TONG HOP-PHAN
TICH-Di;
BAO
Chu
nghia Mac
-
mo
hinh
tan co
flien mm cua chu
nghia
lu ban
Tac gia: Giao
su"
Hiroshi Ohnishi-
Nguoi dich: Hoang Van Cuang*, Iran Quang Tuyen"
C
hil nghia Mac bao gdm hai
linh vyc nghien ctru, la hpc
thuyet gia tri thang du va
chti
nghia duy vat lich sir. Trong do hpc
thuyet gia tri thang du da Mac dugc
trinh bay tron ven trong bd sach "Tu
ban". Nhung nghien ctru ve
chii
nghia duy vat lich sir thi chua cd mpt
cudn sach nao nhu vay, va vdi y
nghia do, chting ta se phai cd nhiem
vu trinh bay van de nay theo
each

chti
nghia tu
ban, che dp Stalin d Lien Bang Xd
Viet va nhtrng dieu kien can thiet de
xoa bd sy bdc lot vd'n bdt ngudn ttr
bdt binh ddng ve tai san giua ngudi
giau
va ngudi ngheo
I. "Chu nghia xa hoi"
la
gi?
Cho de'n nay, van de quan trpng
nhat ddi vdi chting ta la hieu nhu the
nao ve cai gpi la
"Chii
nghia xa hpi"
d Lien Xd trudc nam 1991 va d Ddng
Au trudc nam 1989. Ndi
each
khac la
cd phai sy sup dd
ciia
Ddng Au va
Lien Xd chinh la sy ket thtic
ctia chti
nghia xa hpi? Neu khdng tra ldi
dupe
cau hdi nay, thi chting ta, nhung
ngudi theo chu nghia Mac, se khdng
the ndi

ban nha nudc" d Nhat Ban tmdc
nam 1945, d
Dire
tmdc nam 1945, d
Indonesia trudc
1967,
tai Ai Cap
tmdc nam
1970,
d Nga tmdc nam
1991,
d An Dp nam
1991
va tai Trung
Qudc trudc nam
1978.
Va sau cac
nam dd, tat ca nhung qudc gia nay
da trd thanh
"chti
nghia lu ban tu
nhan". Mac
dti
da cd
mOt
sd sy khac
biet giua Nhat Ban,
Dire,
Indonesia,
Ai Cap, An Dp va Trung Qudc, Nga,

ngudi ndng dan. Ngoai ra phien ban
dau tien cua dao luat ve nha may
cung cho phep cac nha tu ban bdt
budc ngudi lao ddng phai lam viec
trong thdi gian dai ban. Nhtrng sy
kien nay chtrng td rdng, vai tro
ciia
Nha nudc Anh
ltic
dd hoan toan
gidng vdi vai trd
ctia"chii
nghia tu
ban nha nudc".
• Gido su Kinh
16'
cua
D^i
tipc
Kyoto,
Nh$t
Ban; Pho Chu lich Hiep hoi The gioi ve Kinh
te
Chinh
iri
Nghii^n ciju .sinh nRinh
kinh le
chinh
Iri,
Truons

bao dam bdi hang loat
cac dieu luat
ctia
Nha nudc. Hon the
nua da cd nhtrng chinh sdch can
thiep
ciia
chinh
phti
nhdm chuan bj
cho sy phat trien kinh te theo hudng
thi trudng trong cac giai doan sau
nay.
II.
Chil
nghia
tir
ban
la gi?
Tuy nhien, de lam rd hon
nhung hieu biet tren, chting ta nen
dinh nghia lai
"chii
nghia tu ban" bdi
vi chiing ta khdng the sir dung khai
niem
"chii
nghia tu ban nha nudc"
khi khdng co khai niem ve
chii

