:
- Van don dudng bi&i lk chting nhSn lhqrp ddng chuyen chd hkng hod bdng
dudng bi&i da dir<?c k$ kdt
8
Dai hoc Ngoai thirong
Bookbooming
B f tp t o m to v t o t &3
- van don dudng biin li bifen lai nhto hing do ngudi chuyftn chd phdt hinh cho
ngudi gud hing
- Van don dudng biin la chtfng tit xdc nhto quyin sd huu hing hod ghi trftn vto
dan. Ai c6 vto don trftn tay ngudi c6 quyin ddi sd huu hing hoa ghi trftn do. Do tfnh
chft sd hfiu nftn vto don li mdt chutig tit lira th6ng dugc, ngudi ta c6 thi mua bdn
chuyin nhuong van don
Cdu 12: The ndo la vdn darn dich danh vdn dm vd danh vd vdn dan theo
link?
+) Van don dfch danh: ghi ro tftn vi dia chi nMn hing chi c6 ngudi tftn, dia chi
ghi trftn van don mdi dugc nhto hang. Vto don khdng thi chuyin nhugng bang cdch
ky hau
Vto don dich danh phdt hinh khi: - Gift hing til cd nhto
- Gii hing qui bid'u
-Girt hing triin lam
Dai hoc Ngoai thirang
Bookbooming
»rtPARHT0RV$RTfcr
Trfin thuc t£ ngudi mua chi chap nhdn van don da x€p hkng nfin cd 2 cdch giai
quygt
- Chd cho hdng hod duoc x€p 16n tku dl dem vdn don ra ddi hodc ngudi giir
hkng yfiu cdu ngudi cSip van don ghi ro gid /ngky /thdng/ ndm hkng hod dugc x£p lfin
tku vko vdn don nhan hkng dl xfip
Thay ddi cdc dilu kiSn co sd giao hkng: FOB thknh FCA, CIF thknh CPT hay
OP
Cdul4: Thindo Id vdn dan hodn hdo? vdn dan khdng hodn hdo?
+) Van don hokn Mo: khdng ghi chd xdu hay ghi chd bao luu cua thuyln
trudng v6 hkng h6a vk tinh trang ben ngoki cua hkng h6a
Trdn van don ghi: Clean B/L
Khdng ghi cua thuy^n trudng nhung khdng 1km inh
hudng dSn tinh thdn hokn hdo cua van don
Vi6c c^p van don hokn hdo chung t& ngudi bdn da giao hkng cho ngudi chuyen
chd vdi tinh trang ddng nhu yfiu cdu cua h^p d6ng, vk nhflng hdng h6c sau nky do
ngudi chuyen chd phdi chiu trdch nhiem
+) Vdn don khdng hokn hdo: lk van don c6 ghi chu xdu phe chu bao luu hodc
ghi chti phan ddi cua thuy^n trudng vi hkng h6a vk tinh trang bfin ngoki cua hkng hda.
Cd cdch khic phuc sau:
- Thay th£ hay b<5 xung hkng hda trong trudng hop hkng hda bi hu hdng hay bi
thilu
- Sura chfla hkng hda nSu hkng hda cd thi sura chfla duoc vk n£u nhu khdng cd
hkng hda mdi d6 thay th#
- Lap thu dam bdo cho phdn hkng hda bi tdn thdt di cd thi thanh todn cho phdn
hkng hokn hdo. Luu $ lk ludt phdp cdc nude dlu chua thfla nhdn tfiah phdp If cua thu
dam bdo vi cd thi ngudi bdn vk ngudi chuyfin chd thdng ddng nhau dl lfira ddi ngudi
mua, ngdn hkng
Trdch nhiftm cu thi:
+) Theo Brussels ngudi chuyftn chd c6 cac trdch nhiftm:
Trudc liic bit ddu hinh thlnh ngudi chuyftn chd phai c6 dugc mdt su edn man
hgp ly dl eung cdp con tau cd du dilu kiftn di biln ttic II: Thii nhd't tau phdi bdn chic
kui nude chiu dugc gid trong dilu kiftn blnh thudng. TM hai tiu phai thfch hgp cho
viftc chuyftn chd hing hda cdc bd phan ding de chuyftn chd hing hda phai thfch hgp
cho viftc chuyftn chd. TM ba tiu dugc eung ting ddy du nhiftn liftu vl biftn chft' du thuy
thu. Ngudi chuyftn chd khdng phdi chiu trdch nhiftm nft'u anh ta chung minh dugc ring
anh ta da cin m§n hop ty de eung cip tau cd du kha nSng de di biln va anh ta chju
trdch nhiftm chi khi ngudi gid hing chung minh dugc dilu ngugc lai.
