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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Science and technology of terrorism and counterterrorism / editors: Tushar K. Ghosh [et al.]. 2nd
ed.
p. cm. (Public administration and public policy ; 156)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4200-7181-8 (alk. paper)
1. Terrorism Technological innovations. 2. Bioterrorism. 3. Chemical terrorism. 4. Nuclear
terrorism. I. Ghosh, Tushar K., Dr. II. Title. III. Series.
HV6431.S3786 2010

MARION C. WARWICK
11 Agroterrorism: Agroeconomic Bioterrorism 233
KEITH A. HICKEY
x Ⅲ Contents
12 Agroterrorism: Attributes and Implications of High-Impact
Targets in U.S. Agriculture 251
KATIE THOMPSON
13 Nuclear Terrorism: Nature of Radiation 267
WILLIAM H. MILLER
14 Nuclear Terrorism: Radiation Detection 273
WILLIAM H. MILLER
15 Nuclear Terrorism: Radiation Detectors—Applications
in Homeland Security 277
TUSHAR K. GHOSH, MARK A. PRELAS,
AND ROBERT V. TOMPSON, JR.
16 Nuclear Terrorism: Dose and Biological Eff ects 307
WILLIAM H. MILLER AND ROBERT LINDSAY
17 Nuclear Terrorism: Nuclear Weapons 313
SUDARSHAN K. LOYALKA
18 Nuclear Terrorism:  reats and Countermeasures 321
SUDARSHAN K. LOYALKA AND MARK A. PRELAS
19 Chemical Terrorism: Classifi cation, Synthesis,
and Properties 329
DABIR S. VISWANATH AND TUSHAR K. GHOSH
20 Chemical Terrorism: Toxicity, Medical Management,
and Mitigation 355
L. DAVID ORMEROD
21 Chemical Terrorism: Destruction and Decontamination 379
DABIR S. VISWANATH AND TUSHAR K. GHOSH
22 Chemical Terrorism: Sensors and Detection Systems 409

2002? After the events of 9/11 (September 11, 2001), we have witnessed bombs being detonated
in Madrid (Madrid train bombing in March 2004) that killed 191 and wounded over 600;
the bus hijacking in Ulghur, Krygyzstan (March 2003) that resulted in 20 deaths; suicide attacks
in 2004 at the Port of Ashdod, Israel, that resulted in 10 deaths; the London subway attacks (July 7,
2005) that killed 52 and injured nearly 800; four attempted bomb attacks on July 21 again in
London that were disrupted; failed attempts on August 9, 2006, to detonate liquid explosives
aboard fl ights from London to the United States; the ongoing suicide bombings in Iraq; and many
more incidents that attest to the increase in terroristic acts across the world.
Terroristic activities are on the rise on the global scene, and it is generally believed that such
activities can be contained or eliminated by controlling the proliferation of nuclear, biological, and
chemical (NBC) weapons; by building a strong defense system; by having in place diff erent types
of treaties; and by punishing countries that fail to follow such agreements. One may ask why these
procedures, which are in place at the present time, failed to stop activities such as the Tokyo subway
gassing, the Oklahoma City bombing, the World Trade Center bombing and attack, the bombing
at the Atlanta Olympic games, and many more similar incidents.  is book is a direct outcome of
several recent group discussions by the editors.  ese discussions were motivated by the fact that
some of us were involved in research in the area of sensors, and that one of us, Mark A. Prelas, spent
a year at the U.S. State Department as a Foster fellow. Another motivating factor was that the
Nuclear Engineering Program organized a series of seminars on the nonproliferation of nuclear
materials and weapons in 1998.  is series included presentations by Dr. Sudarshan Loyalka,
Dr. Mark Prelas, Dr. Dale Klein (formerly Assistant Secretary of Defense for NBC Defense and
the former chairman of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission), LTC Charles Kelsey, and Dr. Herb
Tillema. A third major motivation was to introduce undergraduate and graduate students from
several disciplines to this important area with an emphasis on the scientifi c and technological
xiv Ⅲ Preface
aspects. All of these factors led us to organize and off er courses in the area of terrorism and
counterterrorism. One of us, Dabir S. Viswanath, did a survey on the courses off ered in this area
in other engineering departments and found that most courses were confi ned to social, behavioral,
and law departments. We found that none of the courses addressed the scientifi c and technologi-
cal aspects of this subject.  erefore, during the fall 2000 semester we organized this course and