khdng he co bat cir mdt phuong lien
may mdc hien dai nao, chi cd nhtrng
cdng cu lao ddng, va nhung thp
thti
cdng sir dung cac cdng cu san xuat
vdi trinh dp gid'ng nhau nhung lai tao
ra nhtrng san pham vdi chat luong
khac nhau. Neu vay thi dieu gi tao
nen sy khac biet dd? Tdi cho rdng sy
khac biet dd Id do cd sy khac biel ve
ky nang lao dpng. Va theo y nghia
nay thi nhiem vu quan trpng nhat ddi
vdi xa hpi phong kien la lam cho cdc
ky nang dd nhay ben d cap dp qud'c
gia. Vdi muc dich nay, xa hdi dd tao
nen nhirng he thdng lam viec dya
iiaiig
1: Hai giai
tSoaa
ctia chu nghia lu ban va cac dang chinh tri cam
qu,>rn
.Nhat
Ban
T>iK
Indonesia
.\i Cap
Truno
QutH:
>ga
An Do

(jorkal(Suh,irto)
Sadat
D.Tiig
Cpiig
s.in
Inmg
Quoc
(Rang)
Vchsiu
Bang dan loc (Rao)
tren tham nien nghe nghiep, vi
nhung ngudi lao ddng
lau
nam ban
thi dp lanh nghe, nang suat ban va
bang he thdng nay ngudi lao ddng cd
the lam viec d ciing mdt nha may
trong sudt cudc ddi minh de trau ddi
ky day
dti
ky nang
ciia
minh. Trong
dieu kien lam viec nhu vay, mdi
quan he gitra ngudi vdi ngudi trd
thanh sy hpc hdi ve nghe nghiep va
chinh dieu nay da bien ddi thanh
mpt triet ly nhu Khdng giao.
Dac tinh can thie'l
ciia

nay khdng cdn ntia. Trong xa hdi
mdi,
sd luong vd chat lupng
ctia
san
pham dupe quye't dinh chinh bdi sd
luong va chat lupng
ctia
mdy mdc
thie't bi, khi dd cdng nhan khdng can
phai cd ky nang tinh xao, va chi la
yeu to phu. Va sy thay ddi quan trpng
nha't tir xa hdi cti la sy yeu the cua
ngudi
lao
ddng khi thuong lupng dd'i
vdi nhtrng nha lu ban, bdi vi thyc te
dd nhiing nha tu ban cd the tap hop
nhtrng nhan cdng khdng cd ky nang
mdt
each dk
dang ttr thi tmdng lao
ddng . Gid day, bat ky ngudi lao dpng
nao
Iren
thj tmdng lao ddng cung cd
the thay the vi tri ciia nhtrng cdng
nhan dang lam viec trong nha may.
Do vay, dudi dieu kien nay,
mirc luong

chiing ta nen luu y mdt so diem va
dieu dau tien chinh la thai dp
ciia
chiing ta ddi vdi chu nghia tu ban.
Chting ta khdng he chi trich
chii
nghia tu ban ma chi nhdm ly giai tai
sao chiing ta can
chti
nghia lu ban
sau cudc
each
mang cdng nghiep.
Ndi each khac, khi
chii
nghia tu ban
dupe
nghien ciru tbi chting la nen
4D
KINHTE
CHAU
A -THAI BINH DUONG S<i 268-269 (6/2009)
IONG
HOP-PHAN TiCH-D'J
BAO
nhin
nhSn
dudi gdc dp Mac-xit. Dieu dd cung hoan toan
giong nhu thyc le la khi ndi ve
chii