Trdch nhiftm thuong mai cua ngudi chuyftn chd: ngudi chuyftn cd se phai tiftn
hinh 1 cdch thfch hgp vl edn mSn viftc xftp dich chuyin, xip xftp, chuyftn chd, coi gitt,
cham sdc, va gifl nhung hang hda dugc chuyftn chd. Trong dd thfch hop nghla II hing
hda phai sir dung dung cu dy dl xftp dd vl bao quan. Cin than ngudi chuyftn chd
khdng pham phai so sua't phai xftp hing theo dung so dd xftjp hing, dd hing theo diing
quy trinh ky thuit.
Cung cap vln don
+) Theo Hamburg: Khdng quy dinh ro nhung trdch nhiftm cua ngudi chuyftn
chd ml trach nhiftm ciia ngudi chuyftn chd dugc dua trftn nguyftn tic suy ddan I6i: Khi
cd rui ro trdch nhiftm cua ngudi chuyftn chd dugc dua trftn nguyftn tic suy doan ldi:
khi cd r6i ro tdn tha't vdi hing hda thi ngudi cuyftn chd dugc coi II cd ngudi cd I6i;
ngudi chuyftn chd nft'u mud'n thodt trach nhiftm anh ta phai chung minh rang ban than
minh khdng co ldi hoac anh ta da dp dung moi biftn pap edn thiet thop ly de ngan
ng&a moi tdn tha't say ra.
Cac trudng hgp miftn trach
+ Theo Brusels cd 17 miftn trdch cho ngudi chuyftn chd:
- Hinh vi so xua't hay khuyftt diem cua thuyin trudng, thuy thuy, hoa tiftu hay
ngudi giiip viftc cho ngudi chuyftn trd trontg thudt di biln va quin tri tiu.
- Chay trir khi do ldi ldm thuc su hay cd f cua ngudi chuyftn chd.
+ Theo I Lamburg: Xda bo hiu hit cic miln trdch, chi giOlai 1 trudng h^p duy
nhit lk chiy. Vk trich nhiem chiing minb I6i thudc vl ngudi chuydn chd, nhu vky lk
hop 11 vl anh ta lk ngudi di theo hkng hda, chtfag kiln true tilp mpi chuydn.
Cdu 17: Thdi han trdch nhiim cua ngudi chuyin chd theo 3 quy tdc?
Thdi han trich nhidm lk thdi gian vk khdng gian mk ngudi chuydn chd phii
chiu trach snhidm vl hu hdng cua hkng. h6a.
+ Theo Brascls: Ngudi chuydn chd chiu trich nhidm vl hkng h6a kI tit khi hkng
hda du$c xlp ldn tku d cing di cho din khi hkng h6a du$c d9 xudng tku tai cing din
(tackle to tackle - mdc ciu cua tku khi mdc vko kidn hkng d cing di cho din khi m6c
ciu cia tku rdi khdi kidn hkng d cing din) trong dilu kidn hkng h6a du$c dflt xudng
m^t cich an tokn.
+ Theo Hamburg: Ngudi chuydn chd chiu trich nhidm vi hkng hda tfir khi nhan
hkng b cing xlp cho din khi giao song hkng hda b cing dd hkng quy djnh. Cu thi da
nhin hkng khi anh tra nhan hkng til mdt trong nhflng ngudi gii hkng, ngudi thtfy mat
ngudi guri hkng hokc co quan cd thin quyln hoic ngudi thtf 3 mk theo lukt Id cia
cing dd hkng phii nhan til tay ngudi dd; da giao hkng khi giao hkng cho m$t trong
nhflng ngudi sau day: Ngudi nhan hkng haoc khi ngudi chuyinhkng dS. dflt hkng hda
dudi su dinh doat cia ngudi nhan hkng phi hop vdi h^p ddng, luat Id, tip quin cing
hokc khi ngudi chuydn chd giao cho co quan cd thim quyln, ngudi thtf ba mk theo
12
Dai hoc Ngoai thirong
Bookbooming
u n p t o m e n v a n n f a
luat 16, qui dinh tai cang d6 thi hang phdi giao cho ngudi d6, nhu vay thdi han trach
nhiem da dugc md rdng hon so vdi Bruscls.
