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between cognitive psychology and cognitive
neuroscience is often blurred – the term “cognitive
psychology” can be used in a broader sense to
include cognitive neuroscience. Indeed, it is in
that broader sense that it is used in the title of
this book.
There are several ways in which cognitive
neuroscientists explore human cognition. First,
there are brain-imaging techniques, of which
PET (positron emission tomography) and fMRI
(functional magnetic resonance imaging) (both
discussed in detail later) are probably the best
known. Second, there are electrophysiological
techniques involving the recording of electrical
INTRODUCTION
We are now several years into the third millennium,
and there is more interest than ever in unravelling
the mysteries of the human brain and mind.
This interest is refl ected in the recent upsurge
of scientifi c research within cognitive psychology
and cognitive neuroscience. We will start with
cognitive psychology. It is concerned with the
internal processes involved in making sense
of the environment, and deciding what action
might be appropriate. These processes include
attention, perception, learning, memory, language,
problem solving, reasoning, and thinking. We
can define cognitive psychology as involving
the attempt to understand human cognition by
observing the behaviour of people performing
various cognitive tasks.
The aims of cognitive neuroscientists are
often similar to those of cognitive psychologists.
However, there is one important difference –
cognitive neuroscientists argue convincingly
that we need to study the brain as well as
behaviour while people engage in cognitive
tasks. After all, the internal processes involved
in human cognition occur in the brain, and we
have increasingly sophisticated ways of studying
the brain in action. We can define cognitive
neuroscience as involving the attempt to use
information about behaviour and about the
brain to understand human cognition. As is well
known, cognitive neuroscientists use brain
imaging techniques. Note that the distinction
cognitive psychology: an approach that aims
to understand human cognition by the study of
behaviour.
cognitive neuroscience: an approach that
aims to understand human cognition by
combining information from behaviour and the
brain.
positron emission tomography (PET): a
brain-scanning technique based on the detection
of positrons; it has reasonable spatial resolution
but poor temporal resolution.
functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI): a technique based on imaging blood
oxygenation using an MRI machine; it provides
information about the location and time course
of brain processes.
KEY TERMS

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