26 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trie'n, sd 4 (69). 2008
CAC
THE
DANG,
THE
THd
CUA CAU DO
NGU'Ofi
VIET
Trieu Nguyen'
1.
Cau dd gdm hai
bd
phan: ldi dd' va ldi giai (vat
dd^).
Tim hieu ldi do',
ve mat eae the dang, the
thff,
ed the cho tha'y mdt sff phong phu vffgt han
cae the loai
van
van eua van hpe dan gian, nhff ca dao, ddng dao, ve
Ldi do' cd the gdm nhffng ldi tff 4 den 7 tieng, den nhffng ldi dffge hinh
thanh theo eae the tha thffdng gap trong sinh hoat
van
hge,
van
hoa dan
gian hien nay, va eung bat gap mdt sd' the dang co han. Tai
lieu
ma bai vie't

c. Ldi do gdm 6 tie'ng
Thffdng gap la ede kieu cau ngat nhip 3 - 3, nhff A (thi) X, B (thi) Y; X
(thi) Y, X' (thi) Y; XA, YB. Thi du (kieu eau dau 3 ldi dd, kieu cau thff hai 2
ldi dd, kieu cau thff ba 2 ldi do):
Hdi
Van nghe dan
gian
Thua Thien Hue.
Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008 27
- "Me gai goc, con trge dau" (eay va qua chanh)
- "Me trge dau, eon gai gde" (cay va qua mit)
- "Bung 6e ndc, dc dd ldi"
(cai
den dau)
- "Dffng thi tha'p, ngdi thi cao" (eon chd)
- "Di nhe rang, ve nhe rang" (cai bffa)
- "Di mdt bffdc,
can
mpt mieng" (cai keo)
- "Mac ao sdi, ngdi trong bui" (mang tre)
d. Ldi dd gdm 7 tieng
Thffdng gap
la
kieu eau nhip 3 - 4 Bdng A, XB; thi du (bon ldi dau la
kieu cau vffa neu, ba ldi sau la
cac
kieu cau khae):
- "Bang cd tay,
nam
ngay dinh nui" (sffng trau)

Chan de,
Khu
nac.
Mat ngd !" (xat thuoc la bang cai ban xat)
"Tong phdng,
Tdng phong;
Trong long,
Ngoai thit!"
(Id
mui)
-I-
The ba tieng:
- "Chat khdng dfft,
Bdt khong
rdi.
28 Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008
Phai khdng
khd.
Chum khdng
dd!"
(nffde)
- "Mffdi ehu
lun,
Lee
len
nui.
Bat chu liii,
Bd vd hang,
Ddng hai hang,
Keu chit

Cd dffa gan dffa xa;
Gap khi trdi trd lanh,
Thut thit le chan hda !" (may va mffa)
-H
The sau tie'ng (luc ngdn):
"Da ede ma bgc bpt
Ige,
Bgt lgc ma bgc hdn than" (qua nhan)
"Tam thang dan khieng eai qua,
Hai dng hffang ea di khdng" (eon eua, ghe)
- "Ban ngay dao chai vffdn hanh,
Td'i Iai quanh quan ma dao;
Gheo nang tien lue chiem bao,
Khi nang say trong giac ngu" (con mudi)
Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008 29
+ The bay tieng (that ngdn):
- "Than em la ldng giffa Iffng trdi,
Gid mat trang thanh dung dinh chai;
Than nay lam lue dau vi nffdc,
Xac ng con mong giup viee ddi" (qua dffa)
- "Ngffdi be nhffng ma cd tinh khdn,
Cufa den, ciia phu, ciia edng mdn,
Ca ngon, cam trang thffdng ke
mieng.
Ma phan mdi son eung dffgc hdn" (eon rudi)
- "Dffang thud thanh binh thi an
mat.
Gap can phong vu mdi ra ddi.
Tieng vang rffng ram oai kinh egp,
Minh nep ao sau mat nhd trdi.

