CHINH TRI - KINH TE - XA HOI
m*
A
CHU HGHIAXA HOI DAC
SAC
TRUNG tUOJ
QUA TRINH
HINH
THANH
VA PHAT TRM
Tom tdt noi dung: Bai viet trinh bay va phan tich qua trinh nhan thflc ciia cac the he lanh
dao khac nhau eua Trung Qud'c ve CNXH, nhflng noi dung chu yeu cua CNXH dac sic Trung
Qud'c, sau dd neu len mot
so'
nhan
x6t.
TUkhoa:
Trung Qud'c, CNXH, XNXH dac sic Trung Qud'c
PGS.
TS
D6
TI^'N
SAM
Vien Nghien ctiu Trung Qudc
C
hu nghia xa hpi dac sic Trung
Quo'c dupc hinh thdnh trong
qua trinh cai
each
vd md cfla,
la

thg
khic
nhau ndn cac
th§'
h$
lanh dao khac nhau
cl Trung Quoc da c6 nhflng ly giai khac
nhau ve CNXH,
din
den nhflng ke't qua
khac
nhau.
1.
The he lanh dao do Mao Trach
Dong
Um
dai
bi^u
The he
lanh
dao thfl
nhd't
do Mao
Trach Dong
Idm
dai bieu, tfl
ndra
1935
sau khi gianh dUdc quyen lanh dao, do
ke't hdp ddng din, nen da thinh cong

n§u
len
nhflng suy
nghi
ve quy luat xay dflng
CNXH,
bade ddu
dgt nen mdng cho con
dudng XHCN dgc sdc Trung Qudc.
Tuy nhien, ngay sau dd, do Iy giai mpt
cich may mdc, giao dieu ve Chu nghia
Mic,
nha'n manh va tuyet do'i hda ly
luan
ve da'u tranh giai
cd'p
cua Chu
nghia Mac, tfl do neu len cac chu trUdng
dudng
ldi
sai lam nhU
"Id'y
da'u tranh
giai ca'p lam cUdng linh", "tie'p tuc cich
mang khong ngflng dUdi nen chuyen
chinh vo sin",
"dd'u
tranh cho'ng phii
dUdng quyen di theo con dUdng
TBCN".v.v.

tjch, chdng ta phai kien quyet ung hp,
pham la nhflng chi thj cua Mao Chu tjch,
chdng ta phai tuyet do'i tuan theo). Thflc
cha't cua quan diem nay la
mudri
tilp tuc
thuc hien Chu nghia Mao khong cd Mao.
Viec neu len quan diem nay cung la do
khong danh gia dung
dan
thflc te Trung
Qudc sau Cach mang vin hda.
Kit
qua
cudi cung li: quan
di^m trSn
hi phe phan
tai Hpi nghi Trung fldng 3 khoa XI Dang
Cong san Trung Qudc (12/1978), cdn ban
than Hoa Qudc Phong phai thoi gifl chflc
Chu tjch Dang, uy vien Bp Chinh trj
va
Thu tudng Qudc vu vien.
2.
Nh^n
thurc cua the he lanh dao thur
hai do Dang Tieu Binh la dai bieu.
Sau khi gianh thing Idi tai Hpi nghj
Trung Udng 3 khda XI, tap the
thi

Qudc de cap
din
khai niem "CNXH co
dac sic Trung Qudc." Tfl day ve sau, vdi
tinh than "giai phdng tU tudng, thflc sfl
cau thj," Dang Tieu Binh vi tap the
lanh
dao da din dan neu len quan diem nhdm
giai dip cic vd'n de nhU: con dUdng phat
trien, giai doan phit trien, nhiem vu cdn
ban, quy luat phat trien, bao dam chinh
trj,
budc di chien
lUdc,
Iflc
Ifldng lanh
dao va
Iflc
Ifldng la cho dUa v.v , tfl d6
NGHliN CUU TRUNG
QUOC
sif 12(100)
-
2009
Chu
nghTa
xa hdi
ddc
sac
Trung

