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CHAPTER 1
Polymer-Based Matrix Composites
Sascha Heinemann
Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute for Materials Science, Technische Universita ¨t Dresden,
Dresden, Germany
Contents
1. Introduction and Definitions 3
2. Conditions Determining Possibilities and Limitations 5
3. Naturally Occurring Composites 7
4. Artificial Mineral Composites 9
5. Artificial Polymer/Mineral Composites 12
5.1 Fiber spun polymers in polymer/mineral composites 15
6. Conclusion 20
References 21
1. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
In the last years of research and development in the fields of technical mate
rials and especially biomaterials, it has become obvious that a wide range of
demanding applications cannot be satisfied by conventional monophasic
materials although they are well established for several applications. Based
on findings that defined mixtures show combinations of materials properties
to be more useful than monophases, the development of composites was
strongly established. In general, a composite provides improved specific
or synergistic characteristics not obtainable by any of the original phases
alone. The first composites were generated in constructional and technical
materials science. With some delay, composites found their way also into
biomedical materials research. There is no universal accepted definition of
the term composite. However, in the field of biomaterials, the statements
commonly include (i) combinations of two or more heterogeneous mate
rials, (ii) multiphase materials built up from a single phase that differ in com
position and form, and (iii) phases retaining their identities and specific
properties while forming an interface between each other [1,2].


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