LE XUAN TRONG (Chu bien)
TCr NGOC ANH - LE
KIM
LONG
I
I
i
NANG CAO
NHA XUAT BAN GIAO DUC VIET NAM
Lfi
XUAN
TRQNG
(Chu bien)
TU NGOC
ANH -
Lfi KIM LONG
Bai tap
HOA HOC
10
NANG
CAO
(Tdi bdn ldn thd tu)
NHA
XUAT
BAN
GIAO
DUC
VI^T
NAM
Chu
Viet Nam
01-2010/CXB/640-1485/GD
Ma
s6:
NBOO8T0
PHAN
M6T
: CAU HOI VA BAI TAP
ChKcfng
1
NGUYEN TLf
BAI ON TAP
1.1.
Ne'u
chia d6i lien tiep
m6t
vien bi
sSt
de'n khi co duoc phan
tit
nho nha't
con mang
tinh
chat hoa hoc dac trung cua
sat,
phdn
tit
nho nha't nay duoc
goilagi?
1.2. Cho mot mdu nudc da, ne'u
ml
B.
22,4dml
C. 22,4
cm^
D. 2,24
cml
Hay chon dap an diing.
1.5. a)
M6t
nguyen tit cacbon co kh6'i lucmg bdng
1,99.10"^^
kg. Hoi
m6t
mol
nguyen tit cacbon co kh6'i luong bdng bao nhieu gam ?
b)
M6t
mol phan tif
C2H5OH
co khdi
lugfng
bdng 46 g. Hoi mot phan tu
C2H5OH CO
khdi luong bdng bao nhieu gam ?
1.6. Hay xac dinh
s6'
mol chat co trong :
a) 14,2 g khf clo ;
b) 10 g canxi
cua nito.
1.9. Cho khdi luong rieng cua ancol etylic
(C2HgOH)
long la 0,80
g/cml
Thi
tich mol cua ancol etylic bdng
A. 57,5
cml
B.
5,75
cml
C. 36,80
cml
D. 3,68
cml
Hay chon dap an diing.
1.10. Cho dong khf CO du di qua 7,2 g d6ng(II) oxit nung nong
or
nhiet dd thfch
hop cho de'n
phan iing
hoan toan thi thu duoc
CO2
va d6ng kim loai. Hay :
a) Tfnh khdi
lugng
d6ng thu
dugc
sau phan
Sd nguyen tif cac nguyen td cd mat trong phan
iing
thay ddi do cdc
nguyen td' khdng dugc bao toan.
Bail
THANH
PHAN NGUYEN
iCf
1.13. Sir dung sd lieu cho trong (bang 1.1) SGK, hay tfnh va tra ldi cac cau
hoi sau :
a) Khdi lugng cua mdt proton bang bao nhieu ldn khdi lugng cua electron ?
b) Khdi lugng cua electron bdng bao nhidu phdn khdi lugng cua natron ?
c) Nguyen tir heli cd 2 proton, 2 natron va 2 electron. Hoi khdi lugng ciia
cac electron chidm bao nhieu % khd'i lugng nguyen tit ?
1.14. Trong 1 kg sdt cd bao nhieu gam electron ? Cho bidt mdt mol nguyen ti
sdt
CO
khdi lugng bdng 55,85 g, mdt nguydn tit sdt cd 26 electron.
1.15. Cho rdng hat nhan nguydn tit va chfnh nguyen tit H cd dang
hinh
cdu. Hat
nhan nguyen tit hidro cd ban kfnh gdn diing bdng 10 nm, ban kfnh
nguyen tit H bdng 0,053 nm.
a) Hay tfnh va so sanh
th^
tfch cua nguyen tit hidro vdi Xhi tfch cua hat
nhan nguyen tit hidro.
b) Hay tfnh va so sanh khdi lugng rieng cua hat nhan
va
cua nguyen tit
tft
khdi.
Hay chgn cau dung.
