A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the
Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.
Wireless Sensors
and Instruments
Networks, Design,
and Applications
Halit Eren
Boca Raton London New York
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Published in 2006 by
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
10987654321
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-3674-0 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-3674-4 (Hardcover)
Library of Congress Card Number 2005050502
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is
quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts
have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume
responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.
No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com
( or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive,


Preface

The evolutionary tree representing the growth of instruments and instru-
mentation technology is marked by a major fork. One branch is representing
stand-alone instruments fulfilling the tasks of the requirements of dedicated
measurements. Another branch is represented by instruments that can be
networked to cooperatively work with many others to measure the variables
of complex systems. Neither of these branches is new. What is new is that
the networking of instruments can be done without the need for physical
hard-wired connections. Wireless connectivity and networkability opens up
many possibilities of research, development, and applications that we could
not even dream of in the near past. Instruments can now be networked by
new and novel techniques while they are on the move in their individual
environments performing their tasks.
Many of us are very familiar with a number of wireless devices ranging
from mobile and cordless telephones, pagers, garage door openers, remote
controllers, home entertainment equipment controllers, and so on. The pro-
liferation of wireless systems in consumer products and industrial applica-
tions is so fast that a progressive involvement in technology development
is vital for many governments and industrial establishments to maintain
competitiveness. This book will be helpful to highlight the expansion of
wireless systems in instrumentation and measurements.
Instrumentation requires a broad knowledge involving a diverse range of
disciplines, such as measurement science, design and construction of elec-
tronic circuits, understanding of IC technology, appreciation of theory and
practice of wireless communication systems, networks, protocols, and stan-
dards. This book is specifically written to provide sufficient knowledge to
enable the readers to understand the underlying principles in wireless instru-
mentation and networks. Particular emphasis is given to the wireless com-


3674_C000.fm Page viii Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Acknowledgments

Many people have directly and indirectly contributed to this book. I thank
the people, colleagues and those whose paths I have crossed during my
working life. My particular thanks are to Professor Kit Po Wong at Hong
Kong Polytechnic University for providing encouragement to go ahead with
this book while I was appointed visiting professor at his institution. Writing
books is a lonely affair requiring major commitments and a great deal of
patience and determination. The encouragement of Kit Po has been
extremely valuable when I needed it most. I would like to thank my col-
leagues at Gazi University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engi-
neering, Ankara, for providing an office and computer facilities in the initial
and final stages of writing.
I would like to thank all the companies that provided information on their
products and granted permission to reprint some of the images of their
equipment. In particular my appreciations are extended to Steven Arms of
Microstrain Inc.; Wayne Magnes of Oak Ridge National Laboratory; Graham
Moss of Elprotech; Randy Culpepper of Texas Instruments; Colleen Cronin
of Analog Devices, Inc.; Colin Pickard of Oregon Scientific; and Shana Jacob
of CrossBow Inc.
Special thanks are extended to the CRC Press staff who made this book
possible, especially to Nora Konopka for guiding the book through comple-
tion; also thanks to Helena Redshaw, Manager of Editorial Project develop-
ment; and Jay Margolis, Project Editor, for their patient and professional
involvements in putting it all together.


forms a synergy with the first book as the application of modern technology
is producing a large number of portable and wireless instruments.

3674_C000.fm Page xi Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Introduction

Instruments are essential for measuring physical variables in industrial oper-
ations, consumer products, environmental monitoring, research and devel-
opment (R&D), transportation, military, space exploration, avionics, and so
on. A collection of instruments form an instrumentation system, which may
be responsible for numerous measurements in a complex process. Instru-
ments are networked to communicate directly with each other or via inter-
mediate devices such as computers, microprocessors, or controllers. Today,
traditional instrumentation systems communicate through wired media.
However, communication between instruments by wireless techniques is
developing rapidly and gaining broad acceptance. It is very likely that wire-
less instruments will replace their wired counterparts in the very near future.
In recent years, considerable progress has been made in instruments and
instrumentation systems due to the employment of integrated circuit tech-
nology, analog and digital components, efficient and low-power micropro-
cessors, intelligent sensors, radio frequency (RF) communication technology,
and protocols and standards supporting networks. In particular, cost-effec-
tive RF products have expanded suddenly to unimaginable dimensions.
Devices such as cellular and cordless telephones, private and public tele-
phone systems, wireless modems, radio frequency identification (RFID), and
wireless sensors and instruments have rapidly penetrated into all aspects of
our lives. Most of these devices were initially available as rare and expensive
luxury items, but are now used by consumers, industry, and scientific and

