Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System ✦ 69
Chapter 13
The Costs of Production
1.
Which of the following is an implicit cost?
a. salaries paid to owners who work for the firm
b. interest on money borrowed to finance equipment purchases
c. cash payments for raw materials
d. foregone rent on office space owned and used by the firm
ANSWER: d foregone rent on office space owned and used by the firm
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
2.
Samantha has been working for a law firm and earning an annual salary of $90,000. She decides to
open her own practice. Her annual expenses will include $15,000 for office rent, $3,000 for
equipment rental, $1,000 for supplies, $1,200 for utilities, and a $35,000 salary for a
secretary/bookkeeper. Samantha will cover her startup expenses by cashing in a $20,000
certificate of deposit on which she was earning annual interest of $1,000. Assuming that there are
no additional expenses, Samantha’s annual implicit costs will equal
a. $55,200.
b. $221,400.
c. $91,000.
d. $146,200.
ANSWER: a $55,200.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
3.
70 ✦ Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System
6.
Which of the following could explain why the total product curve shifted in this diagram?
a. A reduction in capital equipment available to the firm.
b. Labor skills have become rusty and outdated in the firm.
c. The firm has developed new technology in their production facility.
d. The firm is now receiving a higher price for its product.
ANSWER: c The firm has developed new technology in their production facility.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
7.
As Al’s Radiator Co. continues to add workers, while keeping the same amount of machinery,
some workers may be underutilized because they have little work to do while waiting in line to use
the machinery. When this occurs, Al’s Radiator Co. encounters
a. economies of scale.
b. diseconomies of scale.
c. increasing marginal returns.
d. diminishing marginal returns.
ANSWER: d diminishing marginal returns.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
8.
Which of the following costs of publishing a book is a fixed cost?
a. author royalties of 5% per book
b. costs of paper and binding
c. shipping and postage
Miller Technologies has average variable costs of $6 and average total costs of $10 when it
produces 1,000 units of output. The firm’s total fixed costs equal
a. $2,000.
b. $3,000.
c. $4,000.
d. $5,000.
ANSWER: c $4,000
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 3
12.
At a firm’s current output level of 200 units per week, it has 10 employees at a weekly wage of $500
each. Raw materials, which are ordered and delivered daily, cost $1,000 per week. The weekly cost
of the firm’s capital is $1,250. Which of the following statements is correct?
Total Variable Cost
Total Fixed Cost
Total Cost
a. $5,000
$2,250
$7,250
b. $6,000
$1,250
$7,250
c. $1,250
$6,000
$7,250
72 ✦ Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System
th
If Franco’s Pizza Parlor knows that the marginal cost of the 500 pizza is $3.00 and that the
average total cost of making 499 pizzas is $3.30, then
a. average costs are rising at Q = 500.
b. average costs are falling at Q = 500.
c. total costs are falling at Q = 500.
d. average variable costs must be falling.
ANSWER: b average costs are falling at Q = 500.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 3
15.
16.
When the marginal product of labor falls, the marginal cost of output
a. falls, then rises.
b. becomes negative.
c. rises.
d. remains constant.
ANSWER: c rises.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 4
17.
Which of the following factors is most likely to shift IBM’s total cost and marginal cost curves
downward?
a. a technological advance resulting in increased productivity
b. higher property taxes charged by the municipal government
c. increased wages to attract additional computer operators
Since the 1980s, WalMart stores have appeared in almost every community in America. WalMart
buys their goods in large quantities and therefore at cheaper prices. WalMart also locates its stores
where land prices are low, usually outside of the community business district. Many customers
shop at WalMart because of low prices and free parking. Local retailers, like the neighborhood
drug store, often go out of business because they lose customers. This story demonstrates that
a. consumers are boycotting local retailers whose prices are relatively higher.
b. there are diseconomies of scale in retail sales.
c. there are economies of scale in retail sales.
d. there are diminishing returns to producing and selling retail goods.
ANSWER: c there are economies of scale in retail sales.
SECTION: 4
OBJECTIVE: 5
21.
Some reasons that firms may experience diseconomies of scale include that
a. the firm is too small to take advantage of specialization.
b. large management structures may be bureaucratic and inefficient.
c. if there are too many employees, the work place becomes crowded and people become less
productive.
d. average fixed costs begin to rise again.