Chapter 1 introduces the broad thinking on terrorist attacks after September 11, 2001, and
summarizes selected case studies. Chapters 2 and 3 lay the foundation for this book by discussing
the origin and nature of terrorism and the factors involved in diplomacy. Chapter 4 deals with the
fundamentals of aerosol dispersion as many of the toxic materials are released as aerosol particles.
Chapters 5 through 10 deal with the fundamentals of bioterrorism, the manufacture of certain
biological agents, and their delivery. In addition, these chapters deal with the detection of biologi-
cal agents and countermeasures that need to be taken. Chapters 11 and 12 deal with agricultural
terrorism.  is section has been expanded to include a second chapter on the attributes and
implications of agroterrorism. Nuclear terrorism is dealt with in Chapters 13 through 18. Besides
discussing the fundamentals, these chapters also discuss nuclear weapons systems, threats, and
safeguards. Chemical terrorism is described in Chapters 19 through 24.  ese chapters discuss
Preface Ⅲ xv
various chemicals used and their manufacture, detection, delivery, and decontamination. Chapter 25
deals with cyber- terrorism, its nature and scope, how it takes place, its consequences, and what
we can do to protect against such attacks. When a disaster occurs, one simple but very eff ective
measure is to protect ourselves with proper clothing.  is is discussed in Chapter 26.  e role of
the government at the federal and state levels and the role of international agencies, along with
their respective resources, capabilities, and responsibilities, are discussed in Chapters 27 through
29.  is section has been extended to include the current national infrastructure to protect citi-
zens from terrorist attacks.
Today we know that citizens have to be very vigilant and should learn as much as possible
about terrorism.  e September 11, 2001, World Trade Center attack has awakened the country
like no other single event in the history of the United States, presumably not even the Pearl Harbor
attack.  e public needs to know the profi le of a terrorist, the threat of NBC weapons, what
measures to take in case of an attack, how to respond in case of an emergency, and a host of other
things. We have tried to present as comprehensive a report as possible. We recognize that we have
not covered all the materials that should be included in a text of this nature. Sections of this book
can be expanded to cover more comprehensive courses.
In closing, it is a pleasure to thank the faculty and the guest lecturers who willingly partici-
pated in this course; contributors to this book who, in spite of their busy schedules, cooperated in

homeland defense, where she aided in the development and procurement of the Civil Support
Team Analytical Laboratory System.
Colonel Bentz is a recent graduate of the National War College and holds a PhD in
nuclear engineering from the University of Missouri-Columbia.
Gordon D. Christensen is the associate chief of staff for research and development at the Harry S
Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital in Columbia, Missouri, and a professor of internal medicine
at the University of Missouri-Columbia. He is a fellow of the Infectious Diseases Society of
America, the American Academy of Microbiology, and the American College of Physicians. He is
the author or coauthor of over 120 professional papers and abstracts. Dr. Christensen received his
MD from Creighton University in Omaha, Nebraska, in 1974 and completed his postgraduate
training in infectious diseases and internal medicine at the University of Texas Medical Branch in
Galveston, Texas, in 1979.
xviii Ⅲ Authors
 eresa M. Crocker has more than 25 years of experience in planning and training for disaster
preparedness, emergency medicine, and public health. She has the required experience to develop
and conduct Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive (CBRNE) exercises and
training courses and has conducted training for the National Incident Management System
(NIMS), HSEEP, National Response Plan (NRP), Incident Command System (ICS), and weapons
of mass destruction (WMD). She planned and coordinated interdepartmental/interagency/
intergovernmental emergency response operations for all levels of government, nongovernmental
organizations, volunteer agencies, and private businesses. Crocker represented the National
Association of City and County Health Offi cials (NACCHO) for the Department of Homeland
Security, State/Local/Tribal Work Group (SLTWG).  is group was involved in authoring the
National Preparedness Goal and its component parts, including the Universal Task List and the
Targeted Capabilities List.  e group was historically an integral participant in authoring both the
NRP and the NIMS. Crocker has an MS in science of disaster response from Indiana University
of Pennsylvania, which consisted of intensive training in the principles involved in detecting,
identifying, and safe handling of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents and their
precursors as they are related to WMDs. She also has a BS in nursing from the University of
Steubenville, Ohio.