Cay nao
cao.
Cay nao
tha'p.
Cay nao
ram.
Chat bdt di !"; "Trdi mffa lam
ram.
Cay tram cd
trai.
Con gai cd duyen, Ddng tien cd
Id,
Banh d thi
ngon, Tdm cang thi beo, Cai keo cat
may" '^'
So'
ldi do theo the 7 tie'ng ed tinh chat vinh, thffdng gap dang tff tuyet,
dang bat eu khong tim tha'y. Ldi
dd^
ve "eon ech" (gdm 6 ddng tha 7 tie'ng) la
ldi dd cd dung lffgng ldn nha't thude the 7 tieng nay.
b. Nhdm cdc the tha luc bdt, song thdt luc bdt
+ The tha
lue
bat
The tha lue bat dffge suf dung nhieu trong cau dd (ehie'm khoang 65%).
Chung thffdng chi gdm hai hay bdn ddng
tha.'*'
Ben canh dang lue bat ca
ban, phd bie'n (tie'ng thff 2 theo thanh bang, tie'ng thff 4 theo thanh trac,

Hai ehan trffdc thi ngan, hai ehan sau thi dai" (eai yem)
(Vi tri ddng bat dffge ndi thanh 10 tie'ng)
+
The tha song that lue bat
The tha song that luc bat khdng nhieu, gdm dang ea ban (d ddng that
tren, tieng thff 5 theo thanh bang; d ddng that dffdi, tie'ng thff 5 theo thanh trac
va van vdi tie'ng thff 7 eua ddng that tren, tie'ng thff 7 theo thanh bang va van
vdi tieng thff 6 eua ddng lue dffdi; tiep dd, each ca'u tao thanh va
van
theo the
luc bat da ndi; ne'u ed khd song that lue bat tiep theo, thi tieng thff 5 cua ddng
that dau khd
nay
se bat van (van bang) vdi tieng thff 8
eiia
ddng bat lien trffdc
cua nd), va eae dang bie'n the theo
each
chuyen dich van hoac thu bdt hay ndi
them sd tieng d cdc ddng tha.
Dffdi day la 3 ldi
do
minh hga, ldi dau eho dang song that lue bat eff
ban, hai ldi sau eho dang song that lue bat bie'n the.
"Ke trong budng nang mffa dau dai,
Ngffdi ngoai budng khae khoai thom lom
Sang chieu qua lai dffng
ddm.
Ban lui tinh tdi, che non ehe gia" (budng chudi)
- "Vai mang bau ehi chit, '

ddi
mff ma len" (cay dau - giai doan nhff mam)
"Vach da't chi trdi bdy but ngge,
Phai sffffng dap tuyet bde da vang" (eay mang)
"Ba thang
eud^n
cd bdng con dd,
Mpt phen cdi giap cffu dan den" (cay va qua ngo)
"Me di trffde danh eong, danh
bat.
Con di sau vffa hat, vffa reo" (ga me va
Iff
con)
"Hffu cdt, hffu bi, vo hffu nhue,
Nghi xuan, nghi ha, bat nghi ddng" (eai quat)
{Ngliia:
Cd xffffng, cd da, khong cd thit;
(Hgp vdi mua xuan, mffa he, khong hgp vdi mua dong)
"Tren thffgng dinh eo bong khong trdi,
Dffdi thffgng dinh cd trai khong bong" (eay lae)
"Nang ba
nam
ta khdng bd ban,
Mffa
mdt
ngay ban lai bd ta" (cai bdng)
Hai ldi dd sau, ldi dd ve "eay lae", ve tren: "co A khong B", ve dffdi: "cd
B khong A" (trao vai do'i tffgng); ldi do' ve "eai bdng", ve tren: "A khong bd
B",
ve dffdi: "B (lai) bd A" (trao nhau giffa ehu the va ddi tffgng, kem vdi viec

"Cd eon ma khdng ed cha,
Cd cufa ma khdng cd nha,
De'n ngay eon ldn me da ehe't di" (con nffde,
ciia
sdng)
"Vudng nd vudng, trdn nd trdn,
Dem nau minh dd nhff son,
Ngffdi che dd, ke khen ngon eung nhieu" (con eua, ghe)
"Hai ed nam nghi hai phdng,
Ngay thi md cufa ra trdng,
Dem thi ddng cufa, lap ehdng ra ngoai" (ddi mat)
"Nam anh dffng ben kia sdng,
Nam cd dffng ben nay
sdng.
Nam anh mdi xd vao long
nam
ed" (cue
ao
va
Id
khuyet)
- "Mdt tram thang linh di qua,
Thing md khdng mu thi tha,
Thang md ed mu dem ra ehem dau" (bao diem)
Gia suf, day la the ea ban (ed the gpi la the nhi luc nhdt bdt), thi the
nay eung ed eae bien the tffpng tff the lue bat, the song tha't luc bat; thi du:
- "Xeo xeo ba gde dia dd,
Lam thi ffdt, khdng lam thi khd,
Lam cudng lam eud'ng thi vd dffgc nhieu" (cai nhiii)
(Ddng lue thff hai ndi dai thanh 7 tie'ng)