Cdu 18: Gi&i han trdch nhiem cua ngudi chuyin chfftheo 3 quy tdc?
Gidi han trdch nhiem la sd' tito t6'i da md ngudi chuy6n chd phai bdi thucmg cho
mot t6n tha't trong trdch nhi6m, gid tri hdng hda khdng dugc k6 khai trong vto don
hay chung tir van tai. Niru gid tri hdng hdo dugc k6 khai thi se bdi thudng theo gid tri
ke khai mdt khi tdn that say ra trd trudng hop chu hdng chung minh dugc rang gid tri
tham gia cong udc.
- Nghi dinh thu Visby dugc dp dung cho moi vto dcm liftn quan den viftc
chuyen trd hang hoa giGa cac cang cua 2 nude khac nhau trong cdc trudng hop:
+ Vto don duoc. cSp b 1 nude tham gia cdng udc.
+ Hang hda duoc chuyen trd tir 1 cang cua mot nude tham gia cdng udc.
13
Dai hoc Ngoai thu’O’ng
Bookbooming
Brtpfoiar0R V$RT ±r
+ Hgp d6ng hay van dcm cd din chifeu tdi c6ng udc hoac luat 1ft qudc gia chip
nhto cdng udc lam ngudn luat dilu chinh.
- Cdng udc Hamburg dp dung cho tit ca cdc hop d6ng chuyfen chd htog hda
bang dudng bifen gifia 2 nude khi:
+ Cing bo'c hay cing dd hing nim d nude tham gia cdng udc.
+ 1 trong cic cing dd hing lua chon qui dinh trong hgp ddng chuyfen chd hing
hda li cang dd hing thuc tfe', li cing thuQc nude tham gia cdng udc.
+ Van don hoic chung tir khic li chting nhto cho chuyfen chd hing hda bing
dudng biln dugc phit hinh til 1 nude tham gia cdng udc.
- Vto don hay hop ddng cd phto dto chiiu dfeh cdng udc hoic phip luat cua
qudc gia chip nhto cdng udc lim ngufin luit dilu chinh.
Cdu 20: Thu tuc thdng bdo tdn thd't theo quy tdc Brusels, Visby, Hamburg?
Thdng bio tdn thit li thu tuc thdng bio btog vto bin cua ngudi nhto hing
trong dd ndi ro tinh trang tdn thit cua hing hda dl-gid cho ngudi chuyfen chd trong
mdt khoing thdi gian nhit dinh dl bio luu quyin khifeii nai vdi ngudi chuyfen chd.
+ Ddi vdi t6n thit ro rfet:
Tdn thit ro rfet li nhung tdn thit cd thi nhln thiy dugc bang mit thudng nhu dd
vd, bao bl rich. Ngudi nhto hing lap bifen bin dd hing (Cargo outturm report - COR)
do cing vi nguyfen nhto lip bifen bin dd ghi rd tfen hing, sd vto dcm vi trtnh trang tdn
thit cua hing hda, phii cd chu.ky cua thuyin trudng trong thdi han sau:
- Trudc hoac vio Me giao hing, theo quy tic Brussels, Visby.
- Gia'y tor khdc dl chiing minh 16i cua ngudi chuy6n chd.
Tiiy tinh trang d6 v5 khac nhau mk ngudi khie'u nai lap hd so nham dam bao
ngudi chuy6n ch'd se b6i thudng.
+ Thdi han khilu nai:
- Theo Brussels la 1 nkm kl tir ngky giao hkng vk kl tir ngky hdng hoa ding le
duoc giao.
- Theo Visby lk 1 nkm kl tit ngay giao hkng vk kl tfir ngky hkng hda ding le
duoc giao, ngoai ra hai ben c6 thi thoa thukn dl keo dki them.
- Theo Hamburg lk 2 n3m kl tir ngky giao hkng va kl tit ngky hkng hda dang le
duoc giao.
Cdu 22: Die'u khoang vi tdu trong hap ddng thue tdu chuyen?
Trong hop ddng thue tku phii ghi ro:
- Tdn tku, qudc tich.
- Sd hieu cua tau
- Tudi tku
- CSfp hang cua tau
- Trong tai tinh trong tii tokn phSn
- Dung tich dang kjr, dung tfch to£in phan, dung tfch chtia hkng.