ANSWER: b large management structures may be bureaucratic and inefficient.
SECTION: 4
OBJECTIVE: 5
74 ✦ Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System
22.
A local bagel company plans to keep and maintain its bagel factory, which is estimated to last 25
The total cost to the firm of producing zero units of output is
a. zero in both the short run and the long run.
b. its fixed cost in the short run, zero in the long run.
c. its fixed cost in both the short run and the long run.
d. its variable cost in both the short run and the long run.
ANSWER: b its fixed cost in the short run, zero in the long run.
SECTION: 4
OBJECTIVE: 5
Chapter 14
Firms in Competitive Markets
1.
One of the defining characteristics of a perfectly competitive market is
a. a small number of sellers.
b. a large number of buyers and a small number of sellers.
c. a standardized product.
d. significant advertising by firms to promote their products.
ANSWER: c a standardized product.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System ✦ 75
2.
Which of the following firms is the closest to being a perfectly competitive firm?
a. a hot dog vendor in New York
b. Microsoft Corporation
a. among pricetaking sellers.
b. among buyers with perfect information about the market.
c. among sellers of highquality products.
d. in a market where prices adjust quickly to the longrun equilibrium.
ANSWER: a competition among pricetaking sellers.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
6.
Free entry means that
a. there are no costs of entering into an industry.
b. no legal barriers prevent a firm from entering an industry.
c. a firm’s marginal cost is zero.
d. a firm has no fixed costs in the short run.
ANSWER: b no legal barriers prevent a firm from entering an industry.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
7.
This table describes the relationship between output, marginal revenue, and marginal cost. If the
firm is currently producing 14 units, what would you advise them to do?
a. decrease quantity to 13
b. increase quantity to 15
c. remain at 14 units
d. increase quantity to 16 units
ANSWER: d increase quantity to 16 units
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
This table describes the relationship between output, marginal revenue, and marginal cost. If the
firm is maximizing profit, how much profit is it earning?
a. 0
b. $1.00
c. $16.00
d. There is not sufficient data to determine firm profitability.
ANSWER: d There is not sufficient data to determine firm profitability.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
9.
Cold Duck Airlines flies between Tacoma and Portland. The company leases planes on a yearlong
contract at a cost that averages $600 per flight. Other costs (fuel, flight attendants, etc.) amount to
$550 per flight. Currently, Cold Duck’s revenues are $1,000 per flight. All prices and costs are
expected to continue at their present levels. If it wants to maximize profit, Cold Duck Airlines
should
a. drop the flight immediately.
b. continue the flight.
c. continue flying until the lease expires and then drop the run.
d. drop the flight now but renew the lease if conditions improve.
ANSWER: c continue flying until the lease expires and then drop the run.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
10.
Raiman’s Shoe Repair also produces custommade shoes. When Mr. Raiman produces 12 pairs a
week, the MC of the twelfth pair is $84, and the MR of that unit is $70. What would you advise Mr.
Raiman to do?
a. shut down
OBJECTIVE: 2
13.
This table shows the total revenue and total cost data for a perfectly competitive firm. The profit
earned at the profitmaximizing output level is
a. $80.
b. $10.
c. $0.
d. $15.
ANSWER: d $15.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
Total
Output Revenue
Cost
1
$ 20
2
40
3
60
4
80
5
100
6
120
16.
A sunk cost is one that
a. changes as the level of output changes in the short run.
b. was paid in the past and will not change regardless of the present decision.
c. should determine the rational course of action in the future.
d. has the most impact on profitmaking decisions.
ANSWER: b was paid in the past and will not change regardless of the present decision.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 4
78 ✦ Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System
17.
A corporation has been steadily losing money on one of its product lines. The factory used to
produce that brand cost $20 million to build 10 years ago. The firm now is considering an offer to
buy that factory for $15 million. Which of the following statements about the decision to sell or not
to sell is correct?
a. The firm should turn down the purchase offer because the factory cost more than $15 million to
build.
b. The $20 million spent on the factory is a sunk cost that should not affect the decision.
c. The $20 million spent on the factory is an implicit cost, which should be included in the
decision.
d. The firm should sell the factory only if it can reduce its costs elsewhere by $5 million.
