SO 4 (186)-2011
NGON
NGU*
&
OOl SONG
31
NGOAI
NGOVOI
BAN NGO
MOT SO CHI TO UCH SUT TRONG HANH DONG NGO LOI GIUP DOT
BANG TIENG ANH VA TIENG VIET
1.
Dat van de
1.
Mac dau ngd loi
giup
do la hanh dong
thudng gap trong giao tiep hang ngay, cho
den nay hanh ddng loi noi nay van chua
duoc nhieu cong
trinh
quan tam nghien cuu.
2.
Mot sd cong
trinh
nghien cuu ve
hdnh
ddng
ngd ldi
giiip
do van cdn nhieu han che.

ngd ldi
giiip
do.
Do
vay, trong bai viet nay chung toi:
1.
Md ta nhung chi to
lich
su duoc su
dung trong
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giiip
do cua
ngudi
Uc va nguoi
Viet
ban ngu.
2.
So
sanh
nhung chi to
lich
su nay xet
theo chieu hudng true tiep/gian tiep trong
nhung ngu canh
tinh
huong khac nhau.
3.
Giai

TH|
KIEU
OANH
(TS,
DHNN,
Dai hoc Da
Ning)
S. C. [10] v. v Hp cung quan diem cho
rang moi hanh ddng ldi ndi la mot don vi
giao tiep thuc hien mot chuc nang nao do,
chang han nhu
khen,
xin ldi, ngd ldi
giiip
do
v.
v
Theo
Austin
J.
[1],
thuat ngu "hanh ddng
loi
noi" thudng dung de noi den hanh dpng
ngdn trung (illocutionary act). Theo ong
nhung hanh ddng ldi ndi khac nhau cua mpt
ngdn ngu co the duoc phan
loai
dua vao su
phan

ngd loi
giiip
do mot ai do. Nhung
phat ngdn thupc
loai
nay duoc
Searle
J. R.
[16]
gpi la "Nhung hanh ddng loi noi gian
tiep"
hay nhdng trudng hop " mpt hanh
ddng ngdn trung duoc thuc hien bdi mpt
hanh dpng ngdn trung khac" nham bieu dat y
dinh
cua ngudi ndi mdt
each
gian tiep de
tranh xung dot trong xa giao. Nhieu nha
nghien cuu phuong Tay nhu
(Searle
J. R.
[15],
Brown
P. and Levinson S. [2], Leech
32
NGON
NG&
&
06l SONG

thiep va biet tuan
theo
le loi
chuan
muc xa
hoi
trong giao tiep" [20]. Tuy nhien,
theo
quan diem truyen thong,
lich
su con bao
gom khai niem le (tu Han-Viet co nguon goc
tu
chu // "nghTa la le, le
nghi").
Le la mot bo
nhung
phep
tac chi phoi
each
cu xu cho phai
le trong moi quan he da chieu chu yeu mang
tinh
ton ti thu bac trong do ke dudi phai biet
kinh
trong nguoi be tren va nguoi be tren co
bon phan phai quan tam do dan ke dudi.
Khai
niem ve
lich

hpi
(social norm) trong viec quy dinh
each
cu
xu
theo
dung
phep
tac cua cac thanh vien
trong cpng dong nham the hien
phep
lich
su.
Trong
so nhung nha nghien cuu nay, Brown
P. va Levinson S. [2, 3] da dua ra mpt li
thuyet ve
lich
su bao
quat
va chi tiet va hp
cho rang li thuyet nay mang
tinh
phi
quat
[2].
Trong li thuyet nay, Brown P. va
Levinson S. dua ra nhung nguyen tdc ve
lich
su, va tu do due ket nam loai

nen van hda nao dd. Npi dung chu yeu trong
li
thuy
It
cua Brown P. va Levinson S. la
khai
niem vl thi
dien (face),
gdm the
dien
dm tinh:
nhan manh y muln dpc lap, khong
bi
ap dat va thi
dien duang tinh:
nhan manh
y
muln hda ding cua cac ddi tugng tham gia
giao
tilp.
Brown P. va Levinson S. khang
dinh
rdng vl ca ban
lich
su dua tren nhung
nguyen tdc duy li (rational principles)
lien
quan mpt
each
co he thong vdi y dinh cua

chien luge cua ngudi
ndi
nham giup hp dat
dugc
muc dich giao
tiep cua minh.
4.
Khai niem hanh dong ngo ldi
Theo Rabinowitz J. F. [12, tr. 203] nhu
sau: Ngd ldi
giup
do la hanh dpng ldi noi ma
ngudi ngd ldi
hoae
tu nguyen dua ra (ngo ldi
tu
phat)
hoae
bi
bupc
phai dua ra (ngo' ldi
khong tu phat), de mang lai cai gi
hoae
mang lai su giup da
phuc
vu cho ngudi
nghe
ma ngudi ngd ldi cho la cd lgi cho ngudi
nghe
va cam ket se thuc hien.