- Trang thie't bi trfin tku
- Sd luong thuyln vifin.
Ngudi chuyen chd thudng mudn duoc giu quyen tahy thi con tku bang 1 con
tku khkc, nhung khi thay chu tku phii bko trudc va dim bao con tku thay the' dd cd
nhttng dac dilm ky thuat tuong tu nhu tau da quy dinh trong hop ddng.
Cdu 23: Die'u khoan ve hdng hoa trong hap ddng thue tdu chuyen?
Trong hop d6ng phai ghi ro:
- Ten hkng
- Loai bao bi
- Sd luong hang h6a: ghi cu thi hokc ghi theo dung sai.
Ty le dung sai lk do thuyln trudng c6ng b6" vi vky: Niru kh6ng du hkng dl xlp
+ Tiu da sin sing moi dac dilm ky thuat cho vifec xfep hing.
+ T&u da trao thdng bio sain sing xfep dd - Nor, notice of readiners - cho ngudi
thufe tiu hay ngudi gdi hing 1 cich thfch hop.
Cdu 24: Quy dinh vi cdng xip hdng, cdng dd hang trong hop ddng thui tau?
- Quy dinh cu thi cing nlo, ciu cing sd mly. Trong trudng hop qui djnh nhilu
cing xfep, cing bde thi phii qui dinh them thti tu dia Vf cua cing xip, cing bdc.
- Cing xfejp dd hing lu<5n phii 11 cing an toin: an tdan hing hii 14 phai cd dd
slu phu hop dl cho tiu ra vao an toin vl luOn ndi an toin vl chfnh tri II phii khdng
cd chiln tranh, chiln su xay ra.
- Dl md rdng quyin han cua minh vl cing xip dd hing hda, chu tiu thudng
dua thfem vio hop ddng ciu "hoSc nci nlo gin dly ml tiu cd t hi din dugc mdt cich
an toin vl ludn ludn dau ndi" vio hop ddng thi chu hing nfen thuong lugng gach bd
doan nly khi ty kit hgp ddng.
Cdu 25: Qui dinh vi chi phi xep dd hdng hda trong hap ddng thui tau
chuyin?
- Cd mdt sd cich qui dinh chi phf xfep do hing:
+ Theo dilu kifen tau chd (liner terms) tuc II chi phf xip dd thudc vl ngudi
chuyfen chd nfen khdng qui djnh mtfc thudng phat xfep dd nhanh cham.
+ Mifen ca chi phf xip va dd cho ngudi chuyfen chd (FIO), ngudi thufe tiu phii
chiu cl 2 chi phf nly, edn 2 chi phf khlc II sap xip vl san cio thi cin qui dinh cu thi
hon.
+ Mifen chi phf xip hing cho ngudi chuyfen chd (FO) nhung anh ta phii chiu chi
phf xfep hing d cang din.
- Vifec lua chgn dilu kifen chi phf xfep, dd nlo trong hgp ddng thufe tiu chuyin
trudc hit phii phu thudc vao dilu kifen co sd giao hing trong hgp ddng mua bln ngoai
thuong.
16
Dai hoc Ngoai thirang
Bookbooming
Bftp t e mfiR VftR TO3
Quy dinh theo tap qudn cua cing: Qui djnh nhu thi lk x&t chung chung nhir
cang nhanh ckng tdt, nhanh nhu tku cd cd thi giao vk nhan. Khi dp dung cdn xem x6t
mvtc xe'p dd cua cing la bao nhiSu, vk khi ap dung cdch nky thi khdng chu y den che'
d6 thudng phat xe'p dd.
+ Don vi tfnh thdi gian xfi'p dd
Ngky lien tuc bao gdm ci ngky thu: biy, chu nhat, ngay le.
Ngky 1km viec: Khdng gdm ngky thtf biy, chu nhat, ngky le.
Ngky 1km viec 24 gid: Nghla lk cur du 24 ti£ng ikm vi6c lien tuc thi tfnh lk 1
ngay kl ci ngky hay dem.
Ngky lam viec thdi tie't tdt: Cd 2 cdch qui dinh 1) WWDSHEXEU 1a ngky tdt
trdi lam viec 24 tie'ng lien tuc kli6ng tfnh chu nhat ngky le dfi cd lam hay kh6ng; 2)
WWDSHEXUU la ngay tdt trdi lam viec 24 tie'ng lien tuc khdng kl chu nhat va ngky
If trir khi cd lam.