1.19. Chi la mdt nguydn td hod hgc dac bidt cd Z = 82, thudng dugc sit dung di
lam tdm chdn phdng xa. Ti le sd
ncrtron/sd
proton trong nguydn tit chi
dugc coi la gidi han
bin
cua hat nhan. Hay
xac
dinh ti
Id
nay trong
nguyen tit cua nguyen td chi ddng vi
^°^Pb
va suy ra dilu kien
bin
cua
cac hat nhan.
1.20. Tdng sd p, n, e trong nguydn tut cua nguydn td X la 10. Sd khd'i
ciia
nguyen tit nguyen td X bdng
A. 3 B. 4 C. 6 D. 7.
Hay chgn gia tri diing.
1.21. Nguydn tft ciia nguyen td X cd tdng sd hat p, n va e bdng 58, s6 hat
proton gdn bdng sd hat natron. Tfnh Z va A cua nguydn td X.
1.22. Nguyen tft
cfta
nguyen td X cd tdng sd hat p, n va e bdng 82, tdng sd hat
nguySn
td
vfta
xac dinh.
Bai 3
06NG
VI,
NGUYEN
TCT
KHOI
VA NGUYEN
TQ
KHOI
TRUNG BINH
1.25. Ddng vi la nhiing
A. hgp chdt cd cung dien tfch hat nhan.
B.
nguyen td cd ciing didn tfch hat nhan.
C. nguyen td cd cung sd khd'i A.
D.
nguyen tft cd ciing dien tfch hat nhan va khac nhau vl sd khd'i.
Hay chgn cau dting.
1.26. Trong tu nhien brom cd hai ddng vi
bin
:
35
Br chidm 50,69% sd nguyen tft
81
va
jgBr
mdt hat. Nguyen tft khd'i trung binh
cua
X la
Ax = 28,0855.
a) Hay tim
Xj,
X2
va X3.
b) Ndu trong
X,
cd sd natron bdng sd proton. Hay tim sd natron trong
nguyen tft cua mdi ddng vi.
1.30. Cho mdt dung dich chfta 8,19 g mudi NaX tac dung vdi mdt lugng du
dung dich
AgNOj
thu dugc 20,09 g kd't tua.
a) Tim nguyen tft khdi va ggi tdn X.
b) X cd hai ddng vi, gia sft sd nguyen tft cfta ddng vi thft nha't nhilu gdp 3
ldn sd nguyen tft cua ddng vi thft hai. Hat nhan ddng vi thft nha't c6 it hon
hat nhan ddng vi thft hai 2 natron.
Tim
sd khdi cfta mdi ddng vi.
1.31. Cho bidt nguyen tft khd'i trung binh cua iridi la 192,22.
Iridi
trong tu
nhidn cd hai ddng vi la
^77
Ir va
^77
Ir. Hay tfnh phdn tram sd nguydn tft
;
gC.
Hoi cd thd cd bao nhidu loai phan
tft
khf cacbonic hgp thanh
tft cac ddng vi trdn ? Vid't cdng thftc phan tft va tfnh phan tft khdi
cfta
chiing.
1.34. Trong tu nhidn ddng vi
j^Cl
chidm 24,23 % sd nguydn tft clo.
Tinh
thdnh
phdn phdn tram vl khd'i lugng
17
Cl cd trong
HCIO4
(vdi H la ddng vi
j
H, O la ddng
vi
^g O)
? Cho nguyen tft khdi trung
binh
cua clo bdng 35,5.
Bai
4
SL;
CHUYEN
DONG
V^
: THANH PHAN CAU TAO NGUYEN
TCT.
KHOI LLTONG
CClA
NGUYEN
TCT.
OBITAN NGUYEN
TCT
1.41. Tdng sd nguydn tft trong
0,01
mol phan tft mudi amoni nitrat bdng
A.
5,418.10^1
B.
5,418.10^\
C.
6,02.10^1
D.
