Quart
ly
- Trao
361
Cach chuyen
ngfr
thuat
ngfr
"test"
khi
bilu
thj mot
phirong
phap
thfing
ke hoc
f
r
tir
tieng Anh sang tieng Viet
Oat van de
Hien
nay, nhieu
dong
nghiep, nhat la cac
hoc
vIen
cao hoc va nghien
cu'u sinh c6
flat
v^n

djch
la "Chuan t", "Chuan
-//";
c6
ngu'ai
chuyen
ngO'
la
"Kiem
djnh"
va dich la
"Kiem
djnh t",
"Kiem djnh
-//";
c6
ngu'ai
chuyen ngu' la
"ThCe
nghiem"
va dich la
"ThLf
nghiem t",
"Thi>
nghiem
//";
CO ngu'ai chuyen ngu' la "Kiem tra" va dich
la "Kiem tra t", "Kiem tra
y^":
c6

la "Nghiem phap" va dich la
"Nghiem phap t", "Nghiem phap
y^";
c6
ngu-cyi
chuyen
ngO
la
"Phu-cng
phap" va djch la
"Phu'ang
phap t",
"Phu'ang
phap
y^"\
c6
ngu-ai
chuyen
ngu'
la "Phep
thi>"
va goi la ' Phep
tht>
t",
"Phep
thij'
-/^";
c6
ngu'cri
chuyen

"Test" trong
tiing Anh va dich la "Test t", "Test
y^"
Tit
nhien, mot thuat
ngO
cua mot
nu-ac
khi
chuyen
ngi>'
sang
ti§ng cija
mot
nu-oc
khac.
Do Trung Dam
Vien
Duac
Lieu
thu'cyng
c6 nhieu y nghTa khac nhau,
NhLfng
trong mot tinh
hudng nhit
djnh,
thi chf nen
c6
mot thuat
ngO tu-cng

tu-ang nhLf
hai
nam ro
mu'oi,
vi viec chuyin ngij
nhu*
vay la
rit
"cf^f,
thi
nhLi-ng
cung
eye
ky kho khan.
Viec
de
xult
nay,
chtjng
toi da neu trong bai bao
"Ni>a
dai,
thai gian ban huy hay ehu ky
nt>a
phan
ra'?"
(06 Trung Dam, Tap ehi
Dyge
hoe, nam
1995,

"niia
dai",
thi "plasmatic half-life" goi la
gl?",
Cau hoi
nay dS dang giai dap, vi "plasmatic half-life"
du'ge
chuyen
ngCc
la
"nCca
dai trong
huyit
tu'ang".
Co vj phan doi da buong mot eau
"Cai
ong nu'a dai
nCra
doan nay lam
phu'c
tap van
6h
qua!",
Tuy nhien, sau nhiiu
lln
trinh bay phan
tich,
eu6i cung Ban Bien tap cung
nhit
tri chuyen

du'ge ph6p
TAP CHi
DUOC HOC
-
11/2009
(SO 403 NAM 49)
Quan ly - Trao doi
tham
dy,
v^
v^i
c^c
ly do a§ nhieu Ian trinh
b^y
v6'i
Ban Bien tap, chung t6i
d§
trinh
b^y
lai
v^
thuyet phuc
dygc HOi
dong thong qua. Niu
trong buoi Hoi dong hop nghiem thu, ma chung
toi khong du'ge
dy,
thi c6 khi thuat ngij nay vin
khong du'ge chip nhan. Noi
nhLf

sinh van
lai "Bay gia ho cung vin dung loan
len
ma
thiy\
ThS theo thiy thi dung thuat ngCr
naol
Dung
nhu thiy noi, thiy c6 dam bao la khong c6 ai
phe phan em khong?". Thu thyc, chung toi
cung khong dam dam bao vai nghien
ciJu
sinh
la niu em dung thuat ngij
n^w
chung toi gai y,
thi khong ai phe phan em
du-ac,
vi
lue
do,
chung toi eo dyge a day di trinh bay dau, ma
gia thiit du chung toi c6 mat a do, cung khong
CO
ca sa nao di buoc vj phan bien kia phai
chap nhan diiu ma chung toi trinh bay. Co khi
danh de nghien
ciJu
sinh dung nguyen van
thuat ngij "test" cua tiing Anh, roi khi thay nao