17
Dai hoc Ngoai thirong
Bookbooming
BZ iPtoffldR VflH Tjb
+ M6'c tfnh thdi gian xftp htog lk 1 khoing thdi gian k£ tilt khi trao NOR va
chSp nhto: ngudi gvrihtog chi cha'p nhto NOR khi c6 3 difiu kito sau:
Tiu da cflp vio vilng hoac cdu cang theo dung qui dinh cua hop d6ng.
Tau da lim xong thi tuc vto cing.
Trang thiftt bi xftp dd hdm qudy htog da sdh stog di xftp dd.
+ Thucmg phat xftp dd nhanh cham:
- Thucmg xftp dd nhanh li khoan tiftn mi chu tto phii tri cho ngudi thuft tiu khi
thdi gian xftp dd nhanh hon thdi gian qui dinh trong hop ddng.
Miic thudng b tog tiln phat xftp dd cham.
Sd tiftn thucmg btog muc tito thudng x thdi gian dirge thudng.
Thdi gian dugc thudng: Cho toto b6 thdi gian tift't kiftm dugc k! ci chu nhat
ngiy 16 hoto chi thudng cho thdi gian lim viftc ti€t kiem dugc.
- Phat xftjp dd chtoi: Ngudi thuft tiu phii tri cho ngudi chuyftn chd mOt sd tiftn
Dai hoc Ngoai thirang
Bookbooming
Bfrp fin m& n v $ e r f a
* Container blng nhdm
* Container blng g6 cao phan tit
2. C5n cii v&o d5c die’m Container:
* Container md dinh
* Container md su6n
* Container lanh
* Container bio fin
3. Can cti vSo kfch thudc: 6 loai chinh: 1 A, B, C, D, E, F.
4. Can cii theo c6ng dung:
* Container chd hing Mch h6a
* Container Chd hing long
* Container chd hing rdi khd
* Container dac biet
Cdu 30: Cdc giai doan phdt triin Container?
C6 th£ chia l&m 3 hoac 4 giai doan:
N£u chia lkm 3 giai doan: 1920 -1955; 1956 -1966; 1967 - nay.
NSu chia lim 4 giai doan: 1920 - 1955; 1956 - 1966; 1967 -1980; 1981 - nay.
1. Giai doan 1920 -1955:
* 1921: Container bat diu duoc sir dung trong vSn tii dudng sit d My.
* 1929: Duoc sir dung trong van tai dudng sic d Anh vk Chau Au.
* 1933: d Chau Au thlnh lap van phong van tai Container d£ quin ly vSn tii
blng dudng sit.
* Trong chife'n tranh the gidi 2 Container phdt trien khi nhanh d My, hai quan
My dung connese box d£ van chuydn vu khf, quan trang.
* D£n 1950 My c6 100.000 connese box.
* Container chu yft'u duoc sir dung trong giai doan nky li Container loai nlio
(sure chd td'i da 5T, dung tfch chtia hing l-3m3, v& duotc sir dung trong van tai dudng
* Sit dung cdc loai cdng cu van tii, thie't bi xfip dd chuydn dimg cho Container,
cai tao vk xay dung mdi cdc cing, ga Container.
* Hlnh thknh cac. tuyfin dudng biln, dudng sat, d td phuc vu chuydn chd
Container trong ndi dia vi trdn the' gidi.
* 1967: ISO thdng qua tidu chuin hda dlu tidn 16n vfln chuydn Container loai
ldn.
* 12/1967 6 Chau Au hinh thknh cdng ty CQT - Interecotainer cd tru sd tai
Brussels phu trach chuydn chd bing container.
* 1972: Tku chuydn dung chd Container ra ddi.
* 1977: Trdn th£ gidi hlnh thknh 38 tuyfih van tii Container ndi My vdi 100
cing trfin thd gidi.
* Tit 1980 trd di tdc dd phat triin v&i tii Container ting 10% mdt nSm, cd
nhung nude d Chau a cd tdc dd phat triin van tii Container 15%/nSm.