chti
nghia Mac co khac biet nhieu so vdi nhtmg
each
hieu
khac dang cd ve
chti
nghia Mac thi "tinh lich sir" va "duy
vat" van la nhtmg ye'u to mang tinh quye't dinh nhat va vi
vay sy hieu bie't
ctia
tdi chdc chdn la mdt sy hieu bie't
thuoc chil nghia Mac.
Thir ba,
each
hieu nhu vay ve loai hinh xa hpi sau
cupc
each
mang cdng nghiep
pbii
hop khi
dupe
gpi la
chil nghia lu ban, bdi vi vdi loai hinh xa hdi nay thi vd'n
(tu ban) la nhan td quan trpng va loan bd he thdng xa hpi
dupe
phuc vu cho qua trinh tich luy lu ban. Vi du, giao
phai Tin lanh da phuc vu cho muc dich nay d cac nudc
phuong Tay, trong khi dd dao Khdng va Phat giao lai
dupe
cai bie'n de phuc vy muc dich nay trong thdi ky Edo

nghia Mac.
Do do, de lam
dupe
dieu nay, tmdc bet chiing la thie't lap
m
\m°m'
(i)
-m
(2)
mpt nen kinh te bang hai ham san xuat sau day:
Trong
d6,(K
K, L, s, va a), Y the hien san lupng
hang hoa tieu dting,
K
la lupng vdn,
L
la tdng sd lao ddng,
.?
la ti le long sd lao dpng
dupe
sir dung cho san xuat
hang hoa lieu diing, va
a
chi cdng nghe dupe sir dung.
Xin km y rdng s cd Ihe
dupe
hieu nhu Id ly le lao dpng
dting de san xudt bang boa tieu dting cho con ngudi
trong ky ban ngdn,

tiinniij;
trii
ini
cua
tj
ic
von - lao dong
sau cuoc
each
mang
cong
nghiep
C\i6c
cich mang
cong nghiep
Hinh 2;
Oirtm^
trin^
truxm^
toi
ini
cua
"t\
1^
tiet kiem"
Nau
cuoc
_
each
mane

hang boa tieu diing trong ky liep theo, khong phai
i
ho
S6
268-269
(6/2009)
KINHTt
CHAUA
-THAI BINH DUONG
4-
1
[DliN
DAN
I
FORUM]
san xuat
tu ban
trong thdi
ky
phong kien, nhung
sau dd
va
cho de'n khi dat
dupe
gia tri can
bdng cudi cting,
chiing
ta nen
nhanh chdng
ttr bd

tu ban hay
"chii
nghia cdng
san"
Ngoai
ra can
phai
luu y
rdng
md
hinh
nay
khong
chi
mang tinh
duy vat
lich
sir ma cdn bao gdm ly
thuyet
ve
gia
tri
thang
du
ctia chti
nghia
Mac
trong phuong thirc
sau
day:

vdi ciing md#t
sd
lupng
cdng nhan,
hay noi
each
khac,
td'i
thieu
boa
lupng nhan
cdng
can
thiet
de san
xuat khdi lupng hang
hda
tuong
duong.
Vl the, d day
thudc
do duy
nhdt
ctia
san
xuat
chinh
la sd
lupng cdng nhan.
De giai thich dieu

Cdng nghe
thu
hai
ket hpp
nhan
td la 5
may
mdc va
200
gid
cong
lao
dpng,
Cong nghe
thu ba ket hpp
nhan
to
la 10
may mdc
va
50 gid
cdng
lao
ddng,
Cong nghe thtr
tu ket bop
nhan
to la 20 may mdc va
20
gid

thie't
cho bdn
cdng
nghe tren
la:
0x10+ 1000
=
1000
gid,
cdng nghe thir nhat,
5
X
10 + 200 = 250 gid,
cdng nghe thtr
hai,
10
x 10 + 50 =
150
gid,
cdng nghe thir
ba,
20
X
10 + 20 = 220 gid,
edng nghe thir
tu.
Do
dd, xa hdi
loai ngudi
nen

ddng.
Day
chinh
la ly
thuyet
gia tri lao
ddng.
Tuy nhien, thyc
te la
khdng
dk de dat
dupe
myc
dich cudi ciing,
vi sy
tich
luy tu ban cdn
thie't
eho
cdng
nghe thtr
ba la rat kin va
kVn
ban
tdng
san
pham trong
mpt
nam.
Vi vay, xa hdi