3,01.10^1
Hay chgn dap an dung.
1.42. Nguydn tft la phdn tft nho nhdt cua chdt
A. khdng mang didn. B. mang didn tfch duang.
C. mang dien tfch am. D. cd
thi
mang didn hoac khdng mang dien.
Hay chgn dap dn dung.
1.43. Sd hidu nguyen tft cho bidt
A. sd proton trong hat nhan nguyen tft hay sd don vi dien tfch hat nhan
nguyen tft.
Dua vao
bang tudn hoan
hay xac
dinh
ti
Id
sd
natron/sd proton
cua cac
nguyen
td cd sd
hidu nguyen
tft
bdng
90,
91,
92.
b)
Cac
nguyen
td nay cd
bin
khdng
?
1.45.
Coi
nguyen
tft flo
(^gF)
nhu la mdt
hat
nhan.
c) Tfnh khd'i lugng rieng cfta
hat
nhan nguyen
tft flo.
1.46. Trong
tu
nhien silic
tdn tai vdi ham
lugng
cac
ddng
vi :
j4Si
la
92,23%,
f^Si
la 4,67% va
Jjsila
3,10%. Tfnh nguydn
tft
khd'i trung binh
cfta silic.
Bai
6
LdP
VA
PHAN
L6P
obitan cfta
ldp M.
1.50.
Hay xac
dinh
sd
obitan
cd
trong phan
ldp p va
phan
ldp d.
1.51. Electron
2p
thudc
vl ldp va
phan
ldp nao ? Ve
hinh dang
cua
obitan
m6
ta electron
nay.
10
Bai
7
NANG
LapNG
COA
tu sdp
xdp electron theo mftc nang lugng. Ldy thf du minh hoa.
1.56. Vie't cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cua cac nguyen td sau :
gC;
gO ;
iiNa;
13AI;
17CI;
20^3-
1.57. Sft dung bang tudn hoan, hay xac dinh cac nguyen td va vidt cdu hinh
electron nguydn tft dudi dang d lugng tft ndu cho bidt sd electron cfta cac
nguyen tft tren tftng ldp nhu sau :
a) 2, 2 ; b) 2, 5 ; c) 2, 8, 5 ;
d)2,
8, 3; d)2, 8,7; e) 2, 8, 8, 2.
1.58. a) Cdu hinh electron ldp ngoai cung cfta nguyen tft nguyen td' X dugc
phan bd nhu sau :
n
1111
f
2s^
2p^
Sd hieu nguyen tft va kf hieu cfta nguyen td X la
A. 5, B B.7,N C. 8, O D. 9, F.
Chgn ddp an dung.
11
b) Cdu hinh electron ldp ngoai cung cua nguydn tft nguydn td Y dugc
phan bd nhu sau :
I I !
D.
2s'
;
d)
3s^
3p*
b)
2s^
2p^
e)
3s^
3p'^
c)
2s^
2p^
;
f)
3s^
3p^
d)3s'
Bai
8
LUY$N TAP CHUONG 1
1.62. Vidt cdu hinh electron nguydn tft cua magie (Z = 12), photpho (Z = 15) vd
cho bidt nguydn td nao la kim loai, nguydn td nao la phi kim ?
12
1.63. Trong sd cdc cdu hinh electron nguyen tft sau, cdu hinh electron nao la
cfta nguyen tft oxi (Z = 8).
A.
Is^
2s^
MjX
cd tdng sd hat (p, n, e) la 140 hat, trong dd sd hat
mang dien nhilu han sd hat khdng mang didn la 44 hat. Sd khd'i cfta
nguyen tft M ldn hon sd khd'i cfta nguyen tft X la 23. Tdng sd hat (p, n, e)
trong nguyen tft M nhilu hon trong nguyen tft X la 34 hat. Vidt cdu hinh
electron cua cac nguyen tft M va X. Vidt cdng thftc phan tft cfta hgp chdt.