of Missouri-Columbia Extension Division’s Fire and Rescue Training Institute and an adjunct
assistant professor in the College of Engineering at the University of Missouri-Columbia. Jirka
is a member of the National Fire Protection Association Technical Committee on Hazardous
Materials Protective Clothing and Equipment, the Department of Justice–Department of Defense
Joint Interagency Board for Equipment Standardization and Interoperability, and the Federal
Emergency Management Agency’s First Responder Technology Transfer Committer on Weapons
of Mass Destruction and Hazardous Materials, among others. He is also the author or coauthor
of numerous professional papers and curricula. Jirka received his MS in chemistry from Southern
Illinois University-Carbondale in 1990 and completed his postgraduate work from the School of
Chemical Sciences at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
Allen Krotman is a senior project leader in the Healthcare Mission Area in MITRE Corporation’s
Center for Enterprise Modernization. He has over 25 years of experience in the practice of
forming and leading technical and nontechnical teams, designing and implementing new and
improved systems and processes, and managing large programs. Since joining MITRE in 2005,
Krotman has contributed technically to and managed large programs for the Department
of Health and Human Services (HHS). Currently, he is the MITRE project lead for the
Healthcare & Public Health Sector Critical Infrastructure Protection (CIP) Program. In this
role, Krotman supports the Offi ce of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response
within HHS.  e Healthcare and Public Health CIP Program supports Homeland Security
Presidential Directive-7 and the implementation of the National Infrastructure Protection Plan
of 2006. Krotman graduated with distinction from Purdue University with a bachelor’s degree
in computer science.
Robert Lindsay is a professor in the physics department at the University of the Western Cape in
South Africa. He was awarded a Rhodes scholarship in 1978 to study at Oxford in England after
obtaining his BSc in physics at Stellenbosch University in South Africa. He obtained a DPhil in theo-
retical physics at Oxford in 1982. He spent two years as a postdoc at Daresbury Laboratory in the
United Kingdom and then joined the University of the Western Cape. His present research interests
are in applied nuclear physics, specifi cally radon measurements and the use of natural radioactivity.
Sudarshan K. Loyalka is a curators’ professor of nuclear engineering and chemical engineer-
ing and the director of the Particulate Systems Research Center at the University of Missouri-