nhieu
thdi gian
de dat ldi
diem
dd, hay ndi mdt
each khac,
chiing
ta se
trai
qua
thdi
ky chu
nghia
tu ban
trong thdi
gian
bao lau.
Theo quan diem
ciia
tdi, vi
phdn
san
pham
qud'c
dan
danh
cho
tich
ly tu ban la
phuc

theo
each
hieu rdng
hon
ciia
chu
nghia
duy vat
lich
sir, vi sy bdc lot dd
phuc
vu con
ngudi
trong
ddi ban. It
nha't
thi,
theo
each
hieu nay, chiing
ta co
the
md
rdng
Iy
thuyet
gid tri lao
ddng
Iri Iheo
trien vpng

ngheo.
Ndi
dting
ra la
trong
md
binh
ciia
chiing
ta, "boc
lot"
dupe
bieu
nhu ti le ddu tu cua
long
sdn
phdm qudc
npi (GDP) hoac
li
le
lao
ddng dupe
sir
dung
cho
lich
tu lu
ban theo nghia
Id
phan

bdi vi
trong nhtmg
xa hdi nay "tu
ban"
boc
lot ngudi
dan.
Nhung
mat
khac, tren thyc
te, xa hdi
ctia
chiing
ta van
thudng
cd bat
binh ddng
ve thu
nhap
hay
tai
san
giua nhung
eac ca
nhan,
va sy
chenh lech
nay
dem
de'n cho

dinh
bdi cdc nha
phan lich Macxit va
mdt
nha
Macxit Nhat
Ban
Shubei
Mizuchi
(Mizuchi
1984).
Hp
bdo ve
quan diem rdng trong dieu kien cdng nghe
vdi
Ipi
tuc
gidm
ddn
Iheo
lu ban,
viec chuyen giao
lu ban ttr
ngudi giau sang ngudi ngheo
da lao ra
nhieu
sdn
lupng,
va
thudng

duy nhdt gitra
ban
than viec
"cho
thue"
va
viec
lam
cdng
42
KINHTE
CHAUA
-THAI BINH DUONG
S6
268-269 (6/2009)
TONG
HOP-PHAN
TiCH-Di;
BAO
an lutmg la d nai ma
nguf'ri
ngheo lam viec, ndi
each
cua sy uu tien thdi gian nhu
du(;c
trinh bay tai chii thich
khac,
la noi may mdc
dupe
van hanh. sd 4.

thieu sd khac d Hoa Ky, hoac d Tmng
Qudc hay tai cac nuoc Dong
.Nam
A.
2) Mpt dieu kien nua phuc tap hon
mpt chiit vi no kem
Iheo
rat nhidu dieu
kien phu khac:. Truoc tien. toan bp thang
du
dupe
lao ra ttr hop dong "cho thue" do
ngudi giau ndm giu. Thu hai, khong co
(ho ngudi ngheo thue, va bdng hpp dong cho thue nay, khau hao. Thu ba, khdng cd thi trudng vdn noi ngudi giau
ly le tu ban-lao dpng cua ca hai ben deu bdng nhau. Do ban tu ban cho ngudi ngheo. Thu tu, ngudi giau khdng
la diem tdi uu cho toan xa hpi vdi cdng nghe nay, nhung cd ky vpng dai han nao dya tren ly tri. Trong cac dieu
van de la d cho la ai cb the ndm phan thang du
dupe
tao kien nay, tham chi khi ngudi giau da dat
dupe mi.ir
dich
ra do qua trinh thay ddi dd. Cac nha Macxit phan tich cudi ciing, anh ta van cd the ky mdt hpp ddng "cho thue"
thira nhan rdng lat ca phan thang du dd se do ngudi giau vdn vdi ngudi ngheo, va nhan lay phan thang du, sau dd
ndm giir, l)di hp manh htm
ngutii
ngheo, va hp xac dinh tdi da hoa thang du dd, nhieu tu ban
du(;c
tich luy bdi
phan thang du ma ngudi giau gianh
dupe

