NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO
001
Cong xa Pari
-
ban hung ca
cua giai cap cong nlian
•
TS, NGUYEN XUAN PHONG
Hoc vien Bao
ciii
va Tuyen truyen
C6ng xa Paris (La
Commune de Paris) la chinh
quyln vd san ddu tien dugc
thanh lap nhim quan ly Pari
(Phdp) trong mdt thdi gian
ngdn ttr ngdy
18,3,1871
den
ngay
28.5.1871.
Day la mdt su
kien chinh tri quan trgng cd y
nghia vo cting to Idn ddi vdi
phong trao cdng nhdn the gidi
vao nhirng nam cudi
the
ky
XIX.
Mac
dti

bai
Qua
tnnh
thanh lap C6ng
xaPari
Cudi thang
6.1870,
chinh
quyln
ciia De'chlll
d Phdp him
vao linh trang khiing hodng.
Tuy vay, nhung
nucVc
Phap vdn
mudn gianh dia vi bd
chii
n6n
da quylt dinh tham chiln vcd
Phd
(Diic).
Do xdy dung cdc
chien
luge
sai lam ciing vdi vii
khi da lac hau vd trinh do chi
huy y6'u Phap da nhanh
chdng bi Phd danh bai.
Thdng 9.1870. Hoang de
Napoleon III thai

dirng dau la Chi-e. Khi dd, giai
edp cdng nhan by vgng ring
chinh
phii
mdi nay se dam
duong dugc trgng trdch bdo ve
td qudc trude
siic Ip
cua qudn
Phd d bi6n gidi. Nhung Chinh
phii
ve qudc khdng cd bdi
cii
banh dgng chdng trd nao ddi
vdi qudn Phd. Ngugc lai, ngam
ngam cd hanh vi bdn nude.
Qudn Phd sau chiln thang d
Iran
Xe-dang da chilm ddng
dugc 1/3 lanh thd Phdp vd tiep
tue tiln vl bao vdy Paris, Vao
cudi thdng
9,1870,
khi thu do bi
vdy bam,
liie
nay thdnh phd vdn
edn
246
nghin ve binh vd thiiy

Bix-mdc.
Nhan dan Paris phan ddi
viec chinh
phii
mdi dam phdn
vdi phia Phd va quylt tdm ed
Sd thiing.1-2011
Ly luan chinh (ri
& IVuycn
(hdng
25
NGHIEN CLTU - TRAO DOI
thii.
Hg da tap tmng trude tda
tbi chinh bd ldn nhirng khiu
hieu: Da dao Chi-e! Khdng
dam phan!
Trude su phan bdi cua
Chinh phu ve qudc, cdng nhdn
da quyet tdm vii trang bao ve
Pari, Hg trd thanh dp luc ddi vdi
chinh sdch ddu hang
eiia
ehinh
phu ban nude. Cdng nhan da id
chiic
194
tilu doan qudn Tu ve,
gdm 30 van ngudi diing
I6n

Knh
qudn Chinh phu da vl phia qudn
Tu
ve,
vien Wdng chi huy bi bin
chet tai
ehd.
Tdi 9 gid sdng, luc
lugng Chinh phu thai bai, vdi va
lui qudn. Den 11 gid. hai tieu
doan Tu ve den chi vien cho
Mdng-mac. Budi trua, Uy ban
trung uong ve qudc ra lenh cho
cdc tilu doan tien vao trung tdm
thanh phd. Chi sau vai tieng
ddng hd, qudn Tu ve da chiem
duoc cac
CO
quan dau nao
ciia
chinh
phii.
Tda thi chinh va cdc
trai
linh.
Ddng thdi, qudn Tu ve
cting keu ggi cdng nhdn gianh
lay chinh quyln. cdc truyln
dan. bilu ngir ddn khip cdc ngd
xdm. phd phudng.

chiec xe ngira, chay vl Vec-xdy.
Cdc quan chiic chinh
phii
va cdc
dng chu nha giau ciing hdt
hoang chay khdi Pari.
De'n
21h30,
cdc cdnh quan
khdi nghia
diu
tap tmng vl Toa
thi chinh. Ld cd dd dugc keo
len. cd Pari vang day tieng hd
vang: Cach mang 18 thang 3
mudn nam!
Sau khi gianh dugc chinh
quyln, giai cap vd san lap
tiic
bit tay vao lat dd bd mdy nha
nude
m
sdn, xay dung
nIn
chuyen chinh vd san. Ngay
26.3,
Pari td chire bau cir Cdng
xa. Nhdn ddn lao ddng ldn ddu
ti6n dugc thuc hien quyln lgi
thieng