1.68*. Hgp chdt Y cd cdng thftc
MX2
trong dd M chidm 46,67% vl khd'i lugng.
Trong hat nhan M cd sd natron nhilu hon sd proton la 4 hat. Trong hat
'
nhan X sd natron bdng sd proton. Tdng sd proton trong
MX2
la 58.
a) Tim
Aj^
va
Ax-
b) Xac dinh cdng thftc phan tft cua
MX2.
13
Chuang 2 •
BANG TUAN HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
VA DINH LUAT TUAN HOAN
Bai 9
BANG TUAN
HOAN CAC NGUYEN TO HOA HOC
2.1.
Hay cho bidt y nghia cua mdt d nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan ?
2.2.
NGUYEN l6 HOA HOC
2.8.
Ldm thd nao dl phan bidt cac nguydn td nhdm A
va
nguydn td nhdm B
theo cdu tao ldp vd nguydn tft ?
14
2.9.
Cac nguyen td nhdm A va nhdm B cd cung sd thft tu nhdm cd dac diem gi
gid'ng va khac nhau ? Ldy thf du nguyen td
C
va Ti dl minh hoa.
2.10. Vi trf cua nguyen td trong bang tudn hoan cd lien he gi vdi cdu tao ldp vd
nguyen tft cfta nguyen td dd. Giai thfch va
neu
thf du minh hoa.
2.11.
Cho hai nguyen td X va Y d hai d lien tidp trong mdt chu ki cua bang
tudn hoan va cd tdng sd proton bdng 27. Hay viet cdu hinh electron
nguyen tft va xac dinh vi trf cua chung trong bang tudn hoan.
2.12.
Oxit cao nhdt cfta mdt nguydn td nhdm VIA chfta 60 % oxi vl khd'i lugng.
Hay xac dinh nguyen td va vidt cdu hinh electron nguyen tft cfta nguyen td dd.
2.13.
Trong chu ki 2 sd electron ldp ngoai cung thay ddi nhu thd nao ?
2.14. Hay ndu su bidn ddi tudn hoan cdu hinh electron nguyen tft trong bang
tudn hoan.
2.15. Cho hai nguyen td hoa hgc cd cdu hinh electron nguyen tft la :
-1-
Nguyen tft X :
hoan theo chiiu tang cfta didn tfch hat nhan
:
A. Sd ldp electron.
B.
Sd electron d ldp ngodi cung.
C.
Nguydn tft khdi.
D.
Sd electron trong nguydn tft .
15
2.17. Dua trdn cac
dft
kidn cho dudi day :
Nguyen
td Na Mg Al Si P S
Cl
TnguyentftCnm)
0,157 0,136 0,125 0,117 0,110 0,104 0,099
Hay giai thfch su bidn ddi ban kfnh nguydn tft cua cdc nguydn td.
2.18.
Bdn
kfnh nguyen tft cua cac nguydn td
Be,
F, Li va
Q
tang ddn theo thft tu
sau:
A. Li < Be < F <
Cl;
B. F < Be < Cl <
Na""
>
F"
>
O^'.
C.
F"
>
Na*
>
Mg^""
>
O^".
D.
0^~
>
F~
>
Na"^
>
Mg^^
Hay chgn dap an dung.
2.20. Cac nguyen td Na, Mg, Si, C dugc sdp xdp theo chiiu giam ddn nang
lugng ion hoa thft
nhdt:
A. C>Si>Mg>Na; B. Si > C > Mg > Na ;
C. C>Mg>Si>Na; D. Si > C> Na> Mg.
Dua vao sd lieu cho d bang 2.2 SGK, hay chgn dap an dung.
2.21.
Cac nguyen td
b) Natri va nhdm ;
c) Nhdm vd kali.
2.24. So sanh tfnh phi kim trong tftng cap nguyen td sau va giai thfch ngdn ggn :
a) Cacbon va silic ;
b) Clo vd
liru
huynh
;
c) Nita va silic.