6
l.ao San
dong \
lutmg
1 1
1
i
2.5
nguni
N gheo va
Ttian xd
hoi
Tu-
han
12
12
I.an
dont;
2
2
San
lui./ng
4
5
btic
lot"
ctia
nha tu ban.
nguon von
ciia

vd'
tai san sau cting se bie'n Trong thyc le, toi nghi rdng hinh thtrc thtr
nhai ctia
mai
b(>i
kel qua cua tich lu tai san
ciia
nhung ngudi sy
"biJc
kit" lien tuc nghiem Irpng htm, va
c>
dti mau
ngheo, va ca hai viec cho thue tu ban cung nhu "bdc lot" thudn Ipi ich gitra ngudi giau va
ngucii
ngheo trd Ihanh
se kel thtic bdi vi sy bat binh ddng nay chinh la dieu kien mau thudn giua cac nhom sdc tpc. Du sao thi Idi cung
lien quyei cho
ht;p
ddng cho Ihue tu ban. Chinh vi the, nghi rdng day khting phai van de xa hpi
chti
nghia hay ttr
khi
chimg la lien tdi
dupe
ly le tu ban-lao dpng ldi uu nhu ban
chti
nghia, va can phai giai quyet bdng cac triei ly xa
da
innh
bay trong muc 4 phan chu thich, se la luc cao hpi khac, tham chi nhung triet ly nay ciing

thuimg xuyen
bd qua kha nang nay, va cd the hieu rdng
chii
nghia ttr
liiy
nhit-n,
Ihdng than ma ndi, duoi mdt sd dieu ban se chdm
diit
khi chung ta dat
dtin
ty le lu ban - lao
kien, sy chenh lech lai san se khdng the bie'n mat, va vi ddng "tdi uu"
vay viec lam cong an luang va
".sy
bdc lot" se lien tuc l6n . Tuy nhien, neu tap tmng vao kha nang nay, chung
tni.
Nhirng
di.'-ti
kien do la:
,a ^,-,
„,g
„r^
.^
^.y,
3,-,
^-^^^^
p^,^p
^^ ^^.^^^ ^,,
„,.,,,,,.,
^^^^.^

che
dau tu.
Mdt each khac
la
each
tbuc
ctia
nhung ngudi theo
chii
nghia cdng doan. Hp yeu cau
trich mpt phan
ctia
"thang du"
dupe
tao ra bdi cac hpp ddng
"cho thue", va bang
each
chia
se
na\',
dpng lyc dau
tu
ctia
nhung ngudi giau cb the giam
di.
Nhung
each
thirc nay
cd
the

ra
mdt bien phap khac,
va kien nghi
ciia
tdi
la
thiet
lap nen thi trudng vd'n de cho
ngudi giau ban
tuban ciia
hp.
Hay noi mdt
each
khac, kien
nghi nay
la
each
de dap
iing
cac dieu kien ddn den ngudi
giau
va
ngudi ngheo
cd the
ddng thdi tie'n tdi
ti
le tu ban-
lao ddng tdi uu. Chung tdi tim
thdy
each

tan cd
dien,
nhu
md
hinh
ctia
chting
ta
cung chinh
la
mdt hinh thtrc
tan cd dien. Dieu do co phai la
ngdu nhien hay khdng?
Chu thich
1
Gia dinh
rang
Ipi
ich tic
then
la
logarit cia
Y.
2
Chjig
ta gia djnh rang
a
chay
tuO
len mot

cua
thoi gian
va
phai giai
thich
v4
"ty le
dY
dK 1 _
dY
dK
dL p dL
tuban-lao
dong toj uu" trong phuong trinh sau;
6
day p the hen uu
tien thoi
gian.
Ve ben
phai aja
phuong trinh the
hien
nang
siat
bien
aJa
lao dong
true tiep
va ve ben trai the
hien