appreciation of the theory and practice of wireless communication systems,
networks, and protocols and standards. In this book, all these concepts will
be explained sufficiently to enable readers understand the underlying prin-
ciples in wireless instrumentation and networks. Particular emphasis will
be placed on wireless communication systems, since it is in this area that
science and technology are expanding. Wireless communication systems are
also a promising area of research, with thousands of researchers concentrat-
ing on the topic.
International standards are rapidly emerging in wireless technology as
applied to sensors and instruments. Some of important ones are Bluetooth,
HiperLAN, and the IEEE 802 standards for communication and networks,
and the IEEE 1451 family of standards for sensors. These standards are
gaining wide acceptance. Communication among devices involved can take
place as point-to-point or point-to-multipoint. This gives considerable flex-
ibility in network configuration and communication algorithms can be tai-
lored to improve system reliability and adaptability.
This book is a reflection of information on the latest technologies in the
field of wireless sensors, instruments, and networks. Engineers and scientists
who are not trained in electrical engineering will find the book very infor-
mative without overwhelming them with detailed information.
This book was written for students and practicing scientists and engineers
who are already familiar with technical concepts in electronics, probability
theory, communication theory, basic electromagnetic theory, networks, and
operational aspects of networks. However, the information given combines
materials from many different disciplines, therefore it is highly unlikely that
all readers will have the necessary basic knowledge for the topics covered.
Therefore necessary concepts throughout the book are developed from prin-
ciples to accommodate a wide range of readers from different backgrounds.
This approach makes it attractive for practicing engineers and scientists who
are involved in instruments and instrumentation in their disciplines. The

networks possible, thus the fundamentals of digital communication technol-
ogy are explained in detail. Modern communication methods, modulation,
and multiplexing techniques, frequency spreading, and multiple access
methods are also discussed and examples are given.
Chapter 3 discusses networks, protocols, standards, and topologies. Net-
works are collections of interoperational devices linked together by a com-
munication medium and supported by suitable software. Networking of
hardware and software resources is essential to bring multiple devices
together to provide efficiency by enabling the exchange of information, cre-
ating collaborative operations, and sharing the functions of equipment and
devices. In this chapter, the types of network topologies, protocols, and
standards relevant to wireless networks are explained. The security of wire-
less networks is highlighted and the methods are discussed. The knowledge
and experience gained in wired network technologies can be applied directly
to wireless operations. Newly emerging wireless technologies such as the
IEEE 802 family of standards and Bluetooth, among others, are discussed.
In Chapter 4, the construction of wireless sensors and instruments is intro-
duced and examples are given. Instrument communication protocols are
revisited and current technologies applied in wireless instruments and sen-
sors are explained. Modern wireless sensor and instrument networks can
produce using embedded or modular designs. These networks can be
expanded using bridges, routers, and repeaters. The construction of wireless
sensors and instruments is discussed and many examples are provided.
Power issues of wireless networks are also addressed. Wireless sensor net-
works and wireless integrated sensor networks are detailed. Applications of
Bluetooth and IEEE 802 technologies are demonstrated.

3674_C000.fm Page xv Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC


1.3.2 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers ........................................ 11
1.3.3 Input and Output............................................................................14
1.3.4 Signal Conversion ...........................................................................15
1.3.5 Digital Signal Processing ...............................................................20
1.4 Sensor Technology and Advanced Sensors.............................................21
1.4.1 Sensing Materials ............................................................................21
1.4.2 Process of Developing Sensors .....................................................24
1.4.3 Trends in Sensor Technology and IC Sensors ............................25
1.4.4 Sensor Arrays and Multisensor Systems.....................................28
1.4.5 Smart Sensors...................................................................................29
1.5 Instrument and Sensor Communication and Networks.......................32
1.5.1 Wireless Instrument Communication ..........................................33
1.5.2 Modulation and Coding of Instrument Signals.........................35
1.5.3 Example of Wireless Communication Systems..........................37
1.5.4 Examples of Wireless Sensors and Instruments ........................38
1.6 Industrial Instrumentation Systems .........................................................38
1.6.1 Industrial Communication Networks..........................................40
1.6.2 Basic Elements of Industrial Sensor Networking......................41
1.6.3 Industrial Network Protocols........................................................42
1.6.4 The Ethernet and Fieldbuses.........................................................43
1.6.5 Implementation of Fieldbuses.......................................................44
1.6.6 Design and Application Examples of Fieldbuses ......................46
1.6.7 Telemetry and SCADA Systems ...................................................48
1.7 Noise and Distortion...................................................................................51
1.7.1 Internal Noise in Electronic Systems ...........................................51
1.7.2 Interference.......................................................................................54
1.7.3 Noise and Distortion in Communication Systems....................55
1.7.4 Noise in Digital Systems................................................................56
1.8 Conclusion ....................................................................................................57