Tu-lu
Ngay 28.3.I87I, Cdng xa
Pari - mdt td chiic nha
nude
kiiu
mcd
ciia
giai cap vd san
lan
ddu ti6n trong
lich
sir loai ngudi
da cir hanh nghi II long trong,
chinh thiic tuyen bd ra
dcd.
Mot
khan dai rdi ldn dugc dung
trude
Tda thi chinh. Tr6n
nde
Tda thi chinh, mdt nggn cd do
mng bay, ducd quang trudng
may chuc van ngudd tir cdc nd
keo vl. Mdt tram tilu doan
Quan tu ve oai phong nim chic
tay sung, xung quanh la nhiing
khiu phdo ldn bdng
loang.
Nhiing nggn cd dudi nheo, cd
tam gidc cd ma viln bilu trung

Cdc tilu doan vu trang
dilu qua khdn dai.
Nhd
sir
ung hd tich cue
ciia
qudn chiing, Cdng xa da nhanh
chdng dap tan bd may quan
lieu qudn su cua Chinh phu
Chi-e,
xdy dung chinh quyln
vd san.
1.2.
Qua trinh
chi^
dSiu
bk) v6
C6ng xa
Trong mdt thdi gian ngin,
lire
lugng
ciia
Cdng xa tang len
nhanh chdng, luc ddu khoang
100
ngan ngucd, vl sau tang len
tdi 200 ngan. Tuy nhi6n, trong
sd ndy chi cd khoang 20 den 30
ngan da dugc luyen tap. VI vii
khi,

ren cho Phd. Ddng thdi, theo
yeu eau
ciia
Chi-e, Bix-mdc
U-ao
trd Phdp 10 van
tti
binh dl
vl tham gia dan dp Cong xa,
Sau hda udc, Phd da phdng
thich ban 10 van
tti
binh Phdp
NGHIEN
CCrU
- TRAO
001
va vii trang cho ddm
tti
binh
nay quay vl tilp can
phia
Bic
Pari - noi Cdng xa it dl phdng,
dl dan dp Cdng xa.
Ngdy 20.5, Chi-e ha lenh
tdng tan cdng vdo Cdng xa.
Ngay hdm sau, qudn dgi Vec-
xay phdi hgp vdi bgn ndi irng
trong thdnh, da tan cdng vdo

phii
nay da
thdm nhap vao bang ngu Cdng
xa, tham gia ca Bg tdng tham
muu. Luc lugng tinh bdo nay da
cho phd buy mdt xudng
due
dan. lay cdc ban dd qudn su va
td chiic md cira thdnh Pari cho
lire
lugng cua Chi-e tien vao.
Den ngay 23.5, Mong-mac
thai thu. Ngay 24, qudn dich
tan cdng vao Tod tbi chinh.
Ngdy 27 quan dich chi6'm dugc
dai bd phan khu eu tni cua cong
nhan. Nhung chiln
si
cudi cimg
cua Cdng xa cd thu d lang md
Pe-lai-rai-do
nhdm ddnh trd
5.000
qudn dich. Trdi qua mdt
trdn ddnh gidp la ca, cudi cung.
tdi cd 147 chiln si Cdng xa
diu
hy sinh d gdc Wdng phia Ddng
Nam
ciia

mot tieng vang ldn cho
phong trao cdng nhan qudc te.
Cdng xa bi thai bai do nhilu
nguy6n nhan, song ca bdn do
cdc nguy6n nhdn sau ddy:
Sau ngdy 18.3.1871,
lire
lugng cua Cong xa da chiem
dugc nhilu co quan quan trgng,
nhung lai bd qua hai co quan
cue ky quan trgng vl thong tin
li6n lac va tai chinh la buu dien
va ngdn hang Phdp.
Cong xa sau khi gianh dugc
ehuih
quyln da khong ti6'p tue
tan cdng luc lugng
eiia
chinh
phii
Chi-e niia. Va dilu nay
khiln
ehinh
phii
Chi-e ed thdi
gian dl phuc hdi, ciing ed, xdy
dung luc lugng va sau nay da
quay lai tan cdng Cdng xa.
Cdng xa da khdng manh tay
xir