2.25.
Hoa tri cfta nguydn td' hod hgc la gi ? Hay ndu su bidn ddi hoa tri cfta cac
nguydn td hod hgc trong chu ki 2.
2.26. Hay
neu
su bidn ddi tfnh chdt axit - bazo cua cdc oxit va hidroxit cfta cac
nguyen td trong chu ki 3 khi di tft trai sang phai.
2.27.
So sdnh tfnh baza cfta cac hidroxit trong mdi day sau va cd giai thfch
ngdn ggn
:
a) Canxi hidroxit, stronti hidroxit, bari
hidroxit;
b) Natri hidroxit va nhdm
hidroxit;
c) Canxi hidroxit va xesi hidroxit.
2.28.
Hay so sdnh tfnh axit cfta cdc chdt trong mdi day sau va giai thfch ngdn ggn :
a) Axit cacbonic va axit silixic ;
b) Axit silixic, axit photphoric, axit sunfuric.
2.29. Hay vidt cdc phuang trinh hod hgc cua cdc
Cdc nguydn td thudc chu ki 3 cd
thi
tao thanh anion don nguyen tft :
A. Al, Si, P, S,
Cl;
B. Si, P, S,
Cl;
C. P, S,C1; D. Mg, Si, P, S, CL
Hay
chgn phuang an dung.
2.32.
Nguyen td Si cd Z =
14.
Cdu hinh electron nguydn tft cua silic la :
A.
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
; B.
Is^
2s^
2p''
3s^
3p^
C.
Is^
2s^
2p^
Bai 14
LUYEN TAP CHLTONG 2
2.36. Mdt nguyen td X cd Z = 20. Hay vidt cdu hinh electron cfta X,
X^"*".
X
Id
nguyen td gi, thudc chu ki nao, nhdm ndo, la kim loai hay phi kim ?
18
2.BT
HOAHOCIO.NC-B
2.37.
Cho nguydn td sdt d d thft 26, cdu hinh electron cfta ion Fe
"^
la :
A.
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
3d^
; B.
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
3d^
4s'
C.
D.
Is^
2s^
2p^
3s^
3p^
Hay chgn phuong an dung.
2.39. A va B la hai nguyen td trong cung mdt nhdm va d hai chu ki lien tidp
cfta bang tudn hoan. Tdng sd proton trong hat nhdn cua hai nguyen tft A
va B bdng 32. Hai nguyen td dd la :
A. Mg va Ca ; B. O va S
;
C. N va
Si;
D. C va Si.
Hay chgn dap an dung.
2.40. Nguyen td X cd Z = 22. Vidt cd'u hinh electron nguydn tft cfta X, xdc dinh
vi trf cua X trong bang tudn hoan, cho bidt loai nguydn td vd vidt cd'u hinh
electron cfta cdc ion X
"^
va X
'*'.
2.41.
Nguyen td Y cd Z = 18. Vidt cd'u hinh electron nguydn tft cfta Y, xdc dinh
vi trf cua Y trong bang tudn hoan. Cd
thi
cd hgp chd't cfta Y trong dd Y d
dang ion dugc khdng ?
2.42. Cation
R"*"
Trong tu nhidn, cdc khf hidm tdn tai dudi dang nguydn tft tu
do.
Cdc nguyen
tft cfta khf hidm khdng lidn kdt vdi nhau tao thanh phdn tft va khd lidn kdt
vdi cdc nguydn tft cua cdc nguyen td khdc. Ngugc lai cdc nguyen tft cdc
nguydn td khac lai lidn kd't vdi nhau tao thanh phdn tft hay tinh
thi.
Hay
giai thfch nguyen nhdn cfta hien tugng nay.
3.2. Cdu hinh electron ldp ngodi cung cua nguydn tft kali la 4s cdu hinh
2
5
electron ldp ngodi cung cua nguyen tft brom la 4s 4p
a) Lam thd nao cdc nguydn tft kali va brom cd dugc cdu hinh electron cfta
nguyen tft khf hidm ?
b) Lien kdt cfta nguydn tft kali va nguydn tft brom thudc
kilu
lien kdt gi ?