Thiep vdi chang nhff
lufa
vdi hffang;
Mdt mai te dff hffffng tan lufa tat, dao nghia cffffng thffdng chd quen".
Dd la mdt ldi ca dao cd. So' ldi dd' suf dung the dang
nay
cung deu la
nhffng ldi dd' xa
xffa.
Nen ed the xem day la mpt the dang cung tdn tai vdi
the luc bat va song that luc bat, dung trong eac sang tac dan gian (ma cang
ve sau cang it dffgc dung de'n), hoac la mdt the tien than cua hai the dang
kia. Nhffng mgt sff xae dinh ve the dang tha can phai dffge tim hieu thau
dao han, trong lue nhffng trinh bay tren mdi dffng d mffc phac hga (do vay
ma van xep vao tieu mue nay).
+ Dffdi day, la mgt so ldi dd dffge sang tac theo cac the hdn hgp khac:
- "Trai mac ao,
Lao d tran;
Lao manh nhff than,
Trai yeu gp ep" (mang va tre)
(Dang ket hgp: 3-3-4-4)
- "Thang nhd nhd,
Mae ao dd,
Dgi bui ed,
Ngdi chd hd sau
vffffn"
(qua dffa)
(Dang ke't hgp: 3-3-3-5)
- "Tren da, dffdi da,
Giffa cd con ca thdn ban" (rang va lffdi)

(ngffdi thdi ken nhi)
(Dang
ke't
hgp: 2-6-6-10)
- "Chi bang ngdn
tay.
An toan thit sd'ng,
Nudt trdng chang nhai.
Hdi may, may nhd thffffng ai,
Dem dem thd ngan than dai xdt xa?" (con thach sung)
(Dang ke't hgp: 4-4-4:6-8)
3.
Nhffng trinh bay ve cae the dang, the loai tha cua cau do theo
phffffng thffc md ta tren day, eho tha'y mdt van de quan trgng
ciia
the loai
nay. Dd la mat ea ban ve dien mao, hinh thffe eua nd. Tff dd, ed the md ra
mgt sff so
sanh
vdi eac the loai
van
van dan gian va tha
eiia
eae nen tha,
nha tha, eung nhff suy nghi ve
qua
trinh van ddng de tao ra nhffng the tha
cua dan tde.
Dd la nhffng hy vgng ma bai viet ngan nay ed the dat dffge.
T N

choi.
Nam ngudi hau ha thanh
thdi.
Den phien chau chffc dam ldi chut nao.
Ddn
rkng
thdm nffc lam sao,
Dupe nhu danh aiy, ngffdi nao eung
xinh.
Nao ai ndi tieng Idng thanh,
Gid tay vin lay eho minh
thSm
hoa.
Tap chi Nghien cffu va Phat trien, sd 4 (69). 2008 35
(5) Cu nau diing de nhudm vai, nen "ket duyen" vdi "bach bd" (vai
trSng).
(6) NgUdi di ndm (chdm), vai mang gid (oi), tay xaeh ndm, di ven bd mUdng, rudng sau.
mong eho
bit
dffdc ca.
(7) Vu chudng:
num
trdn,
due ndi tren thanh ehudng, la chd de danh.
(8) Quan tai gdm sau tam van (ddng
1):
bdn van thanh (ddng 2),
mdt
van thien mdt van dia
(ddng

a short couplet with each member including 6 to 7 words.
Descriptions of this kind helps one to get a good view of Vietnamese riddles as regards
its form and consequently can make a comparison between riddles and other folk rhymed
literature and also can understand the process of formation of our national styles of poetry.