was a Fulbright fellow at the University of New South Wales in 1992, was named a fellow of the
American Nuclear Society in 1999, and was a William C. Foster fellow with the U.S. Department
of State in 1999–2000. In addition to being a professor at the University of Missouri, he worked at
the U.S. Department of State in the Bureau of AM1S Control in 1999–2000 and with the Idaho
National Engineering Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy in 1987. He has worked in the
areas of arms control for weapons of mass destruction; in the development of nuclear, chemical,
and biological sensors; in the synthesis and application of wide band-gap materials; in directed
energy weapons; in direct energy conversion; and in gaseous electronics. He has published over
200 papers and 5 books and holds 12 national and international patents.
Katie  ompson writes about agriculture and biotechnology for Farming Magazine, Agriculture
Online, and other publications. She has a master’s degree in molecular pathology from the
University of California.
Wade  ompson is an adjunct associate instructor at the University of Missouri-Columbia
Extension Division’s Fire and Rescue Training Institute. He is also a lieutenant with the Columbia,
MO Fire Department; a member of the weapons of mass destruction response unit housed at
the Boone County (MO) Fire Protection District; and a former member of the United States
Marine Corps, Second Recon Battalion.  ompson has over 10 years of experience in hazardous
materials and emergency response.
Herbert K. Tillema is a professor of political science at the University of Missouri-Columbia.
His received his BA from Hope College in 1964 and his PhD from Harvard University in 1969.
Dr. Tillema served as commissioner, State of Missouri Peace Offi cer Standards and Training
Commission from 1992 to 1994. He has written several books and articles on the use of force in
international relations, including Appeal to Force—American Military Intervention in the Era of
Containment and International Armed Confl ict Since 1945.
Authors Ⅲ xxi
Robert V. Tompson, Jr. is an associate professor of nuclear engineering in the Nuclear Science
and Engineering Institute at the University of Missouri-Columbia (MU). He received his BS
in physics in 1980, his MS in nuclear engineering in 1984, and his PhD in nuclear engineering
in 1988, all from MU. Dr. Tompson subsequently worked for three years as a postdoctoral
research associate, fi rst at the University of Kentucky for one year and then back at MU for

ber of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene; she is also board certifi ed in both
family practice and preventive medicine. She received her MD from the University of Minnesota
in 1985 and her MPH from the University of Massachusetts, Worcester, in 1996. She has also been
associated with the MITRE Corporation in McLean, Virginia.

1
1Chapter
Introduction
Dabir S. Viswanath
CONTENTS
World Trade Center Bombing 8
Tokyo Subway Attack 8
Oklahoma City Bombing 9
Internal Terrorism: Republic of Texas (Terrorist Activities of Wise, Grebe,
and Emigh) 10
Second World Trade Center Attack 11
Anthrax  reat 12
References 14
We started teaching a course entitled “Science and Technology of Terrorism and Counterterrorism”
in 2000, before the USS Cole incident in October 2000.  e manuscript for the fi rst edition of
this text was completed after the September 11, 2001, World Trade Center (WTC) disaster, and
the book was published in August 2002.  e Iraq war started on March 20, 2003, to eliminate
weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), but it has now become a war against terrorism and terror-
ists. Today, in 2009, we are living in a world fearful of terrorism. We may not be able to completely
eliminate terrorism, but we can work toward reducing terrorism. Education is one of the avenues
to reduce terrorism, and we hope this book will contribute toward this goal.
 e Rand report [1] under the chairmanship of Governor Gilmore of Virginia stated that
 e United States needs a functional, coherent national strategy for domestic preparedness
against terrorism. Administrative measurements of program implementation are not
meaningful for the purposes of strategic management and obscure the more funda-

strategy should provide direction and priorities for RDT&E for combating terrorism.
We believe that the Federal government has primary responsibility for combating
terrorism RDT&E. Local jurisdictions and most states will not have the resources to
engage in the research and development required in the sophisticated environment
that may be a part of the nation’s response to terrorism. Moreover, we have essentially
no nationally recognized standards in such areas as personal protective equipment,
detection equipment, and laboratory protocols and techniques.
 us the report clearly points to the fact that counterterrorism measures must be developed
and should be in place, and that research, development, testing, and evaluation must be supported.
To carry out signifi cant research in any area, students must be educated and future research needs
to be explored. It was with this objective in mind that we developed a curriculum in the area of
the scientifi c and technological aspects of terrorism and counterterrorism. Our search for courses
that dealt with the scientifi c and technological aspects of terrorism and counterterrorism revealed
that the engineering and science departments did not teach any course of this nature, but a large
number of such courses were taught by faculty in political science, public policy, and related areas.