Unit 11 – National Parks – English 10 – Advanced
REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES (PARTICIPLE CLAUSES)
We can give information about someone or something using an “ing”, “past participle (-ed)” or “being+ past
participle(-ed) clause after a noun. These clauses are often similar to “defining relative clauses” beginning
“which, who, that”
- We stood on the bridge connecting the two halves of the building . (or…which connects/connected the
two halves…)
The weapon used in the murder has now been found. (or The weapon that was used…)
- The prisoners being released are all women. (or…who are being released…)
A. ‘-ing” clauses
We often use an “ing” clause instead of a defining relative clause with an “ active verb”:
- The man driving the bus is my brother. (or The man who is driving the bus….)
- The land stretching away to left all belongs to Mrs Thompson. (or The land which stretches away to
the left….)
- Police took away Dr Li and items belonging to him. (or…items which belong/belonged to him.)
Sometimes, however, we can’t use an “ing” clause. For example:
- When there is a noun between the relative pronoun and the verb in the defining relative clause
+ The man who Tim is meeting for lunch is from Taiwan. (not…the man Tim meeting…)
- When the event or action talked about in the defining relative clause comes before the event or action
talked about in the rest of the sentence, except when the second event or action is the result of the
first. Compare:
+ The snow which fell overnight has turned to ice. (not The snow falling overnight..)and
+ The snow which fell overnight has caused traffic chaos. (or The snow falling overnight has caused traffic
chaos.)
- When we talk about a single, completed action in the defining relative clause, rather than a continuous
action. Compare:
+ The girl who fell over the ice broke her arm. (not The girl falling over…) and
+ I pulled off the sheets which covered the furniture. (or…sheets covering the furniture )
B. “past participle (-ed) and “being + past participle (-ed) clauses”
We often use a past participle or “ being + past participle ” clause instead of a defining relative clause with a
“passive verb”


Unit 11 – National Parks – English 10 – Advanced
+ The score being level after 90 minutes, a replay will take place.
I. Some clauses like this are used to give information about TIME:
+ Glancing over his shoulder, he could see the dog chasing him. (= As he glanced …..)
+ Having completed the book, he had a holiday. (= After he had completed the book….)
J. We use an “ing” clause to talk about something that takes place at the same time or very close in time to the
action in the main clause:
+ Putting on a serious face, she began to tell the story.
K. We often used an “ing” clause in written narrative after quoted speech, when we want to say what someone
was doing while they were talking:
+ “Wait a minute,” said Frank, running through the door.
L. If the action described is relatively long compared with the one described in the main clause, we use a clause
beginning “having + past participle”
+ Having driven five hours to the meeting, Don learnt that it had been postponed.
M. Sometimes we can use either an “ing” clause or a “having + past participle” clause with similar meanings,
although using a “having + past participle” clause emphasizes that something is completed before the action in
the main clause begins. Compare:
+ Taking off/Having taken off his shoes, Ray walked into the house.
N. Some clauses like this are used to talk about REASONS and RESULTS.
+ Knowing exactly what I wanted, I didn’t spend much time shopping.
+ Being slim, he could squeeze through the opening in the fence.
+ Having been invited to the party we could hardly refuse to go.
I.
Choose the word with different stress
1. A. exhaustion
B. assistance
C. evidence
D. equipment
2. A. valuable

B. oxen /s/
C. extravagant
D. fax
III. Read the text and choose the best answer
Scientists in the United States have found that hibernating bears manage to keep fit in their sleep. The
discovery that over 130 days of winter hibernation bears (1.)
only a quarter of their muscle power was
made by (2.)
from the University of Wyoming. The scientists took samples from black bears at the
start and finish of the hibernation. The researchers had to (3.)
attach devices to the bears and
this meant creeping into the caves (4.)
the autumn and spring. They attached a machine to the bears’
legs for (5.)
muscles strength. The devices was connected to a computer and very small electric (6.)
were sent to the bears’ nerves causing the legs to move suddenly and the measurement was then taken.
The scientists are (7.)
that their research will enable them to help humans that are confined
(8.)
bed for a long time. Human beings that are (9.)
for 130 days lose an estimated
90% their body strength. Furthermore, in the future there might be long-distance space (10.)
and
the effects of the lack of muscle movement will need to be considered.
1. A. waste
B. lose
C. gain
D. spend
2. A. investigators
B. detectives