ANSWER: b The $20 million spent on the factory is a sunk cost that should not affect the decision.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 4
18.
When market conditions in a competitive industry are such that firms cannot cover their
production costs, then
a. the firms will suffer longrun economic losses.
b. the firms will suffer shortrun economic losses that will be exactly offset by longrun economic
profits.
c. some firms will go out of business, causing prices to rise until the remaining firms can cover
their production costs.
d. all firms will go out of business, since consumers will not pay prices that enable firms to cover
their production costs.
ANSWER: c some firms will go out of business, causing prices to rise until the remaining firms can
cover their production costs.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 5
Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System ✦ 79
22.
The market price in a perfectly competitive industry in shortrun equilibrium is $3 and the
minimum average cost for all firms is $2.50. In the long run, we would expect an increase in
a. each firm’s output.
b. the number of firms.
c. each firm’s profit.
d. each firm’s average costs.
ANSWER: b the number of firms.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 4
23.
d. a horizontal line.
ANSWER: c the market supply curve.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 5
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Chapter 15
Monopoly
1.
Monopolies use their market leverage to
a. charge prices that equal minimum average total cost.
b. attain normal profits in the long run.
c. restrict output and increase price.
d. dump excess supplies of their product on the market.
ANSWER: c restrict output and increase price.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
2.
If government officials break a natural monopoly up into several smaller firms, then
a. competition will force firms to attain economic profits rather than accounting profits.
b. competition will force firms to produce surplus output, which drives up price.
c. the average costs of production will increase.
d. the average costs of production will decrease.
ANSWER: c the average costs of production will increase.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System ✦ 81
6.
If a monopolist can sell 7 units when the price is $3 and 8 units when the price is $2, then marginal
revenue of selling the eighth unit is equal to
a. $2.
b. $3.
c. $16.
d. –$5.
ANSWER: d
–$5
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
George has the following demand curve for selling vegemite:
Price
Quantity
$5.00
1
$4.00
2
$3.00
3
$2.00
4
$1.00
5
George has marginal cost of $.50 per unit.
10.
If a monopolist has zero marginal costs it will produce
a. the output at which total revenue is maximized.
b. in the range in which marginal revenue is still increasing.
c. at the point at which marginal revenue is at a maximum.
d. in the range in which marginal revenue is negative.
ANSWER: a the output at which total revenue is maximized.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
82 ✦ Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System
11.
The supply curve for the monopolist
a. is horizontal.
b. is vertical.
c. is a 45degree line.
d. does not exist.
ANSWER: d does not exist.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
Consider the following demand and cost information for a monopoly.
Quantity
Price
b. $40
c. $20
d. $10
ANSWER: c $20
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
14.
The maximum profit this monopolist can earn is
a. $40
b. $30
c. $20
d. $15
ANSWER: d $15
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
15.
To maximize profit, the monopolist sets price at
a. $40
b. $20
c. $0
d. $10
ANSWER: b $20
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System ✦ 83
16.
That is to say, monopolists
a. charge too high a price.
b. don’t innovate.
c. produce a large quantity of waste.
d. have no incentive to produce at their minimum ATC.
ANSWER: d have no incentive to produce at their minimum ATC.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 3
19.
Concerning public utilities, the stated reason for resorting to regulation of a monopoly, rather than
promoting competition through antitrust, is that the industry in question is believed to be a
a. profitmaximizing monopoly.
b. producer of externalities.
c. revenuemaximizing monopoly.
d. natural monopoly.
ANSWER: d natural monopoly.
SECTION: 4
OBJECTIVE: 4
20.
Splitting up a monopoly is often justified on the grounds that
a. consumers prefer dealing with small firms.
b. small firms have lower costs.
c. competition is inherently efficient.
d. nationalization is a lesspreferred option.
ANSWER: c competition is inherently efficient.
SECTION: 4
OBJECTIVE: 4
SECTION: 5
OBJECTIVE: 5
24.
A monopolist that practices perfect price discrimination
a. creates no deadweight loss.
b. charges one group of buyers a higher price than another group, such as offering a student
discount.
c. produces the same monopoly level of output as when a single price is charged.
d. charges some customers a price below marginal cost because costs are covered by the high
priced buyers.
ANSWER: a creates no deadweight loss.