tilp
Uic
sir dung tiln phuc vu cho boat
ddng chdng ddi, lat dd Cdng xa.
Vl qudn
sir,
Cdng xa Pari td
ra cdn nhilu ylu kem. Qudn ddi
ciia
Cdng xa chua dugc budn
luyen ky cdng, td chiie tdi, ky
luat trong qudn
ddi
khdng
nghiem. Viec lanh dao Cong xa
thilu tap tmng, Cdng xa dugc
chia lam hai co quan la Uy ban
qudn su va Uy ban trung uong
quan Ve qudc. Nhirng yeu kem
vl quan
sir
khiln
Cxmg
xa nhanh
chdng tan ra khi bi tdn cdng.
Van dl
Uen
minh giai cap,
tdng ldp
ciia

ndng ddn lo ngai chinh quyln
ciia
Cdng xa Pari.
Sau khi Cdng xa
Paii
thdi
bai,
giai cap W sdn da bdi nhg
thanh danh cac chien sy Cdng
xa, vu khdng Cdng xa, vu
khdng Hdi hen hiep Cdng nhan
Qudc
tlv.v
La ngudi lanh dao
Hdi
bin
hiep cdng nhdn Qudc
tl',
C.Mdc da nhdn rd
u-deh
nhiem cua minh trong viec lanh
dao phong trao vd san. Dl bien
nhung kinh nghiem
ciia
Cdng
xa Pari thanh tai san chung cho
phong trao cdng nhdn qudc te,
bdo ve thanh danh
ciia
cdc

mdt hinh thiic chinh quyln cu
thi ciia nIn
cdng hda -
thi
hien
nguyen vgng khdng chi xda bd
binh thiic qudn
cbti ciia
su
thdng tri giai cap ma edn
biiy
bd ca thdng tri giai cap niia.
Cdng xa la mdt hinh thirc nha
nude chuyen chinh vd san so
khai, C.Mdc cho ring: "Cdng
xa gdm nhiing dai bieu thdnh
phd do dau phieu phd thdng
d
cdc khu
ciia
Pari bdu
lin.
Ho la
nhting dai bilu cd trach nhiem
va cd the bi bai miln bat cir
liic
nao.
Da
sd
uy vien cua cdng xa

biic"'-'.
Cdng xa la mdt
tbi
che
viia thuc hien cdng viec hanh
chinh vira lap phap. Co quan
tdi
cao
ciia
nha
nude
la Hdi ddng
Cdng xa cd vai trd lap phdp va
td chuc 10 uy ban ehiu
U-ach
nhiem vl hanh phdp. Mdi
iiy
ban nay do mdt uy vien
ciia Hpi
ddng Cdng xa lam
chii
tieh.
VI qudn
sir,
Cdng xa Pari
ban hanh sic lenh bai bd qudn
ddi thudng true va bd mdy canh
sdt
ciia che
do cu, thanh

cdng xa.
Cdng xa ra sdc lenh tdeh
gido
hdi va nhd thd ra khdi boat
ddng nha nude. Gidi tang
Itr
khdng dugc can thiep vao cdng
viec
ciia
chinh quyln va ngan
sdch tdn gido bi
biiy
bd. Tai ca
cac tdi san
ciia
gido hgi trd
thanh tdi sdn qudc gia.
Cdng xa thanh lap he thdng
gido
due
thdng nhdi, tdch gido
due khdi nha thd, thay th6' cac
tang
lir
bing dgi ngu gido vi6n
mdi.
Sic lenh ve gido
due
bit
budc va miln phi ddi vdi mgi

Cdng xa da tao su dan
chii
cho mgi cd nhdn: "Cdng xa da
cung cap cho
nIn
cdng hda edi
CO
sd
ciia
nhtrng thiet che' that
su ddn
chu"'".
Cdng xa Pari quyet dinh giao
cho cong nhdn quiin ly cdc xi
nghiep, cdng
xucmg
ma gidi
chii
da bd khdi Pari. Cdn nhung
xuiVng
ma ngucd chu vdn d lai,
Q)ng
xa
quiui
ly thdng qua
xiec
kilm sodt tiln luong. Cdc uy ban
lao ddng
ducx:
thimh