con thuat ngy "test" c6 thi la mot danh
tu,
cung
CO
thi la mot dong tu. Lai con nhiiu
trugng hgp, danh tu "test" dung truac mot
danh tu khac, dugc dung nhu mot tinh
ngiJ
di
bo nghTa cho danh tu khac do.
Oiem lai va phan tich cac
each
dung hien nay
De
CO
thi rut ra duge each chuyin
nglj
"dit"
nhat cho thuat ngu nhu "test" trong
ITnh
vyc thing
ke sinh hoc (xin nhan manh la
chi
trong ITnh vyc
thong
kg
sinh hoe thoi), chung t6i xin
ph6p
c6 mot
vai

"t
test" sang tiing Viet la
"ehuIn
t", "tieu chuan t"
hoac "phep chuan
t"
la khong dung.
Co nguai chuyen ngij thuat ngu "t test" theo
kiiu phien am, va goi la "tet t", hoac di nguyen
van tiing Anh la "test t",
ehi
dao 2 chij "t" va ehu
"test" cho phu hgp vai each hanh van trong tiing
Viet. Trong thyc ti, cung eo nhiiu truang hgp,
ta phai dung theo kiiu phien am hoac mugn
nguyen thuat ngij tiing nuae ngoai sang tiing
Viet. Nhung do
chi
la nhijng truang hgp
bit
dae
dT.
Con niu c6 kha nang Viet hoa dugc, lam cho
tiing Viet phong phu han, trong sang han,
ehung toi nghT, ta nen thyc
hien.
Oac
biet la a
day, da c6 muai
miy

CO
truang hgp thuat ngu "test" duge chuyin ngij
sang tiing Viet la "kiim tra", nhung do la truang
hap kiem tra vi ky nang, nang lye, sy hieu biit,
trinh do van hoa.,, va khi do, "test" thuang thupc
tu
loai
la "dong tu", Vi du: We shall be tested on
grammar tomorrow, hoac We have to test his
TAP CHi
DUQC HQC - 11/2009
(SO 403 NAM 49)
Quan ly - Trao
do!
knovi/ledge
of computers. Trong nhung
tnj'ang
hgp
n^y,
chuyen ngij
IS
"thu" cung khong sai,
nhung ehung chung
quS,
nen ta thuang chuyen
nglj la "kiem tra". Con trong tinh huong cua mot
phuang phap thing ke nhu "t test" thi khong nen
dung chuyin ngu "kiim tra" hoac "kiim
djnh".
Cung CO nguai chuyin ngij thuat

thu"
cung khong dung trong tinh huong nay (xin
xem
phin
trinh bay ngay duai day).
Thuat ngij "test" trong tiing Anh, thong
thuang khi chuyen ngij sang tiing Viet la
"thu".
Niu "test" la danh tu thi duge chuyin ngij la
"Sy thu" hoac "Viec thu". Truang hgp "Sy thu"
nay la
chi
mot phuang phap c6 quy trinh quy
tic
thi nen chuyin ngu la "Phep thu". "Phep
thu"
nay c6 thi la thu in vivo, c6 thi la thu in
vitro, cOng eo thi la thu theo mot quy
tic
nao
do,
Trai lai, thuat ngij "test" trong thing ke hoc
a day la "nghiem" lai nhung kit qua thu dugc
tu cac "phep thu" in vivo hoac in vitro de rut ra
kit kuan xac dang vi cac kit qua thu dugc. Vi
vay, chung toi di nghj chuyin ngu thuat
ngiJ
"test" trong thong ke hoc la "phep nghiem".
Cung
CO

tung
ing nghiem de do
thi tich mat
chay
ra. Bam thuic vao ta trang
chupt 6'
16
thuic, con
16
doi chyng bam dung dich
NaCI
0,9% vai cung thi
tich.
Do the tich mat chay
ra cua moi chuot trong 30 phut ke tu khi bam
thuoc vSo
t^
trSng
chupt, ta se dugc the tich mat
tiet ra cua m5i chupt. Chuyen the tich
m$t
tiit ra
cua mil con chu6t quy ra cho 1 kg chupt
(ml/kg)
Tinh the tich mat trung binh (V) cua moi
16
theo trj
trung binh ± sai si chuan (M ± SE), vi du
16
dii