* 1987: Dudng biln van tii duoc 65 trifru TEU
* 1990: Dudng biln van tii duoc 84 trifiu TEU
* Khdi luong hing hda di qua
cdc cing ldn trdn th£ gidi:
Roctecdam: 3,6 tridu TEU
Hamburg: 2
Cing cua My 12
Ski gdn: 0,2
Hai phdng: 0,15, tdng cing Vidt Nam 0,7
Sing: 10
H6ng kdng: 6,3
Cobd: 2,6
Cdu 31: Cdng cu vdn chuyin xep dd Container trong vdn tai da&ng biin:
1. Cdng cu van chuyin Container trong van tai dudng biin.
Cdng cu van chuyin Container trong van tii dudng biln lk tku chd Container.
Trong thuc t£, chung ta gap cdc loai Container sau:
- Cdng cu xip dd container lfen xudng tiu cic loai cin ciu container c5 ldn.
Viet nam ding: Cin ciu giin; li loai cin ciu hifin dai nhlt cd nang suit 40 TEU/ h,
c6 thi n9ng 80 tdh/lln. Cin ciu khung.
- Cdng cu xip dd container tai cic kho bai container (container yard/ container
depot): nhu cdc cin ciu tu hinh, cin ciu chay trSn ray, xe ndng, m ly klo, gii xe
container.
- Cdng cu xfep dd phuc vu vific xip dd ra vio container tai tram nhdn tra hing
(container freight station = CFS) nhu xe ndng cd nhd (Fork lift) cd trong tai ldn, cd
thi ch6ng container len 4,5 ldn.
Cdu 32: The nao la CD (Container depot), CFS, CY, ICD (inland clearance
depot), TEU;
1. Container Yard, CY: Bai container: li nai tiln hinh giao nhdn bao quan
container cd hing vio container r6ng thudng dugc bd tri tilp gidp vdi bln container.
Diftn tfch CY phii rlt ldn, tuy theo sd lugng vi chiiu dii cua cic bln container.
2. Container Freight Station CFS: Tram giao nhdn vi ddng gdi hing le, li ndi
tiln hinh dl xip vio container vi tilp tuc chuyfen chd, hodc dd hang ra khdi container
dl giao cho ngudi nhdn hing, CFS thudng dugc xdy durng ngoii pham vi cua cing.
3. Container Depot: CD: Tram container: li nai giao nhdn, bio quin hing hda
vi bao quin container, d6ng thdi tiln hanh cic nghiep vu sira chfta container. Tram
container c6n la nai tiln hinh cdc thu tuc hai quan, kilm tra hing hda xud't nhdp khiu.
4. Inland clearance depot: ICD: Tram hai quan trong ndi dia. Tit ca cdc tram
container duoc bd tri nlm siii trong ndi dia thi dugc goi la ICD (cang kho). Viet nam
Dai hoc Ngoai thifa ng
Bookbooming
BftP HR ® 0 R V&R TfiJ
goi ICD lk cing thdng quan ndi dia, Gia lam, hkng hda nhftp vi c6 thi dem vi ICD di
d5 vk fciim tra mk khdng cSn phai kiim tra ngay tai cing.
5. TEU = 20 feet, lk mdt container loai IC.
Cdu 33: The nao ld hdng nguyen (FCL) vd giao hdng nguyen (FCUFCL)?
Hkng nguyen: (FCL; Full container load); lk nhGng Id hkng c6 khdi luong ldn
ngudi giao nhan diing ra kinh doanh giiri hkng 18 = container, duoc g<?i lk ngudi gom
hkng (constidator). Hp tap hop nhflng Id hkng le cua nhiiu chu hkng thknh Id hkng
h6n hop (consolidation/groupage) ddng vko container vk ti£n hknh t6 cMc chuyenchd
theo phuong phip FCL/FCL.
22
Dai hoc Ngoai thu’O’ng
Bookbooming
B 7iP ?m m 6R V $R T ft3
Cdu 35: The nao Id nhan le giao nguyen (LCLIFCL) vd nhdn nguyen, giao
le (FCLILCL) trong van tdi container?
NhSn le giao nguyfen: (LCL/FCL) (CFS/CY)
1. Chi hang le giao hang cho ngudi chuyfen chd tai CFS cua cang di.
2. Ngudi chuyen chc( bing chi phi cua minh dong hdng vao container, nifem
phong kep chi.
3. Ngudi chuyfen chd bang chi phf cua minh xfep container lfen tdu vd chuyfen
chd dfen ncfi den.
4. Ngudi chuyfen chd bang chi phf cua minh d9 container khdi tiu va dua tdi
CY cua cang dfe'n.