dien trong van
hda
Viet
va Uc. Tuy nhien, trong da sd ngu
canh
tinh
huong da
dugc
chung tdi phan
tich,
gia tri trung binh cua muc dp a
p
dat R
trong
hdnh ddng
ngd lai
giiip
dd-
theo
danh
SO4(186)-2011
NGON
NG&&
P6l SONG
33
gia
cua nguai Uc la cao han so vai nguai
Viet.
Do vay,
hdnh dong

su dung la mo ta va so
sanh
dua tren nhieu
nguon du
lieu
khac nhau. Ngudn du
lieu
chu
yeu
la ban cau hdi, phieu hoan thanh
tinh
huong ve
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi cua 120 nghiem
the ngudi Uc,
Viet
va tu
lieu
duac
quan sat
ghi
nhan trong thuc te. Nguon du
lieu
thu
yeu
lay tu phim truyen,
kich,
truyen ngan,
sach
giao khoa tieng Anh, tieng

ngudi
Viet
(n = 21/60) va ngudi Uc (n
=
37/60) dung pho bien hang thu hai bat
chap
cac gia tri ve quyen luc tuong ddi va
khoang
each
xa hoi. Trong do
chien luqc
de
nghi true tiep
(DN) (direct suggestive
strategy: n = 27 # 45 %) duoc chuong nhat
trong
ngu canh
tinh
huong mot hoc vien
cung
tudi
ngo ldi giup cd giao da quen than
khac phuc
tinh
trang may vi-de-6 bi hong
trong
gid hoc.
(1)
"Co
gido

xa hoi giua ngudi ngo ldi giup do va
ngudi
nghe.
Co sd de li
giai
cho viec su dung TN kha
pho bien trong
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup
do
doi
vdi ngudi
Viet
cd the la do van hoa
Viet
Nam
mang
tinh
cdng dong (collectivism -
oriented culture). Ngd ldi
giiip
do la hanh
dong ldi ndi dugc danh gia cao nham to su
quan tam lan nhau giua nhung thanh vien
trong
xa hoi va do vay ngd ldi la
hdnh ddng
ndng
cao the

1 6/60 | 3/60
Ghi
chu:
GNLL
= gian ngon udc le;
GNPUL
= gian ngdn phi udc le
6.1.2. Loai chien luqc gian ngdn
udc le
(conventionally indirect strategy category)
Bang 1 cung cho thay
GNUL
la
loai
chien luge phd bien nhat doi vdi ngudi Uc
(n
= 617/60) va ngudi
Viet
(n = 436/60)
trong
hau het ngu canh
tinh
huong ngo ldi
bat
chap
gia tri quyen
lire
tuong doi va
khoang
each

tdi xin trich dan mot tinh
huong
nghien
cuu ma
ngudi
Uc
dung
dieu bien td
ndi vi phd
bien
nhat
(n = 60 # 100 %).
(2) Hpc vien mdi
nhap
hpc ngo ldi cho
hpc vien
khac
mdi
quen,
cung
ldp va
dong
lua
muon
vd ghi bai vi
thay
nguoi
nay rat lo
lang
khi bi mat bai ghi lan

dung
dang
cau nghi van vdi qua khu gia dinh cua
tro
dpng
tu tinh
thai
lam
dieu
bien
to npi vi
(n = 16 #
26.70
%).
Nhung
chien
luac
nay
cd tac
dung
lam
giam
luc
ngon
trung
cua
hanh ddng ngd ldi giup dd ng5 hau
tranh
su
ap dat doi vdi

cung
thudng
dung:
(3) "Would you like to photocopy my
notes from the last lecture? "
Trong
khi dd,
ngudi
Viet lai co
khuynh
hudng
dung
GNUL vdi
dieu
bien
to
ngoai
vi
(n = 29 #
48.33
%) d ben
ngoai
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi giup do trung tdm dac
trung
bdi mpt
chuoi
cau vdi
nhieu
cau