XV);
bd tfl "c6" trong cum tfl "CNXH co
dac sic Trung Qudc" viet thanh "CNXH
dac sic Trung Quoc" (Dai hpi XVI). Dac
biet, nhim tra ldi cau hdi "the nao la
dang cam quyen va xay dflng ding cim
quyen nhU
thi
nao", Giang Trach Dan
da neu len ly thuyit ve "ba dai dien",
theo do lin diu tien dat van de Dang
Cong sin Trung Quo'c "dai dien cho yeu
ciu phit trien cua
Iflc lUdng
sin xuat
tien tiln" thay cho quan diem dai dien
cho "quan he sin
xud't
tien tien" trUdc
day. Tfl do, Dang Cong sin Trung Qud'c
chu trUdng md rpng cd sd xa hpi cua
Dang bing
each kit
nap nhdng phin td
tien tien trong cic "giai ting xa hpi mdi",
trong do cp ting ldp chu doanh nghiep tU
nhan
vao
Dang. Bdi le, nlu nhU trUdc
day ting ldp ndy bj quy la "ke bdc

thay cho "lay dan lam goc" trUdc day,
"phit trien khoa hpc" thay cho "phit
trien la dao ly chung" trUdc day va ly
luan ve xa hpi hai boa xa hpi chu nghia.
Dac biet, trong bao cao chinh trj dpc
tai
dai hpi
XVII DCS Trung Qudc (15-10-
2007),
Tdng Bi thU DCS Trung Qudc Hd
Cam Dao khi phan tich nguyen nhan
can
ban cua mpi thanh tflu va tiln bp dat dUdc
trong thdi ky cai cich md cfla d Trung
Quo'c da nha'n manh, suy cho cdng chinh
la: "Md ra con dUdng XHCN dac sic Trung
Qudc, hinh thanh nen he tho'ng ly
lUan'
XHCN dac sic Trung Qudc".
vi con dudng XHCN ddc sdc Trung
Qud'c, bio cio
chi
ro: Con dUdng XHCN
NGHliN CllU TRUNG
QUOC
sA
12(100)
-
2009
Dd

la d cho vda phdi kien tri
nhOng
nguyen
tac cd bdn cua CNXH khoa hgc, lgi vda
phdi cdn cd vdo thiic te ddt
nUdc,
dgc
triing thdi dgi vd dgc sdc Trung Quo'c ro
ret. Cud'i cung, bao cao nha'n manh: d
Trung Qudc hien nay, kien tri con dUdng
XHCN dac sic Trung Quo'c, chinh la
chan chinh kien tri chu nghia xa hpi.
vi
ly luan XHCN dgc sdc Trung Qud'c,
bio cao chi ro: He tho'ng Iy luan XHCN
dac sic Trung Qudc bao gdm ly luan
Dang Tieu Binh, tu tudng quan trpng
"ba dai dien" va quan diem phit trien
khoa hpc. He tho'ng ly luan nay, kien tri
va phit trien chu nghia Mic - Lenin, tU
tudng Mao Trach Dong , la thanh qua
mdi nha't cua viec Trung Quo'c hoa chu
nghia Mac, la tai san chinh trj
va
tinh
than quy hiu nha't cua Dang, la nen
tang tu tudng chung cua nhan dan cic
dan tpc toan qudc doan
kit
pha'n di'u.

la
chan chinh kien tri
chu nghia Mac.
Nhu vay,
din
Dai hpi XVII (2007)
CNXH dac sdc Trung Quo'c da djnh hinh
vdi "rapt ngpn cd" (CNXH dac sac Trung
Quo'c
la
ngpn cd pha'n da'u doan
kit
nhan
dan cac dan tpc trong ca nfldc), "mpt ly
luan" (tflc he thong ly
luan
CNXH dac
sac Trung Quoc) va "mpt con dUdng" (tflc
con dudng XHCN dac sac Trung Qudc).
Day cung chinh la
kit
qua cua mpt qua
trinh 60 ndm, trong dd 30
ndte
tiln
hanh cai each md cfla nhdm tim toi giai
quylt vd'n de phat trien cua Trung Quo'c.
Dieu nay mpt Ian nfla dUdc Tong BI thU,
Chu tjch nUdc Hd Cam Dao trong bii
dien van Ky niem 60 nam Quo'c khanh

