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Luận văn tiếng Anh:Metaphors in Modern English and Vietnamese Poetry: A Study from Cognitive approach = \b Ẩn dụ trong thơ hiện đại tiếng Anh và tiếng việt: Nghiên cứu theo đường hướng ngôn ngữ học tri nhận. Doctor of Linguistics:
Degree of doctor. English Linguistics -- University of Languages and International Studies. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 2015
Meaning construction is conceptualization which is based on embodiment (Evan & Green 2006;
Evan, 2007). The conceptualization creates metaphors which mark the meditation between
people and the environment. Comparison of metaphors between English and Vietnamese
therefore, shows not only a great deal of similarities, but also many differences. In this
dissertation, we study metaphors in modern English and Vietnamese lyric poems. The
identification of metaphors was adopted from Metaphor Identification Procedure (MIP) created
by the Pragglejaz Group (Pragglejaz Group, 2007; Steen, 2010) which supports the comparison
between English and Vietnamese linguistic metaphors and conceptual metaphors uncovered in
our data. The results contribute to and enforce the findings by previous researchers of the field,
they also supplement variation of conceptualization in the two languages. Conceptual domains
are put under 8 broad themes: the world; natural aspect; animal; time; action, body and character;
person, life and death; inner feeling; and relationship. Through the analysis and interpretation,
the findings show variations in the conceptualization in language and it is realized that different
conceptualizations are rooted from different beliefs, living condition, and philosophy of life.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...........................................................................................................................i
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................................ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................iii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES......................................................................................................................................vi
PART A: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................1
1 Rationale ....................................................................................................................................................1
2 Contribution of the study............................................................................................................................2
3 Objectives of the study...............................................................................................................................2
4 Research questions and hypotheses............................................................................................................3
5 Scope of the study ......................................................................................................................................3
6 Structure of the study .................................................................................................................................4
PART B: DEVELOPMENT.......................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER ONE: LITERATURE REVIEW........................................................................................................6
1.1 The relation between language, culture and thought...............................................................................6
1.2 Poetry and poetic language .....................................................................................................................7
1.3 Lyric as a genre of poetry........................................................................................................................9
1.4 Cognitive linguistics..............................................................................................................................11
1.4.1 An overview of Cognitive Linguistics ..............................................................................................11
1.4.2 Cognitive semantics ...........................................................................................................................15
1.5 Metaphor ...............................................................................................................................................18
1.5.1 Metaphor: substitution view, comparison view, interaction view and pragmatic approach ..............18
1.5.2 Metaphor in cognitive linguistics.......................................................................................................21
1.6 Concluding Remarks.............................................................................................................................29
CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................30
2.1 Approach to the study ...........................................................................................................................30
2.2 Principal methods of the study..............................................................................................................31
2.3 Identification of metaphors ...................................................................................................................32
2.4 Data collection and analysis..................................................................................................................35
2.4.1 Data collection ...................................................................................................................................35
2.4.2 Data storage instrument......................................................................................................................37
2.4.3 Data Analysis .....................................................................................................................................40
2.4.4 Analytical Framework........................................................................................................................41
2.5 Concluding Remarks.............................................................................................................................42
CHAPTER 3: METAPHORS OF NATURE IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE POEMS ..............43
3.1 Metaphors of the world and related entities ..........................................................................................43
3.1.1 The world and event...........................................................................................................................43
3.1.2 Colour, object, and sound...................................................................................................................45
3.2 Metaphors of natural aspects.................................................................................................................49
3.2.1 Landscape...........................................................................................................................................50
3.2.2 Natural entities ...................................................................................................................................55
3.2.3 Natural phenomena ............................................................................................................................61
3.2.4 Plant....................................................................................................................................................65
3.3 Metaphors of animals............................................................................................................................68
3.4 Metaphors of time .................................................................................................................................70
3.5 Concluding remarks ..............................................................................................................................73
CHAPTER 4: METAPHORS OF HUMAN AND RELATED ASPECTS IN ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE POEMS ........75
4.1 Metaphors of body, characteristics, action, saying ...............................................................................75