10. A. journey
B. trip
C. voyage
D. travel
IV.
Choose the best answer
1. People
in large cities don’t know the pleasure of the life in the country.
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Unit 11 – National Parks – English 10 – Advanced
A. live
B. to live
C. living
D. lived
2. All the volunteers of the Go Green, the environmental protection program, must
and must have a
clean criminal report.
A. employ
B. be employed
C. be employing
D. have been employed
3. The light in her room is on, Hoa
got up.
A. must get
B. must have
C. must be getting

D. destruction
9. It has been estimated
last month’s hurricane damage will cost insurance companies $500 million.
A. which
B. what
C. who
D. that
10. Ms. Julie Kaye,
work has contributed largely to the ecological subsystem in Amazon National
Park, died of heart attack last week.
A. who
B. of which
C. whose
D. which
11. Everyone in my class
now very excited about the trip to the Science Center tomorrow.
A. is
B. are
C. was
D. were
12. Students
late will not be permitted into the classroom.
A. arrive
B. to arrive
C. arrived
D. arriving
13. You
be hungry when you’ve just had your dinner.
A. mustn’t
B. mightn’t

D. are covered completely
19. They come out of the water at night and
on grass and marsh plants.
A. to feed
B. feeding
C. feed
D. will feed
20. Hippos are not dangerous animals, but they
other animals if they are annoyed.
A. attacked
B. will attack
C. would attack
D. have attacked
21. No one liked the fried rice very much, so there was still
left in the pan.
A. many
B. few
C. little
D. a little
22. There can’t be a
boy in the world than my brother Jim.
A. naughty
B. naughtiest
C. naughtier
D. naughtily
23. Take off your shoes before you come in
you won’t dirty the floor.
A. because
B. so that
C. if



Unit 11 – National Parks – English 10 – Advanced
A. in
B. over
C. on
D. around
29. The natives are very good at balancing pots and baskets
their heads.
A. over
B. on
C. up
D. above
30. He couldn’t find the letter because it was
a pile of books.
A. above
B. near
C. inside
D. under
31. We felt the boat
violently when the shark bumped on its side.
A. rock
B. to rock
C. was rocked
D. was rocking
32. Sheila hasn’t spoken to me
I laughed at her new hairstyle.
A. when
B. why
C. for

D. endangered
38. The society was set up to preserve endangered species from
.
A. extinction
B. collection
C. rainfall
D. reservation
39. They took immediate action to
the forest fire from spreading.
A. protect
B. preserve
C. prevent
D. conserve
40. These should be more
areas for rare species of tropical plants.
A. mountain
B. recreation
C. reception
D. conservation
V. Find the mistake and correct
1. The article provides(A) general informations(B) about animals and tells why(C) animals are important to(D)
human beings. information
2. The mining of minerals(A) often bring about(B) the destruction(C) of landscapes and wildlife habitats(D).
brings about
3. To building(A) their nests, tailor birds(B) use(C) their bills as(D) needles. To build
4. Alike(A) all mammals(B), human beings have(C) relatively constant body temperature(D). Like
5. Mohandas K. Gandi, calling(A) Mahatma, lived a noble life(B) of fasting(C) and poverty in order to work for(D)
peace and independence. called
6.The trees blowing down(A) in(B) last night’s(C) storm have been(D) moved off the road. blown
7. The boy ran after(A) the ball through(B) the crowd of people hurried(C) to get to work(D). hurrying

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Unit 11 – National Parks – English 10 – Advanced
3. The word “habitat” in paragraph 1 means
..
A. the natural environment on Earth
B. the natural world in which we live
C. the natural home of an animal or plant
D. the natural living conditions on our planet
4. Which of the following is the main point in paragraph 2?
A. Habitat type
B. Habitat importance C. Habitat protection D.Habitat destruction
5. The word “chopped” in paragraph 2, could best be replaced by
.
A. cut
B. broken
C. brought
D. fallen
6. According to this passage, many species of plants and animals
A. can’t travel as far as people do
B. will die if their habitat are destroyed
C. may live well in any environment
D. can’t survive if they live in one habitat too long
7. The word “reduce” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
.
A. avoid
B. decrease
C. continue
D. control