hpe.
Co nhiiu phuang phap tinh thing
ke
Trong
truo-ng
hgp nay, vi du ta ap dung "Phep
nghiem t" (t test)
ching
han,
Truo-c
hit, ta phai tinh trj si cua
"t"
theo m6t
quy
trinh,
quy
tic
nhit dinh cua "phep nghiem
t". Sau do, ta tra cuu mot bang gpi la "bang t"
di xac djnh xem xac suit P la bao nhieu:
Niu P > 0,05 thi > 95%
truo-ng
hgp, 2 tn so
trung binh Vc va Vt khac nhau
khdng
c6 y
nghTa. Thuic T tuy c6 lam tang su tiit mat
15,7%,
nhung su tang nay kh6ng c6 y nghTa
thong ke 6' nguang xac suit P = 0,05. Noi m6t

lam tang tiit mat nhiiu han so vd'i
16
dii
chCeng
khdng
dung thuoc T.
Nhu vay la nho' "Phep nghiem
f,
ta xac dinh
dugc ro thuoc T thyc chit c6 lam tang the tich
mSt
tiit ra hay kh6ng? va ca muc d6 c6 y nghia cua
viec T lam tang thi tich mat tiit ra la bao nhieu %.
TAP CHi DUOC HQC -
11/2009
(SO 403 NAM 49)
Quan ly - Trao doi
Hi0n
nay, vd'i
cSch
su dung Microsoft-Excel
(xin xem sach
06
Trung
DSm,
Su dung
Microsoft-Excel trong thong
kg
sinh hoc, NXB Y
hoc, 2003) ta kh6ng can phai tra bang,

bit
nghien cuu sinh phai sua la p (ehu p
thuang); lai eo nghien cuu sinh phan anh la
thay phan bien phe phan nghien cuu
sinh,
cho
la khi si ca thi nghien cuu trong m6t
16
it thi
phai dung ehu p, con khi si ca the trong mot
16
nhiiu thi phai dung ehu P. Thyc ra, chy P a
day la viit
tit
cua chij "xac suit" trong tiing
Anh (va nhiiu tiing nuae ngoai khac) la
"Probability". Vi thi viit P hoac p diu dugc.
Trong cac c6ng trinh nghien cuu c6ng bi tren
cac tap ehi khoa hpe nuae ngoai, cung diu
thiy
CO
khi dung p, c6 khi dung P.
Vidu2
C6 the lly m6t vi du thu 2 "Thu nghiem dinh
lugng
corticotrophin
bIng
phuang phap tiem
du6'i da chupt cing
tring"

Mil tuang quan liiu
lugng-dap
ung giua hoat
dp cprticotrophin (tinh
bIng
dan vj quic ti U)
va
hSm
lugng acid ascorbic (tinh
bIng
mg
trong 100 g tuyin thugng than) chat che din
muc c6 the dung phuang phap nay di djnh
lugng liiu
lygng
corticotrophin da dung.
Gia thiit, ta c6 mot miu corticotrophin (gpi la
miu thu T), ngoai nhan de 1 U/mg. Ta phai djnh
lugng xem miu thuic T d6 thyc
chit
la bao
nhi6u
U/mg. Muon the, ta phai dung mot miu
corticotrophin chuan (gpi
\A
miu chuan S) c6
hoat dp vi du cung
Id
1 U/mg. Dung 4
16

than.
Tinh trj trung binh va phuang sai
cua
mii
16.
Trong truang hgp nay, ta dung phep
phan tich phuang sai (ANOVA test hoac F test)
nen can tinh phuang sai cua mii
16
(khac vd'i vi
du 1, ta tinh sai si chuan). Gia thiit, sau thi
nghiem,
ta thu dugc cac kit qua nhu sau:
Ham
lira'ng
acid ascorbic
(mg/100
g tuyin
thipang thian)
va
phirvng
sai cua cac
16
Thong so
Che pham
chuan S
Che pham
thLH
T Tong
Trj trung

