Acknowledgements
This book has beneWted from the input, advice, and feedback
from a number of people, ranging from answering simple email quer-
ies to reading all or some of the manuscript. Here’s a partial list,
in alphabetical order: Anne Abeille
´
, Ash Asudeh Andy Barss,
Bob Berwick, Tom Bever, Sherrylyn Branchaw, Jean Carnie, Fiona
Carnie, Morag Carnie, Robert Carnie, Robert Chametzky, Noam
Chomsky, John Davey, Andrea Dauer, Malcolm Elliott, Yehuda Falk,
Georgia Green, Heidi Harley, Michael Hammond, Richard Hudson,
Peter Kahrel, Tibor Kiss, Simin Karimi, Tracy Holliway King, Terry
Langendoen, Shalom Lappin, Howard Lasnik, Tel Monks, David
P. Medeiros, Stefan Mu
¨
ller, David Pesetsky, Massimo Piatelli-Palmar-
ini, Chloe Plummer, Carl Pollard, GeoV Pullum, Sumayya Racy, Ivan
Sag, Maggie Shade, Yosuke Sato, Robert Van Valin, Steve Weschler.
Thanks to you all. Special thanks go to my family who let me work on
this book while ignoring them over the 2006 winter holidays.
AC
Tucson, February 2007
General Preface
Oxford Surveys in Syntax and Morphology provides overviews of the
major approaches to subjects and questions at the centre of linguistic
research in morphology and syntax. The volumes are accessible, crit-
ical, and up-to-date. Individually and collectively they aim to reveal
the Weld’s intellectual history and theoretical diversity. Each book
published in the series will characteristically contain: (1) a brief histor-
ical overview of relevant research in the subject; (2) a critical presen-
tation of approaches from relevant (but usually seen as competing)

Adv Adverb
AdvP Adverb Phrase
AFD in RRG, actual focus domain
agreement agreement feature
AgrIO Indirect object functional projection
AgrIOP Indirect object Agreement Phrase
AgrO Object agreement functional projection
AgrOP Object agreement Phrase
AgrS Subject agreement functional projection
AgrSP Subject agreement Phrase
ARG in RRG, arguments
Aux Auxiliary
AVM attribute value matrix
bar bar-level feature
BPS Bare Phrase Structure
C’ ‘‘Complementizer bar’’, intermediate complemen-
tizer category
C Complementizer
category category feature
CF context free
cho
ˆ
cho
ˆ
meur (relational grammar)
comps complement feature
Condition A the requirement that an anaphor must be bound in
a local domain
Condition B the requirement that a pronoun must not be
bound in a local domain

IC immediate constituent
ID/LP immediate dominance/linear precedence
IDC immediate dominance c-command
IF in RRG, Intentional Force
InX the functional category of InXection, later
replaced by Agr, AgrS, AgrO, TP
inv inversion feature
IP InXectional Phrase (often the same as TP or S)
label set of category labels
abbreviations xiii
LCA Linear Correspondence Axiom
LCS in RRG, the layered structure of the clause
LF Logical Form
LFG Lexical-Functional Grammar
LSLT Logical Structure of Linguistic Theory
M mothership relation/immediate domination
max set of XP categories
MP Minimalist Program
MSO Monadic Second Order
MTS Model-Theoretic Syntax
MUB Minimal Upper Bound
N’ ‘‘Noun bar’’, intermediate noun category
N Noun
Neg Negation
NP Noun Phrase
NUC in RRG, the nucleus of the CORE
num number feature
obj in LFG, object function
OSV Object-Subject-Verb order
OVS Object-Verb-Subject order

T’ ‘‘Tense bar’’, intermediate tense category
T Tense functional projection
TAG Tree-Adjoining Grammar
TG Transformational Grammar
Tns in RRG, tense
Top Topic
TP Tense Phrase (often the same as S)
UB upper bound
v ‘‘little v’’ or ‘‘light v’’
V’ ‘‘Verb bar’’, intermediate verb category
V verb
VOS Verb-Object-Subject order
vP ‘‘little v’’ phrase
VP Verb Phrase
VPISH VP-internal Subject Hypothesis
VSO Verb-Subject-Object order
X’ some intermediate category headed by category X
X’’ ‘‘X double bar’’, usually equivalent to XP or X
max
X
o
head (word) indicating category X
xcomp in LFG, predicate complement
X
max
maximal (usually phrasal) category associated
with category X, usually equal to X’’ and XP
X
P
a node of cate gory X, of indeterminate phrasality

maticality.
[] Constituent boundaries
^ Span; in the right-wrap rule, indicates linear concaten-
ation
{NP/CP} In phrase structure rules, indicates choice between NP
and CP.
{x, y} Unordered set of x and y
j Such that (in set descriptions); boundary in immediate
constituent analysis
 Approximately
þ Kleene plus. In phrase structure rules, indicates one or
more. In other contexts, indicates addition.
<A Rule of Backward Application (Combinatorial Categor-
ial Grammar)
hx, yi Ordered set of x and y
 Precedence

s
Sister precedence
¼ Equals
¼
def
Is deWned as
> Greater than
>A Rule of forward application (Combinatorial Categorial
Grammar)
+ Plus or minus in binary feature values
2 Element of (set membership)
[ Set union
 ‘‘Is a’’ relation

SP Polarity Phrase
xviii symbols
Proper words in proper places . . .
Jonathan Swift, Letter to a Young Clergyman, 9 January 1720