Phdn tft tao thanh cd
bin
han tiing nguydn tft ridng re khdng ?
3.3.
Cdu hinh electron ldp ngoai cung cua nguydn tft flo la 2s 2p Trong cdc
phan ftng hod hgc nguydn tft flo thudng nhdn 1 electron dl tao ion florua.
Hay vidt cd'u hinh electron cua ion florua va cho du doan vl kilu lien
kit
gifia flo vdi kali ?
3.4. Cdu hinh electron ldp ngodi cung cfta nguydn tft canxi la 4s Trong cdc
phan ftng hod hgc nguydn tft canxi thudng cho 2 electron dl tao ion canxi.
Hay vidt cdu hinh electron cua cation canxi va cho du doan vl kilu
oxi cd Z = 8.
3.8*.
Hinh 3.1 SGK ve mdt d mang tinh
thi
mudi NaCl. Mang tinh
thi
mudi
NaCl dugc xdy dung bdng cdch xdp lien tidp cdc d mang vdi nhau. Sd
phdn tft NaCl nguyen ven cd trong mdt d mang tren hinh 3.1 bang :
A. 4; B. 14; C. 5
;
D. 6.
Hay chgn dap sd dung.
Bai 17
LIEN KET CONG HOA TRj
3.9. Thd nao la lien kdt cdng hod tri ? Neu mdt sd thf du vl lien
kit
cdng
hod tri.
3.10. Hay giai thfch nguyen nhdn tao thanh lien kdt cdng hod tri.
3.11.
Phdn tft cfta mdt chd't dugc dac trung bdi
A. khoang cdch trung binh gifta cdc nguyen tft.
B.
gid tri trung binh cfta gdc tao bdi cdc lien kdt.
C. dd
bin
cua lien
kit
va dd
KET DON,
LIEN KET
001
VA LIEN KET BA
3.17. Tai sao gdc lidn kd't trong phdn tft
CH4
cd gia tri bdng
109''28'
?
3.18. Thd ndo la lidn kd't
CT,
lidn kdt
71
? Neu
thf
du.
3.19. Hay giai thfch nguyen nhdn lam cho cac phdn tft
BeH2
cd dang thang ?
3.20. Cdc lien kdt trong phdn tft nito dugc tao thanh la do su xen phu cua
A. cac obitan s vdi nhau vd cac obitan p vdi nhau.
B.
3 obitan p vdi nhau.
C. 1 obitan s vd 2 obitan p vdi nhau.
D.
3 obitan p gid'ng nhau vl hinh dang vd kfch thudc nhung
khdc
nhau vl
dinh hudng khdng gian vdi nhau.
Hay chgn dap dn dung.
22
Bai 19
LUYfN
TAP
V^
: LIEN KET ION. LIEN KET CONG HOA TRL
SLT LAI HOA CAC OBITAN NGUYEN
j(j
3.25.
Lidn kdt trong phdn tft KF thudc vl lidn kdt
A. cdng hod tri. B. cdng hod tri phdn
cue.
C. ion. D. cho - nhan.
Hay chgn phuang an dung.
3.26. Lien kdt don trong phdn tft
Br2
dugc hinh thanh nhu thd nao ?
3.27. a) Trong cdc hgp chdt sau ddy :
LiCl,
NaF,
CCI4
va KBr. Hgp chd't cd lien
kdt cdng hod tri la
A.
LiCl.
B.NaF. C.
CCI4.
D. KBr.
Chgn dap an dung.
b) Cho cdc hgp
3.31.
Hay trinh bay ddc dilm cd'u tao khdng gian cfta phdn tft metan.
3.32. Tai sao nita
la
mdt khi tuang dd'i tro d nhiet dd thudng ?
23
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