-
2009
Chii nghTa
xa hoi
ddc
sdc Trung Quoc
sau dd tilp tuc bd sung va
hoan
thien
trong qua trinh cai each md cfla. Cho
den nay, he tho'ng ly
luan
do da budc diu
dUdc djnh hinh vdi bon tru cot chinh
la
kinh tl, chinh tri, van hda
va
xa hpi. Dai
hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc dat va'n de :
Nhim thich flng vdi nhflng biln ddi mdi
cua tinh hinh trong nfldc
va
quo'c tl, dap
flng ky vpng mdi cd dUdc cupc song tot
dep hdn cua nhan dan cac dan tpc, DCS
Trung Quo'c phai nim vflng xu
thi va
quy
luat
phat

cbl dieu tilt vi mo, hodn
thi§n
chflc nang
quan ly
va
djch vu cong cua chinh phu, tao
ra sfl bao dam ve mat the cbl cho viec xay
dflng toan dien xa hpi kha gia v.v
Dai hoi XVII DCS Trung Qudc (2007)
dat va'n de: Phai nhan thflc sau sic hdn
quy
luat
kinh tl thj trUdng XHCN, tfl
mat
chi
dp phat huy tot hdn vai trd
raang
tinh
cd sd cua thj trUdng trong
viec sip
xIp
cic ngudn
Iflc,
tfl dd binh
thanh nen he tho'ng dieu tilt vi rao cd ldi
cho phat trien mpt each khoa bpc, nhira
thflc hien muc tieu thuc day nen kinh tl
qudc dan phit trien "vfla tdt, vfla nhanh".
Dai hpi da de ra 8 giai phip, bao gdm:
Mgt

nong thon, thdc
day xay dflng nong thon mdi XHCN. Bdn
la, tdng cfldng tilt kiera nang
lUdng
va
tai nguyen, bao ve raoi trUdng sinh thii,
tang cUdng nang
Iflc
phit trien ben vflng.
Ndm la, thuc day phit trien bdi
boa
cic
vung raien, Uu hoi bo' cue khai phit dat
dai.
Sdu
Id,
hodn thien cbl dp kinh tl cd
ban, kien toan he tho'ng thj trUdng hien
dai.
Bdy la, di sau cai cich the cbl tdi
cbinh, thul, tien te, hoan thien he tho'ng
dieu tilt vi rao. Tdm la, md rpng dp rpng
va dp sau cua md do'i ngoai, nang cao
trinh dp kinh tl md.
Nhflng giai phip tren se tang cUdng
thflc
Iflc
kinh tl, tao dpng
Iflc
de hoan

tl phi cong hflu phat trien lanh manh",
tao moi trUdng canh tranh binh dang
cho cic thanh phan kinh tl thupc cic
loai hinh sd hflu khic nhau.
2.
Ve mat chinh trj
Ngay tfl khi bit diu tiln hdnh cai
cich md cfla, vao nam 1979 Dang Tieu
Binh da neu len luan diem quan trpng:
Khong
CO
dan chu thi se khong cd CNXH,
khong cd hien dai hoi XHCN. Dai hpi
XIII
DC^
Trung Qudc (1987) chinh thdc
neu len phUdng hUdng cai cich the cbl
chinh trj d Trung Quo'c la "xay dflng nen
chinh trj dan chu XHCN co dac sic
Trung Quo'c". Sau sU kien Thien An Mon
mfla he
nam
1989, Dai hpi XIV DCS
Trung Qudc (1992) nha'n manh : "Cai
cich the cbl chinh trj, muc tieu li xiy
dflng nen dan chu XHCN co dac sic
Trung Qudc, quylt khong phai la thflc
hien cbl dp da dang va cbl dp nghj vien
cua phUdng Tay". Dai hpi XV DCS Trung
Qudc (1997) neu len : "Tilp tuc thdc day