phan tich
phuang sai hoac "Phep nghiem F". Niu phep
thu
khdng
eo y nghTa thing ke, thi thu nghiem
kh6ng c6 gia trj va phai tiin hanh lai thi nghiem.
Niu phep thu c6 y nghTa thing ke, thi tinh eo
gia trj (validity) cua thu nghiem dat yeu ciu, lue
d6,
ta mo'i dugc tinh hoat lue va cac gia trj tin
cay cua hoat
lue
so
vd'i
thuoc chuan S.
Trong vi du nay, niu thyc hien
"Ph6p
nghiem
F",
ta xac djnh dugc ty so F = 90,5 tuc
la xac suit thing ke rit c6 y nghTa vd'i P <
0,01.
Sau khi da xac djnh dugc thu nghiem dat yeu
ciu,
ta
mo'i
tinh hoat lye cua miu thu T so
va\
miu ehuin S. Kit qua tinh toan cho thay, hoat
lye cua mau corticotrophin dem thu la

TAP CHi DUQC HQC -
11/2009
(SO 403 NAM 49)
Quan
ly -
Trao
doi
Qua
2 vi du da
n§u
6'
tren,
ta
thay
thuSt nglj
"test" trong thong
ke hoc
nen dugc chuyen nglj
la "phep nghiem".
Sau day la
bang
ghi mpt si
chuyin
ngu cua
thuat
nglj
"test" trong thong
ke
sinh
hoc

Phep nghiem
t
ciia
Student
Phep nghiem
t
Phep nghiem ANOVA
Phep nghiem
F
Phep nghiem
/^
Phep nghiem Bartlett
Phep nghiem Cochran
Phep nghiem Duncan
Phep nghiem Hartley
Ghi
ehu:
Student
6' day
khdng
phai
la
"sinh
vien"
ma
la
ten
dugc Gaddum dung
khi xay
dung

thuat
ngu'
"test"
tie ti4ng
Anh sang tieng Viet
Test
du'O'c
chuyin
ngO
la
"thCp",
"SLF
thiF"
Cach chuyin ngij chinh
cua
thuat ngij "test"
tu tiing
Anh
sang tiing Viet
la
"thu".
Niu
"test"
la
danh
tu
ehi
sy
viec hoac hoat
d6ng

Mot si vi du
dugc
neu
trong bang
2.
Bang
2:
Thuat
ngiJ
"test"
lam
nhiem
vu
tinh
ngu dugc chuyin ngij
la "thu"
Bang
4:
Thuat
ngu
"test"
d\jfCfc
chuyin ngij
la
Thuat
ngO tifing
Anh
ChuySn ngif
sang
tiSng

gily
quy)
Test du'O'c chuyen
ngu' la
"thLF
nghiem",
"phep
thup",
"phep nghiem"
Test dugc chuyin
ngij'
la
"phep
thu" khi
test
la danh
tu
chi
m6t
phuang phap
c6 quy
trinh
quy
tic
nhit
djnh.
Co thi neu mpt si
"Phep
thu"
trong Dugc diin duge chuyin ngij

doc tinh bat
thu-ong
Test
for
bacterial endotoxin Phep
thi>
noi doc
to vi
khuan
Test
for
depressor substances Phep
lhi>
cac
chit
ha
ap
Test
for
histamine Phep
thi>
histamin
Test
for
pyrogens
'* "
'
Phep
thii
cac

tic
nhit
djnh,
nhung
lai
dugc chuyin
ngij'
la
"thCp
nghiem".
Vi
du
mpt
phuang phap
di xac
djnh chit
do,
hoac
dung chit
d6 di xac
djnh
m6t
cai
khac. Chung
t6i nghT, trong nhung truo'ng
hgp nhu vay, niu
chuyin
ngit'
la
"phep

tieng
Anh
Chuyen
ngi>
la
"thup
nghiem'"
Chuyen
ngO
la
"phep
thi>"
Acetic acid test
Acetone test
Agglutination test
Allergy test
Aminopyrine test
Bone conduction test
Capillary resistance test
Dark adaptation test
Dark room test
Heel-knee test
Histamine test
Latex test
Thu nghiem acid acetic
ThLP nghiem aceton
ThLP nghiem
ngung
kit
ThiJ

ung
Phep
thu
aminopyrin
Phep thLP
din
truyin
xuang
Phep thLP
sue
bin mao
mach
Phep
thu
thich
ung
bong
toi
Phep
thu
phong
toi
Phep
thi>
got
chan-khap gii
Phep
thu
histamin
Phep