seeing animals for the first (2.)
, when before they had only read about them in
books or seen them on television. However, there is (3.)
discussion today about future of zoos and
what their role should be.
Supporters of zoos claim that they have an educational (4.)
and represent a good way for
people of (5.)
ages to learn more about the natural world. Also, zoos provide (6.)
for
important research and frequently (7.)
scientists to help save those animals which are becoming
(8.)
rare in the wild.
Opponents, however, criticize zoos for a number of reasons. Firstly, they say that it is (9.)
to
keep animals in cages. Even in the best zoos, animals may (10.)
because the places in which they have to
live are both restricted and (11.)
. This can cause them to (12.)
stress and can affect their
health. Secondly, they believe that money would be (13.)
spent on protecting animals in their (14.)
environment. Finally, opponents (15.)
out that most people nowadays can see well-made
nature documentaries on television and that this is a much more valuable experience than going to a zoo.
1. A. actually
B. genuinely
C. positively
D. truly

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Unit 11 – National Parks – English 10 – Advanced
9. A. violent
B. severe
C. heavy
D. cruel
10. A. suffer
B. injure
C. fail
D. hurt
11. A. designed
B. manufactured
C. artificial
D. false
12. A. experience
B. have
C. create
D. bear
13. A. further
B. rather
C. better
D. more
14. A. standard
B. daily
C. typical
D. natural
15. A. pick
B. point

X. If possible, change the relative clauses in these sentences to an “-ing”, “past participle” or “being +
past participle” clause. If not possible, write (x) after the sentence
1. The people who are being asked to take early retirement are all over the age of 60.
→The people being asked to take early retirement are all over the age of 60.
2. The book that she wanted to borrow wasn’t available in the library. X (noun between)
→
3. The eye hospital has recently obtained new equipment which will allow far more patients to be treated.
→The eye hospital has recently obtained new equipment allowing far more patients to be treated.
4. The children who are being moved to another school all have learning difficulties.
→The children being moved to another school all have learning difficulties.
5. The man who died in the accident came from Bulgaria. X (completed action)
→
6. An agreement has been signed to protect the forests which are being cut down all over the world.
→An agreement has been signed to protect the forests being cut down all over the world.
7. I ran through the crowd of people who were hurrying to get to work.
→I ran through the crowd of people hurrying to get to work.
8. If you know of anyone who would like to buy Maggie’s car, let me know. X (modal verbs)
→
9. The trees that were blown down in last night’s storm have been moved off the road.
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Unit 11 – National Parks – English 10 – Advanced
→The trees blown down in last night’s storm have been moved off the road.
10. The woman who visited us last week has sent us a present. X (action happens first )
→
XI. Rewrite the sentences beginning with an “ing” or “past participle” clause (or Not + ing/past participle)
1. Marie left work early because she didn’t feel too well.

2. Having climbed a tree, Lee was able to see a way out of the forest. (Climbing)
3. Having worked as a clerk, painter and bus driver, Neil decided to go back to university. (Not working)
4. Having spent all morning working in the garden, Betty took a short lunch break. (Not spending)
5. Having arrived early for his appointment, Ron spent time looking at the magazines. (Arriving)
XIV. Match the sentences halves and write new ones beginning with an “ing”, “having been +past
participle) or “being + past participle” clause. (or Not + ing)
1. She was a doctor
a. she knew how to keep children interested.
2. I didn’t expect anyone to be in the house
b. I found life in Sicily difficult.
3. The room had been painted in dark colors
c. I walked straight in.
4. Dave was unemployed
d. she knew what side effects the medicine could have.
5. I don’t speak Italian
e. he had time to consider what job he really wanted.
6. Barbara had been a teacher for 14 years
f. the room needed some bright lights.
1. Being a doctor, she knew what side effects the medicine could have.
2. Not expecting anyone to be in the house, I walked straight in.
3. Having been painted in dark colors, the room needed some bright lights.
4. Being unemployed, Dave had time to consider what job he really wanted.
5. Not speaking Italian, I found life in Sicily difficult.
6. Having been a teacher for 14 years, she knew how to keep children interested.

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