chinh trj dan chu XHCN; cdn quan
ly da't nUdc bang phap
luat
la "phUdng
lUdc
cd bdn" Dang lanh dao nhan dan
giai quylt cac cong viec cua da't nfldc.
Dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Qudc (2007),
trUdc nhflng biln ddi mdi cua tinh hinh
quo'c tl, Trung Quo'c va ban than DCS
Trung Qudc, bao cao chinh trj dai hpi
khang djnh se kien djnh khong thay ddi
phit trien nen chinh trj dan chu XHCN,
trong do nha'n manh hai muc tieu: Mgt
la, cai
each
the
chi
chinh trj phai khong
ngflng nang cao de thich flng vdi sU phit
trien kinh tl xa hpi va tinh tich cUc
tham gia chinh trj cua nhan dan. Hai
Id,
kien tri sfl tho'ng
nhd't
hflu cd gifla sfl
lanh dao cua Dang, nhan dan
lam
chu
va quan ly da't nfldc theo phap luat, kien

Trung
Qudc
chu cua nhan dan; hai
Id,
phat trien dan
chu d cd sd, bao dam cho nhan dan dfldc
. hudng quyen dan chu cao hdn, thilt thflc
hdn; ba
Id,
thflc hien toan dien phfldng
cham chiln
lUdc
quan ly dd't nUdc theo
phap luat, nhanh chdng xay
dUng
nhd
nUdc phap trj XHCN; bdn
Id,
lam
Idn
manh mat
tran
tho'ng nha't yeu nUdc,
doan kit
ta't ca mpi Iflc
lUdng
cd the dodn
kit;
ndm la, diy nhanh cai
each

nhd't
vdi nhau ve muc
tieu
la
xdy diing, phdt trien nin chinh tri
ddn chu,
XHCN.
Tuy nhien, vl mat npi
dung va giai phip, tuy tinh hinh cu the -
moi nha lanh dao cd nhflng cich dat van
de khic nhau, nhUng xu hudng chung Id
md rgng ddn chu vd tdng cUdng y thdc
phdp tri.
3.
Ve mdt vdn hoa
Xay dflng vdn boa
la
rapt npi dung
cua Iy
luan
ve xay dflng vdn minh tinh
thin XHCN. Ly
luan
nay dUdc Dang
Tieu Binh neu Ien, sau dd dUdc khdng
dinh
t^i
Dai hpi XII DCS Trung
Qudc
NGHliN CUU TRUNG

de
xdy diing con ngUdi, diing
nhOng
tdc
phdm Uu tu de cd vu con ngUdi, bdi
dudng cong dan XHCN cd ly tudng, cd
dgo ddc, cd vdn hod, cd ky lugt.
Vl mat van hoi, vao thing 7-1991,
Giang Trach Dan trong mpt bai phit
bieu da neu len phfldng hUdng cho ring:
Phit huy vi phit trien
van
hoi XHCN,
kl thfla phat huy van hoi truyen thd'ng
cua dan tpc, ddng thdi the hien tinh than
thdi dai cua CNXH, tilp thu day du
thanh qua Uu td cua vdn hei nhan loai.
Dai hpi XV DCS Trung Qudc (1997)
nha'n raanh: Coi viec bdi dudng cong dan
cd ly tudng, cd vdn hoi, co dao ddc, cd ky
luat la muc tieu; phdt trien ngudn
liic
vdn hod XHCN dan tpc - khoa hpc - dai
chdng hudng tdi hien dai hoi, hUdng ra
thi
gidi va hudng tdi tUdng lai. Dai hpi
XVI DCS Trung Qudc (2002) da neu len
phUdng hudng xay dflng
nin
van hoi

