A cross – cultural study on the economicality
and redundancy in requesting in english and
vietnamese

Hoàng Thi Mỵ Trường Đại học Ngoại Ngữ
Luận văn ThS. Chuyên ngành: Linguistics; Mã Số: 60 22 15
Người hướng dẫn: Do Thi Mai Thanh, M.A
Năm bảo vệ: 2010 Abstract: When people from different linguistic and cultural background come into contact,
misunderstandings are inevitable, as a result of clashing rules of interaction and language habits.
This thesis was carried out to provide a cross –cultural comparison of speech behavior in English
and Vietnamese in the act of requesting, with the focus on the popularity of redundancy and
economicality in requesting; and the link between the addresser’s/ addressee’s gender and
relative age and the use of lexico modal makers seen as redundancy – creating factors. A
questionnaire was designed consisting of 3 situations to collect data from 100 students (50 from
Vietnam and 50 from English –speaking countries) with the evenly distributed number of males
and females. The collected data were categorized into 4 groups of communicative partner: same
sex but younger, same sex but older, opposite sex but younger and opposite sex but older; and
analyzed according to 14 types of lexico modal markers suggested by N.Quang and Blum-kulka
The findings of the study provide that addressee’s gender and relative status exert considerable
influence on the ways people make request. Particularly, in Vietnamese what type of lexico
modal markers can be employed for each communicative partner depends largely on the level of
politeness of such markers, whereas in English, there seems to be no clear-cut distinction. The
results also revealed that in both cultures, no significant difference in language behavior can be
found in both male and female. The findings of the study also enable the researcher to advance
some suggestions for avoidance of communication breakdown and potential culture shock and

1.3.2.1. Modality redundancy 10
1.3.2.2. Habitual redundancy 11
1.3.2.3. Insufficient redundancy 11
1.4. Economicality and classification of economicality 11
1.4.1. Economicality 11
1.4.2. Classification of economicality 11
1.4.2.1. Modality economicality 11
1.4.2.2. Habitual economicaltiy 12
1.4.2.3. Insufficient economicality 12
1.5. Lexico modal markers 12
7

1.6. Previous studies on lexico modal markers, addresser’s/addressee’s gender and relative
age when making requests. 15

CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 18
2.1. Research design 18
2.2. Participants 18
2.3. Data collection instrument 19
2.4. Data collection procedures. 20
2.5. Data analysis methods and procedures 20

CHAPTER 3: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 22
3.1. The popularity of economicality and redundancy in requesting 22
3.2. The link between the addresser’s/ addressee’s gender and relative age and the use of
lexico modal makers seen as redundancy – creating factors 24
3.2.1. The use of lexico modal markers for communicative partner of same sex and
younger 25
3.2.2. The use of lexico modal markers for communicative partner of same sex and older. 29
3.2.3. The use of lexico modal markers for communicative partner of opposite sex and

Vietnam have shifted from a focus on the linguistic competence to the communicative
competence.
According to Hymes (1976), the communicative competence includes not only knowledge
of the linguistic forms of a language but the knowledge of when, how and to whom it is
appropriate to use these forms as well. In another word, when communicating, people do
not only attempt to produce grammatically correct sentences, but also try to apply them in
the right combination of context. What is more, language is also intimately bound up with
culture. There is mounting evidence that learning a language produces physiological
changes in our brain, which could affect our thoughts and perceptions. The patterns and
connections we make among various concepts may be structured by the linguistic habits of
our community. It is observed that many people from different cultures, when
communicating using one common language often impose their culture on that language.
As a result, it may be difficult for the communication process, including verbal and non-
verbal communication with its influential socio-cultural factors. Thus, communicative
competence involves the understanding of culture, social knowledge and other skills of
interaction. According to J.Richard et al (1985, p.49), “when someone wishes to
communicate with others, they must recognize the social setting, their relationship to the
9

other person(s), and the types of language that can be used for a particular occasion. They
must also interpret written or spoken sentences within the total context in which they are
used”.
However, in Vietnam, there is a fact that English though has been taught for many years,
little attention of learners has been paid to the rules of speaking and oral practice, and even
less attention to culture-specific verbal and non-verbal behavior. Vietnamese learners tend
to translate whatever ideas they want to express into the target language with and effort of
making their utterances grammatically correct without awareness of cross-cultural
differences. Consequently, failure in applying what they have learnt to actual
communication is inevitable despite their fairly good knowledge of grammar and a
considerable amount of vocabulary. An invisible communication barrier may occur and

similarities and differences in the way Vietnamese and English – speaking people
request in their own language and culture.
- To contribute to promoting cross-cultural awareness among foreign language
teachers and learners was well as other potential interactants in cross-cultural
communication.
In brief, this paper aimed to address three following
research questions:
1. Is economicality or redundancy preferred by the Vietnamese and English people
when making requests?
2. Is the use of these economicality/redundancy factors linked to the addresser’s/
addressee’s gender and relative age?
3. Significance of the study
Although the study was carried out on a small scale, within a minor thesis of 40 pages, it is
expected to be a contributing factor to rising awareness of both Vietnamese teachers and
learners of English on the cultural similarities and differences between the two languages
when using redundancy and economicality factors in requesting. More importantly, from
the major findings of the study, Vietnamese speakers of English may get to know to use
appropriately modality markers in requesting in different situations when communicating
with English -speaking foreigners. In addition, the study is expected to be useful and
accessible to all teachers, learners and researchers as a material and reference of cross-
cultural communication.
11 4. Scope of the study
This study follows the speech act approach. It focuses mainly on verbal communication
and analysis of the data collected from the survey questionnaire. The questionnaire
designed to elicit the informant’s request forms in the proposed situations.
It is observed that redundancy factors are more popular to people when making request
than economicality ones. The study especially centers on the similarities and differences

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