SECTION: 5
OBJECTIVE: 5
25.
A monopolist’s profits with price discrimination will be
a. lower than if the firm charged a single, profitmaximizing price
b. the same as if the firm charged a single, profitmaximizing price.
c. higher than if the firm charged just one price because the firm will capture more consumer
surplus.
d. higher than if the firm charged a single price because the costs of selling the good will be lower.
ANSWER: c higher than if the firm charged just one price because the firm will capture more consumer
surplus.
SECTION: 5
OBJECTIVE: 5
Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System ✦ 85
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
4.
A firm in a monopolistically competitive market is similar to a monopolist in the sense that it
a. must overcome significant barriers to entry.
b. faces a downwardsloping demand curve.
c. has no barriers to entry or exit.
d. it is only one seller of the good.
ANSWER: b faces a downwardsloping demand curve.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
5.
The U.S. market for locomotives is divided between two producers: General Electric has 70 percent
of the market and General Motors has 30 percent. This market is an example of
a. monopolistic competition.
b. a collusive monopoly.
c. a duopoly.
d. a cartel.
ANSWER: c duopoly.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
86 ✦ Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System
6.
The cigarette industry consists of large firms that compete vigorously by advertising heavily,
which is directed at creating fantasy and image. Economists would characterize this industry as
9.
There will be a greater tendency for cheating to take place with a cartel if
a. the number of firms in the market is relatively small.
b. the firms produce standardized products.
c. the costs of production differ among firms.
d. economic profits are being earned by the cartel.
ANSWER: c the costs of production differ among firms.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
10.
Which of the following would be most likely to contribute to the breakdown of a cartel in a natural
resource (e.g., bauxite) market?
a. high prices
b. low price elasticity of demand
c. high compatibility of member interests
d. unequal member ownership of the natural resources
ANSWER: d unequal member ownership of the natural resources
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 2
11.
An equilibrium in which each firm in an oligopoly industry maximizes profit, given the actions of
its rivals, is called
a. a general equilibrium.
b. a dominant equilibrium.
c. a Nash equilibrium.
d. an oligopoly equilibrium.
ANSWER: c a Nash equilibrium.
In the prisoner’s dilemma,
a. the prisoners easily collude in order to achieve the best possible payoff for both.
b. only one player has a dominant strategy.
c. playing the dominant strategy leads to a better payoff for one prisoner than would jointly
selecting a different strategy.
d. each player has a dominant strategy.
ANSWER: d each player has a dominant strategy.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 3
15.
A dominant strategy is one that
a. makes every player better off.
b. makes at least one player better off without hurting the competitiveness of any other player.
c. increases the total payoff for the player.
d. is best for the player, regardless of what strategy other players follow.
ANSWER: d is best for the player, regardless of what strategy other players follow.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 3
16.
An equilibrium occurs in a game when
a. price equals marginal cost.
b. quantity supplied equals quantity demanded.
c. all independent strategies counterbalance all dominant strategies.
d. all players follow a strategy that they have no incentive to change.
ANSWER: d all players follow a strategy that they have no incentive to change.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 3
$5000
$4000
$4000
18.
Brian and Matt own the only two bicycle repair shops in town. Each must choose between a low
price for repair work and a high price. The yearly economic profits from each strategy are
indicated in the table. The upper right side of each rectangle shows Brian’s profits; the lower left
side shows Matt’s profits. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Matt’s dominant strategy is to charge a low price.
b. Brian’s dominant strategy is to charge a high price.
c. The dominant strategy for both Brian and Matt is to charge a low price.
d. Matt’s dominant strategy is to charge a high price.
ANSWER: a Matt’s dominant strategy is to charge a low price.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 3
19.
Brian and Matt own the only two bicycle repair shops in town. Each must choose between a low
price for repair work and a high price. The yearly economic profits from each strategy are
indicated in the table. The upper right side of each rectangle shows Brian’s profits; the lower left
side shows Matt’s profits. Which of the following statements is correct for a onetrial game?
a. The market equilibrium price is the high price.
b. A market equilibrium price cannot be established unless Brian and Matt collude.
c. A market equilibrium price cannot be established without repeated trials.
d. The equilibrium price is the low price.
ANSWER: d The equilibrium price is the low price.