dung quan trgng cua sU phat trien kinh
tl xa hpi.
Dai hpi XVII DCS Trung Quoc (10 -
2007) da neu len mpt nhdn djnh quan
trpng khi cho ring: "Trong thdi dai ngay
nay, van hoi ngiy cang trd thanh ngudn
goc quan trpng cua sflc sang tao vi sflc
ngflng tu dan tpc, ngay cang trd thdnh
nhan
td^
quan trpng cua canh tranh qudc
Iflc
tdng hpp". Dac biet, lan dau tien
menh de "nang cao sflc manh
mIm
van
hoi quo'c gia" dUdc dUa vao mpt
van
kien
chinh thflc cua Dang.
Dudi tieu de "Thdc diy van hoa
XHCN dai phat trien, dai phdn vinh",
bao cio chinh trj neu len 4 giai phap, cu
the nhu sau: Mgt
Id,
xay dflng he
thdang
gii trj hat nhan XHCN, tang cUdng sflc
hap dan va sdc ngUng tu cua y thdc he
XHCN. Hai

trong pham tru xay dflng
van
minh tinh
thin hay tach rieng ra, cac nha lanh dao
Trung Qudc qua cac thdi ky khac nhau
diu
nha'n manh vi tri, vai trd
va
tim
quan trpng cua nd trong phat trien kinh
tl xa hpi va xay dflng con ngfldi mdi.
Ban Quy hoach qudc gia ve phat trien
van hoa cua Chinh phu Trung Quo'c dUdc
neu len gin day con
nhd'n
manh: Trong
moi trUdng qud'c
te'phdc
tgp hien nay, mgt
qud'c gia mud'n gidnh phdn thdng trong
cugc cgnh tranh qud'c te, khdng chi ddi hoi
thiic
liic
kinh te, thiic
liic
KHKT vd thiic
liic
qud'c phdng
hiing
mgnh, md eon doi

nhdp
cac ngudn
lUc,
hdp Iy
trong
kit
ca'u xa hpi, quy pham trong
— NGHliN
CUU
TRUNG
QUOC
sif
12(100)
• 2009
Chii nghTa
xa
h^i
ddc sdc
Trung
Qudc
hanh
vi xa hoi,
hi§u
qua trong hii hoa
cac
Ipi
fch; con 6
dfic
trUng
la:

dai hpi neu len 6 giai phap, bao gdm:
Mgt la, Uu
ti§n
phat triln giio
due,
xay
dung cUdng quo'c ngudn nhan
lUc;
hai
Id,
thflc thi rpng rai chiln
lUdc
phit trien
vi§c
lam, thdc diy la'y san nghiep loi
k6o
viec
lam;
ba la, di sau cai each the che
phan phoi, tang thu nhap cho nhan ddn
thanh thj va nong thon; bdn
Id,
nhanh
chdng xay dflng he thong an sinh xa hpi
phu khip cU dan thdnh thj va nong thon,
dam bao ddi sdng cd ban cua nhan dan;
ndm la, xay dflng
chi
dp y tl chfla benh
mpt cdch cd ban, nang cao trinh dp sdc

boa
XHCN "dinh dau nhan
thdc cua DCS Trung Qud'c ve ban chat
cua CNXH da sau sic
hdn"®.
in.
NHAN
XET
VA
KfiT
LUAN
Qua tim hieu qua trinh hinh thanh
va
phit trien cua ly
luan
vl CNXH dac
sac
Trung Quo'c, chung toi sd bp rut ra rapt
so'
nhan
x6t
nhU sau:
1.
Chu nghTa
xa
hoi dac
s^c
Trung
Quoc la san
phSm ciia sir

NGHliN CllU TRUNG
QUOC
sif 12(100)
-
2009
=11
D6
TI^'N
SAM
dit. Dieu nay cho thi'y, sfl
"kit
hdp" gifla
chu nghia Mac vdi thflc tl cu the cua
mpt da't nfldc la khong dl dang, tham chi
la
ra't kho. No doi hdi mpt Dang
va
lanh
tu tdi cao cua Dang vfla phai cd ban linh
chinh trj vflng vang vfla phai ra't gidi ve
"kit
hdp". Bdi vi, thflc tien cupc sdng
luon thay ddi. Bao cao Chinh trj Dai hpi
XVI DCS Trung Quo'c (2002) da neu Ien
mpt quan diem rat ding chu y khi dUa
ra"ba dilu giai phdng" cho ring: "Tfl giac
dem tfl tfldng gidi phdng khdi nhflng troi
bupc cua nhflng quan niem,
each
lam va