2.3.7 Modulators and Detectors .............................................................77
2.3.8 Demodulators ..................................................................................80
2.3.9 Multiplexers .....................................................................................82
2.3.10 Antennas...........................................................................................84
2.3.11 Phase Detectors and Phase Shifters .............................................85
2.3.12 Power Dividers and Power Combiners.......................................86
2.3.13 RF Transformers ..............................................................................86
2.3.14 EMI and RFI Filters.........................................................................87
2.3.15 Other Components..........................................................................88
2.3.16 RF Transceivers................................................................................88
2.3.17 Wireless Modems ............................................................................89
2.4 Analog Modulation and Multiplexing.....................................................90
2.4.1 Amplitude Modulation ..................................................................91
2.4.2 Frequency Modulation ...................................................................93
2.4.3 Phase Modulation ...........................................................................95
2.4.4 Frequency and Time Division Multiplexing...............................95
2.5 Digital Modulation and Multiplexing......................................................96
2.5.1 Amplitude Shift Keying.................................................................97
2.5.2 Frequency Shift Keying..................................................................97
2.5.3 Phase Shift Modulation..................................................................98
2.5.4 Binary Phase Shift Keying .............................................................98
2.5.5 Differential Phase Shift Keying.....................................................99
2.5.6 Quaternary Phase Shift Keying ..................................................100
2.5.7 Offset QPSK ...................................................................................102
2.5.8 Differential QPSK..........................................................................103

3674_C000.fm Page xviii Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

2.5.9 Octonary Phase Shift Keying ......................................................104

3.2.1 Channel Coding.............................................................................134
3.2.2 Encryption ......................................................................................136
3.3 Network Essentials and Topologies .......................................................138
3.3.1 Network Software .........................................................................139
3.3.2 Network Topologies......................................................................140
3.3.3 Internetworking.............................................................................143
3.3.4 Internet and Intranet.....................................................................145
3.4 Protocols......................................................................................................146
3.4.1 The OSI model...............................................................................147
3.4.2 Structure of the OSI Model .........................................................148
3.4.3 IEEE 802 Network Model ............................................................152
3.5 Standards.....................................................................................................153
3.5.1 IEEE 802 Standards.......................................................................155
3.5.2 Wireless Ethernet Concepts.........................................................156
3.5.3 IEEE 802.16 Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks................157
3.5.4 Code Division Multiple Access-Based Standards....................158
3.5.5 Time Division Multiple Access-Based Standards ....................158

3674_C000.fm Page xix Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

3.5.6 GSM and GPRS Standards ..........................................................159
3.5.7 Other Wireless Network Standards ...........................................160
3.5.8 IEEE 1451 Standards for Smart Sensor Interface.....................160
3.6 Wireless Networks, PANs, LANs, and WLANs...................................163
3.6.1 Recent Developments in Frequency Allocation.......................165
3.6.2 Types of Wireless Networks........................................................166
3.6.3 Wireless Network Topologies......................................................167
3.6.4 Wireless Extended LAN Technologies.......................................167
3.6.5 IEEE 802.11 WLAN Standards....................................................167

4.5 Plug-and-Play Sensors and Networks ...................................................225
4.5.1 Bluetooth and Plug-and-Play Sensor Networks ......................227
4.6 Industrial Wireless Networks and Automation ...................................228
4.6.1 Wireless Fieldbuses.......................................................................229
4.6.2 Wireless Industrial Mesh Networks...........................................230
4.7 Conclusion ..................................................................................................233

5

Wireless Sensor and Instrument Applications........................ 235

5.1 Application-Specific Wireless Sensors and Instruments .....................235

3674_C000.fm Page xx Tuesday, October 4, 2005 8:54 AM
© 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

5.1.1 Application-Specific Wireless Sensors and Networks ............237
5.1.2 Application-Specific Embedded Wireless Instruments and
Networks ........................................................................................238
5.1.3 Application-Specific Modular and Add-On Wireless
Instruments and Networks..........................................................241
5.2 Commercial Wireless Sensors and Instruments ...................................245
5.3 Wireless Instruments and Sensor Networks in Research and
Development ..............................................................................................248
5.3.1 Hardware and Software Issues at the Operational and
Physical Level ................................................................................248
5.3.2 Efficiency at the Physical and Network Level .........................251
5.3.3 Issues on Communication Protocols and Network
Management...................................................................................253
5.4 Industrial Wireless Sensor and Instrument Networks ........................255