5. Ngudi chuyfenchd giao container con nifem phong kep chi cho ngudi nhan.
Chu f: Dia diem giao hang la CY. Chi phf d6ng hang vao container do ngudi
chuyfen chd chiu. Chi phi dd hang khoi container do ngudi chuyfen chd chiu.
Cdu 36: Cdc phucmg hpap giao hdng bang container? Hay gidi thick cdc
khdi niem FCL/FCL, FCLILCL, LCL/LCL, LCL/FCL?
LCL/FCL: Phucmg phap nhto le giao nguyfen.
Cdu 37: Khi mua bdn hdng ddng trong container c6 the silt dung cdc dieu
kien thucmg mai Quite te'FOB, CIF duffc khdng? tai sao?
* Cdc dilu kifen FOB, QF cd dilm giao hang Id lan can tau (diem ph&n chia
trach nhifem, dilm di chuyin quyin sd huu hdng hda).
* Con trong vdn chuyin container thi dilm giao hdng Id CY hay CFS. Nhu vdy,
giao hdng container vdi cdc dilu kien FOB, CIF la khOng phu hep vi dilm giao hang
ip dung cho mOt s 6 mkt hkng xlc dinh
vk cd quy dinh trpng luong hkng hda tdi da cho mdi loai container.
CudcTVC:
* Lk cudc tfnh theo khdi luong container chuyen chd mtfc cudc giim din khi
khdi lupng tang.
* Lk hinh thtic giim gil cho chi hkng nhlm khuydn khfch hp giknh nhiiu hkng
hda cho chu tku.
* Cudc nky Ip dung cho nhflng hop ddng cd khdi luong ldn.
* TEU: tuong tu cudc theo 1 container. VD: 500$/container.
* FCL: Cudc hkng nguyen.
* LCL rate: Cudc hkng 16 = FCL rate LCL service charge.
* Cudc chuyen chd hkng hda trdn chkng dudng chfnh.
* Cudc chuydn chd hkng hda trdn chang dudng phu.
Cdc loai phu phf: phu phf lk nhflng phf lien quan din dich vu container.
- THC (terminal handling charge): Chi phf bin bai, Viet Nam chua thu phu phf
nky.
- LCT service charge: phu phf djch vu hkng IS.
- Phu phf nang container ldn, dat container xudng (up and down removal)
- Phu phf giao hkng IS (break bull cargo)
- Bak: phu phf dlu (B)
- Phu phf do ddng yen tang gid (yen).
- Phu phf VD(B/L, fee)
- Phu phf van chuyin dudng bd
-Phu phf luu kho luu bai
- Tiin phat dpng container.
Cdu 39: Tiin phat dong container. Gidi han trdch nhiim cia ngudi chuyin
chd dp dung cho container?
Tiin phat dpng container: lk khdan tiin mk chu hkng phii tri cho ngudi chuyen
chd do vide di hkng trontg container qud lku so vdi thdi han quy djnh.
Tiin phat dpng quy dinh cua ICD Gia Lam.
khifeu nai ddi bdi thudng t6n thit ddi vudi chu hing.
* Tao dilu kifen thuln loi cho vifec truyln tii.
Hifeu qui ciia v|n tii container vdi chu hing.
* Giim cudc phf.
* Giam chi phf bao bi
* Bio vfe hing hda an toin hon
* Rut ngin thcd gian luu thdng cua hing hda lim cho ddng vd'n quay vong
nhanh hon.
* Tife't kifem phf bio hilm
Dilu kifen dl nlng cao hifeu qua cua vifec chuyfen chd hang hda bing container.
* Cd ngudn hing ldn 6n dinh vi tuong ddi can bing gifia 2 chiiu chuyfen chd
thfch hop vdi chuyfen chd bing container (ca kinh t6 vl ky thuat).
* Cd co sd vat cha't ky thuat ddng bd vi hifen dai, khai thac cd hifeu qua cic ca
sd vat chit dd.
* Phai cd md hinh t6 chflc quin ty tifen tife'n.
Chuong 4: Gom hing vi v&n tii da phucmg thurc.
Cdu 41: Gom hdng vd loi ich cua gom hdng?
1. Gom hing:
* La viec tfip hop nhimg Id hing nho (le tir nhung ngudi giri hang thanh nhung
16 hang ldn (nguySn) dl gfti di cho cic ngudi nhto d nai dfen.
25
Dai hoc Ngoai thirong
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