tuy mang tinh dac thu, nhung cung c6
nhCmg
gia tri
phd
bien nha't djnh.
Co the noi ring, CNXH dac sac Trung
Quo'c
vin
dang trong qui trinh hinh
thdnh vi phit trien. Ban than Tdng Bi
thu Hd Cam Dao cung cho ring can phai
"tilp tuc di sau tim hieu va nghien cflu".
Toi cho ring,
din
thdi diem hien nay,
CNXH dac sac Trung Quo'c tuy cd mpt so'
quan die m mang
tinh
dac thu nhU ly
luan vl "mpt quoc gia hai cbl
dp"
nhflng
vin
cd nhflng diem mang tinh
pho'
biln, nha't la
doi
vdi cac DCS dm
quyen
d

dung CNXH dac sic Trung Quo'c, chung
ta cd the neu len menh dl "xay dflng
CNXH mang ban sic Viet Na m". Day
chinh
la
sfl
kit
hdp mpt each sang tao
nhflng nguyen Iy cd ban cua chu nghia
Mac vdi thflc tiln va dilu kien
Ijch
sfl cu
the cua Viet Nam.
Ve mat gidi phdp, tfl viec tham khao 4
npi dung chu yeu cua CNXH dac sic
Trung Quo'c, chung ta
cd
the xay dflng
mo hinh CNXH cua Viet Nam, bao gdm:
kinh tl thj trUdng, nhd nUdc phip quyln,
van hoa tien tiln. Rieng ve mat xa hpi,
chung ta cd
thi
dat vd'n de xay dflng
xa hpi dan chu, doan
kit,
ddng thuan,
hai boa.
Tdm lgi, CNXH dac sic Trung Qudc
la kit

gidi, tinh hinh dd't
nUdc va ban than Dang, Hpi nghj Trung
Udng 4 khoi XVII DCS Trung Qudc
da rut ra nhan xet cho ring: Chu nghia
Mic chi cd
kit
hdp vdi tinh hinh thflc
tiln da't nUdc, tiln bp cung vdi thdi dai,
gan bd vdi van menh nhan dan, thi mdi
cd sflc so'ng, sflc sing tao va sfl c cam
chilu to
Idn.
Tfl do, Van kien hpi nghj nay
da bd sung vi
nhd'n
manh: Chu nghia Mic
khong chi Trung Quo'c hoi, ma phai cdn
thdi dai hoi vi dai chdng hoi.
La
mpt nUdc dang trong qui trinh
chuyen doi co nhilu diem tUdng ddng vdi
Trung Quo'c, nhflng kinh nghiem cua
Trung Qudc trong qua trinh tim toi, xay
dung CNXH dac sic Trung Quo'c ca ve
mat Iy
luan
lln thflc tien
diu
c6 gii trj
tham khao nha't dinh ddi vdi Viet Nam.

TAX LIEU THAM KHAO
1.
"Tuyen chgn vdn kien quan trgng
tU
Dgi hgi XVI den nay". Nxb Van hien
Trung Udng, Bic Kinh, 2004.
2.
Quach Thanh Phuc. "Lich sd nhdn
thdc ve CNXH
ciia
DCS Trung Qudc". Nxb
KHXH Trung Qud'c, Bic Kinh, 2004.
3.
LUu Kien Vu. "Ddc sdc Trung Quo'c
vd mo hinh Trung
Qud'c
(Nghien
cUu
quan
diem ddc sdc XHCN cua Ddng Tieu Binh)".
Nxb Nhan dan, Bic Kinh, 2006.
4.
Giang Trach Dan. "Bdn ve xdy diing
vdn minh tinh thdn
XHCN'.
Nxb Van hien
Trung Udng, Bic Kinh, 1998.
5.
"Quyet dinh cua Trung Udng DCS
Trung Quoc ve nhdng vdn de quan trgng

niem chao miing 60 ndm thdnh lap nUdc
CHND Trung Hoa.
NGHliN CUU TRUNG
QUOC
sif
12(100)
•
2000
•13