W
san bd trdn.
Cdng xa ti6u diet
chi
do W
htiu
vl kinh tl va thiei lap
chi
do cdng hiiu, Che do cdng htm
vl kinh
tela
co sd cho viec ddm
bao mdt
nIn
chinh tri ma mgi
ngudi dan
diu
cd quyln lam
chii,
hay ndi cdch khac: tdt ed
quyln
lire
thugc vl nhdn dan,
C.Mdc vi6i: "Cdng xa mudn
tieu diet cai quyln sd
biixi
giai
cap dang lam cho lao dgng
ciia
nhilu ngucd biln thdnh

sdn xudi
trude
kia. C.Mac chi
ra: "Li6n hgp cdc tap doan hgp
tdc td chiic
nIn
sdn xudi qudc
ddn theo mdt kl hoach chung.
do dd nim lay viec lanh dao
nIn
san xudi ay va chain
diit
tinh trang vd chinh phu thudng
xuy6n va nhtrng su rdi loan
theo chu ky khdng
thi
U-dnb
khdi dudi
nIn
sdn xudi w ban
chii
nghia"'".
Cdng xa da dl ra dugc
nhtrng bien phdp quan ly xa hdi
do chinh nhdn ddn dam nhan.
Chinh vi phdt buy dugc quyln
lam
chii
xa bdi
ciia

anh hiing. cao qui vd tan tdm
nhu nhiing phu nii thdi cd diln.
Mdt Pari lao ddng, suy nghi,
chiln da'u, dd mau, nhung rang
rd trong nilm hao hiing sdng
tao lich sir ma hdn bd mai m6
xdy dung xa hdi
mcd""'.
Nhu vdy, theo C.Mdc phdn
tich, Cdng xa Pari la mdt
kiiu
td chiic hoan toan mdi
eiia
giai
cap vd
Scin
vdi nhilu uu viet va
phti
hgp
vcri
tien bd xa hgi. Mac
Sd thang .1-2011
Ly
luan chinh (ri &
IVuyen
(hdng
29
NGHIEN
CCrU
- TRAO

Cdng xa cung chi ra nhiing bai
hgc kinh nghiem cho giai cap
vd san trong viec gianh vd giir
chinh quyln:
Bai hpc ve su dung phuang
phap
each
mang. Trong cugc
cdch mang gianh chinh quyln
thi phuang phap bao
lire
la tdi
yeu vd phd biln. Mudn xda bd
chinh quyln
cii,
ddi hdi giai cap
each
mang cdn phai tap hgp tdi
ca cdc luc lugng vcd cdc bien
phap:
kinh te, chinh tri, qudn
su Nhirng bien phdp gianh
chinh quyln cai luong ma cdc
nha khdng wdng dua ra chi
mang tinh do Wdng cho phong
trao ddu tranh
ciia
giai cap cdng
nhdn. Nha nude vd san Id cdng
cu dl bdo ve thanh qua cdch

Pari da
kit
hgp
khio
leo giiia
cugc ddu tranh
ciiu
nude cua
giai cap cdng nhdn va nhan ddn
lao ddng chdng ke thu xdm
luge
vdi cugc ddu tranh chdng
ke
tbii
giai cap
ciia
giai cap
cdng nhan nhim giai phdng
minh va gidi phdng todn xa hdi.
Day la bai hgc vd ciing quan
trgng trong viec k6t
bcjp
cugc
ddu tranh gidi phdng ddn tdc,
giai cap vd xa hdi dudi su lanh
dao
ciia
giai cap cdng nhdn. Va
qua dd thay dugc giai cap cdng
nhdn cd

chii
nghla xa hdi ma cdn
trong cdng cugc kien thiet dat
nude
xay dung chu nghia xa
hoi.
Bai hpc ve vai trd cua
Hen
minh giai cap cdng nhdn vdi
giai cap ndng dan va tang
ldp
\x\
thirc.
Thuc te, mdt trong nhiing
nguyen nhdn
lam
cho phong
trao Cdng xa Pari that bai la do
giai cap cdng nhdn khdng
chii y
de'n viec hen minh vcd giai cap
ndng dan va tang ldp tri thirc,
nen: bai ddng ca cua giai
cap
cdng nhan da trd thanh bai
ai
dieu. Cach mang xa hdi chu
nghia d cac
nude
thanh cdng

tl
7.
Nxb
CTQG - Sit
that,
1995,
tr.449,
454, 453, 455, 464.
30
Ly luan chinh tri
& lyuyen
(hdng
Sd
thang
3-2011