Ly do khong cd ty le
giCia
tong sd lao ddng
sir dung
cho
vigc
san xuat
hang hoa
teu duig
(s) trong phuong trinh nay la
chirg
ta chi can cac
di&j kJen
ve cdng nghe
aJa
haj ham san xuat nay
d^
giai
phuong trinh
(j).
Tudd,
chung ta cd duoc ty
16
nguon v6n — lao dpng
tfii uu nhu sau
(
K
L
a
1

trong dd hau td
1
diing de chi ngudi giau, hau td 0 dting de chi ngudi ngheo. Vi dy
,
A']
nghia Id
lubdn
cua ngudi
giau, va chiing la gia djnh rdng
Kj
>
KQV\
ngudi ngudi gidu cd nguon tu ban ldn hon ngudi ngheo.
Hc/n
ntra, ham f(.)
Id sy the hien don gian hod cua ham san
xuai
ve hang hoa lieu dung.
Chdng han, f(K,,
Lj)
nghia Id
Y=L]'-<^Kj".
d
day.
/{^4^.4V/
(K.+K
"
' L
44-
la

manh de thu bet gia tri thang
du. Bdng
each
tinh loan
d6
dang, chting la da
difen
ta
dupe
mpt
each
don gian ve gia tn thu
dupe
(5) nhu sau:
G =
K,+K,
,L,
+
J
f
V
K„+K,
A
\-f{Ko.L,
Do dd, nhiem vy liep theo
ciia
chiing ta la trinh bay
ve nhting dieu kien
ctia
muc dich cudi cung

ly le tu
ban-lpi
nhuan tdi
uu cua ngudi giau.
Tuy nhien, mat khac, Ipi ich
ctia
ngudi ngheo cung
gdn nhu gidng vdi muc dp khdi diem
ctia
san xuai tmdc
khi "cho thue" vi ngudi ngheo khdng the ndm giu
dupe
phan thang du nhd "cho thue". Do dd, dieu kien
ciia
muc
dich cudi ciing cd the dien ta nhu sau:
dK dL
p~
dL
va ty
le
lao ddng-tu ban "tdi uu"
ciia
ngudi ngudi
ngheo trd Ihanh:
1
(K ^
L
a
\-a p

dupe
muc dich thi ngudi giau da tien tdi muc
dich cudi cting
ctia
hp, nhu the hien trong phuang trinh
(4),
thi tinh hinh se thay doi.
Do la trong trudng hpp mirc dp tich luy tu ban
ctia
ngudi ngheo la
As
va dudi (4), ngudi giau se dat
dupe
la 1
L
-
ks
,
\- a p
va mirc nay ldn hon (4). Tuy nhien, tham chi khi
ngudi giau dat tdi mirc nay, thi ngudi ngheo van tiep tuc
lich luy tu ban de dat
dupe
muc dich cudi ciing (4). Do
dd, vao Ihdi diem nay, loan bp lu ban tich luy bdi ngudi
giau va ngudi ngheo se vupt qua
\-a p
Dd chinh
la
sy tich luy qua mirc. Dieu nay co the

Cach
hi^u mcji ve
Chil nghia Mac, Quy san
KJnh \€
Chinh tri,
Higp hOi KJnh tS
Chinh trj
Nhat Ban, Chuong 42, Tap 1, Nhat Ban.
Yamashita, Y. va Ohnishi, H., (2002),
Kh6i
phuc
Chii
nghia Mac theo
mo hinh Tang truing Toi uu Tan c6
6\k\,
Seikei
Kenkyu, Seikei Kenkyu,
Vien
Kinh
t^
chinh
tri,
so 78, Nhat Ban.
Yamashita, Y. va Ohnishi, H., (2003), Lao
d6ng
la Nhan t6
OSu tlSn
ciia
San xuat trong "MO hinh
Chii

A
-THAI BINH
DUONG
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