4.1.1 Body parts ..........................................................................................................................................75
4.1.2 Characteristics of a person .................................................................................................................79
4.1.3 Action.................................................................................................................................................80
4.1.4 Saying.................................................................................................................................................82
4.2 Metaphors of person, life, and death .....................................................................................................85
4.2.1 Person.................................................................................................................................................85
4.2.2 Life .....................................................................................................................................................89
4.2.3 Death ..................................................................................................................................................95
4.3 Metaphors of inner world: State, feeling and emotion..........................................................................98
4.3.1 State....................................................................................................................................................98
4.3.2 Feeling..............................................................................................................................................102
4.3.3 Emotion............................................................................................................................................116
4.4 Metaphors of relationship....................................................................................................................121
4.5 Concluding remarks ............................................................................................................................131
PART C: CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS ............................................................................132
1 RECAPULATION.....................................................................................................................................132
2 COMMON FEATURES IN THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF ENGLISH AND VIETNAMESE.......................134
2.1 Abstractness is mapped through concreteness ....................................................................................135
2.2 Non-human is mapped as human: embodiment ..................................................................................136
2.3. Human is mapped through non-human domain .................................................................................136
2.4 Container metaphor and the manifestation of anthropocentricity .......................................................136
2.5 Abstract concepts are mapped through other abstract domains ..........................................................136
3 DIFFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................137
3.1 Basement of reasoning ........................................................................................................................137
3.2 Prominent differences in English and Vietnamese metaphors............................................................138
4 IMPLICATIONS FROM THE RESULTS.....................................................................................................139
4.1 For teachers .........................................................................................................................................139
4.2 For translators......................................................................................................................................140
4.3 Suggestions for further study ..............................................................................................................142
ARTICLES AND PROJECTS RELATED TO THE DISSERTATION ............................................143
REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................144
In English ..................................................................................................................................................144
In Vietnamese............................................................................................................................................153
WEBSITES OF ENGLISH POEMS........................................................................................................155
WEBSITE OF VIETNAMESE POEMS..................................................................................................159
INDEX OF CONCEPTUAL METAPHORS IN THE STUDY ................................................................... I
DATA SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE .........................................................IV
DATA SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS OF LANDSCAPE............................................... VII
SAMPLE OF ENGLISH METAPHORS IN A POEM................................................................................X
SAMPLE OF VIETNAMESE METAPHORS IN A POEM ......................................................................XI
PART A: INTRODUCTION
1 Rationale
Metaphor is a great inspiration for researchers; as such, several studies have been carried
out to deal with the matter. In the world, the study of metaphors in poetry by Lakoff and Turner
(1989) gave a clear and critical consideration of metaphors in English poems. They also
generalized many conceptual metaphors of death, time, life, people, plants, nights, and days, etc.
Anastasia (2008) studied metaphors in women college presidents’ inaugural addresses at Coed
Institution’s; she studied 20 speeches and put them under 10 broad themes. Polley (2012)
considered metaphors of happiness in English and Mandarin Chinese of which he uses corpus
approach in dealing with the data. While Gomez-Moreno (2011) carried out a comparative study
of metaphor in specialized language, also, he applied the corpus-approach in dealing with
metaphors. Picken (2007) studied metaphors in literature and their impact on foreign language
learners, of which he focuses on the identification and interpretation, the evaluation of metaphors
in literature as well as implications in designing curriculum, selecting materials and building up
methodology in teaching language. In Vietnamese poems, metaphor is also worked on in several
studies such as metaphors in English and Vietnamese proverbs by Tiến (2012), the application of
conceptual metaphors in teaching English to Vietnamese students by Vũ etc. al. (2010),
metaphors in Vietnamese folklore by Ngọc (2009). This tradition shows that there is a great
interest in metaphors in general, and metaphors in poems in particular, and most of the above
mentioned studies are indebted to the view of metaphor from cognitive approach that was
initiated by Lakoff and Johnson (1980, 2003) which stated that metaphors were mapped under
concepts, and they constructed our thought and actions. However, a study focusing on comparing
between English and Vietnamese poems in terms of metaphor application has not been so far
carried out. In this study, we decided to deal with it as an initial research of the issue. We borrow
the idea that Lakoff and Turner (1989: 15) gave in setting up their study of metaphor in poetry as
we choose poems “not to point out what is unusual about it but rather to introduce a range of
common, unconscious, automatic metaphors which are parts of our cultural knowledge and
which allow us to communicate with each other, whether in ordinary conversation or in poetry.”
We set up the study entitled Metaphors in contemporary English and Vietnamese poetry: A
study from cognitive approach. Therefore, we would like to focus on the concepts of linguistic
metaphor, conceptual metaphor, conceptualization, mapping and domain, the key issues in
cognitive approach to metaphor study. We would make an effort to analyse metaphors in modern
English and Vietnamese poems, to explore metaphors in the light of cognitive approach, drawing
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