SECTION: 3
OBJECTIVE: 3
c. total cost.
d. other firms’ prices.
ANSWER: a average variable cost.
SECTION: 4
OBJECTIVE: 4
23.
A key issue in the Microsoft case involved whether or not the bundling of the Windows operating
system with new computer system consisted of
a. predatory pricing.
b. tying.
c. resale price maintenance.
d. price discrimination.
ANSWER: b tying.
SECTION: 4
OBJECTIVE: 4
24.
The primary purpose of antitrust legislation is to
a. protect small businesses.
b. protect the competitiveness of U.S. businesses.
c. protect the prices of Americanmade products.
d. ensure firms earn only a fair profit.
ANSWER: b protect the competitiveness of U.S. businesses.
SECTION: 4
OBJECTIVE: 4
25.
A law that encourages market competition by prohibiting firms from gaining or exercising
excessive market power is
d. differentiation of product
ANSWER: d differentiation of product
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
3.
If existing fastfood firms realize sizable economic profits in the short run, the demand curves of
existing firms will
a. decrease and become more elastic.
b. decrease and become less elastic.
c. increase and become more elastic.
d. increase and become less elastic.
ANSWER: a decrease and become more elastic.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
4.
When a monopolistically competitive firm raises its price,
a. quantity demanded falls to zero.
b. quantity demanded declines, but not to zero.
c. the market supply curve shifts outward.
d. quantity demanded remains constant.
ANSWER: b quantity demanded declines, but not to zero.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 1
5.
There are several reasons why demand curves may become more elastic. Among them are
a. the market becomes more monopolistic and cross elasticities approach zero.
b. the goods become less differentiated and more firms enter the industry.
8.
The maximum total short run economic profit, or minimum loss, for the monopolistically
competitive firm in this figure is
a. zero.
b. a profit of $575.00.
c. a profit of $2,000.00.
d. a loss of $375.00.
ANSWER: c a profit of $2,000.00.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 2
9.
The firm in this figure is monopolistically competitive. It illustrates
a. the shutdown case.
b. a longrun economic profit.
c. a shortrun economic profit.
d. a shortrun loss.
ANSWER: c a shortrun economic profit.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 2
92 ✦ Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System
10.
At the profitmaximizing, or lossminimizing, output level, the firm in this figure has total costs
approximately equal to
a. $2000.
In the long run, freedom of entry into a market forces a __________ to charge a price equal to
average total cost, but average total cost exceeds its minimum level.
a. perfectly competitive firm
b. monopolistically competitive firm
c. oligopolistic firm
d. pure monopoly
ANSWER: b monopolistically competitive firm
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 2
14.
Which of the following best describes the idea of excess capacity in monopolistic competition?
a. Firms produce more output than is socially desirable.
b. The output produced by a typical firm is less than what would occur at the minimum point on
its ATC curve.
c. Due to product differentiation, firms choose output levels where P > ATC.
d. Firms keep some surplus output on hand in case there is a shift in the demand for their product.
ANSWER: b The output produced by a typical firm is less than what would occur at the minimum point
on its ATC curve.
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 3
Chapter 12/The Design of the Tax System ✦ 93
15.
Which of the following individuals quoted below is least likely to argue that excess capacity in
monopolistically competitive industries is a waste of resources?
a. “An automobile is transportation, nothing else.”
b. “Tomatoes or no tomatoes. The choice of toppings on a burger can be important to a consumer
Perhaps it’s not a problem at all, but if “too much choice” is a problem for consumers, it would
occur in which market structure(s)?
a. perfect competition
b. monopoly
c. monopolistic competition
d. perfect competition and monopolistic competition
ANSWER: c monopolistic competition
SECTION: 1
OBJECTIVE: 3
19.
Which of the following might be an effect of advertising?
a. increased product differentiation
b. increased total costs of production
c. increased demand for the product
d. All of the above are correct.
ANSWER: d All of the above are correct.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 4
20.
In the long run under monopolistic competition, when firms advertise,
a. they will still earn zero economic profit.
b. they can earn positive economic profit by increasing market share.
c. the market price must fall.
d. the market price must rise.
ANSWER: a they will still earn zero economic profit.
SECTION: 2
OBJECTIVE: 4