do, pho
bien
nhat
la GNUL
dung
yeu to rao trudc (n
=
21 #35 %) vdi dieu bien td tdng luc ve tir
vung
(intensifiers),
chang
han tu qud
nham
lam
tang
luc
ngon
trung
cua hdnh ddng ngd
ldi giup dir.
(4) Hpc vien hon co
giao
5 tudi ngd ldi
giup
cd
giao
mdi
khac
phuc
tinh

vdi
dieu bien to gidm luc ve cii phdp a
dang
qua
khu gia dinh cua tro
dpng
tu tinh
thai
(chang
han might a
thanh
phan
rao
trudc
va would a
ngay
ca hdnh ddng ngd ldi trung tdm)
hoae
dieu bien td gidm luc ve tir vung
(chang
han
to try d
hanh
dpng
ngd ldi
trung
tam) nhu
duoc
minh hoa d vi du sau
trong

cho su
tuong
ddng
nay lai
khac
nhau.
Dieu
nay co the do su
khac
nhau
trong
quan
diem
vl
thi
dien
va
lich
su bi chi phoi bdi
nhirng
dac
diem
van hoa
khac
nhau
cua hai
cpng
dong
Uc, Viet. Ngudi Uc
danh

nghe
bi
bupc
phai
suy
doan
dl
nhan
bilt
luc
ngon
trung
cua
hdnh ddng ngd ldi
nham
nam bat y dinh cua
ngudi
ngd ldi.
Theo
each
nay, hdnh ddng
ngd ldi bdng gid rat co the de doa the
dien
am tinh cua
ngudi
nghe.
Do vay,
ngudi
Uc
rat it

ho
tuong nhau" (Huu Ngoc [11, tr.
264]).
Nguyen
li nay khuyen
khich
su quan tam lan
nhau giua nhung thanh vien trong cong
dong. Vi the, ngo loi
giiip
nguoi khac trong
con
hoan nan kho khan la
hanh dong ndng
cao
the
dien
cho ca ngudi ngd loi giup do va
ngudi
nghe. Do vay, trong van hoa
Viet
Nam,
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup
do thudng
khong
phai dien dat qua chien luge qua gian
ngon (bong gio) thay vao dd cd the dung TN
hoae

.to
fix
this video!"
Tuy
nhien,
loai
chien luge nay dugc
ngudi
Uc va ngudi
Viet
dien dat bang nhung
cau true khac nhau. Ngudi Uc chuong dung
dang thuc nghi
vdn nhu d vi du (6) nham dd
hoi
y muon cua nguoi
nghe
trudc khi dua ra
hanh ddng ngo loi trung tam nham tranh su
ap dat doi vdi ngudi
nghe
de thi hien
phep
lich
su dm
tinh
phu hop vdi van hoa thien ve
chu
nghTa ca nhan cua ngudi Uc noi rieng va
cua ngudi phuong Tay noi chung. Trong khi

tinh
den anh
hudng cua cac dieu bien to doi vdi
hdnh
ddng
ngd ldi
giiip
do
trung
tdm.
6.2. Dieu bien
td
Ket
qua cho thay da so dieu bien td dung
trong
hdnh ddng
ngd ldi
giup
do cua ngudi
Uc
la dieu
bien
td
gidm
luc ve cu
phdp
hay
dieu
bien to giam
lire

ngd ldi cua ngudi
Viet.
That vay
phuong tien ngdn ngu chu yeu dien dat
tinh
lich
su trong tieng
Viet
la cac chi td xa hdi
nhu
TTT (Kin Terms: nv = 456/60 ^ nE =
20/60),
kinh
ngu (KN)
(formal
semantic
items: nv = 102/60 # nE = 21/60), va
TTTT
the hien su
kinh
trong a
(honorific
pragmatic
particles: nv = 42/60) khong nhung dugc
dung trong cau ndng cot (the hien
hdnh ddng
ngd
ldi
trung
tdm) ma cdn d ben ngoai no.

Chitlxahoi
I Anh I
Viet
TTT
20/60 ~ 456/60
KN
21/60 102/60
a | 0/60 j 42/60 •
Ghi
chu: nV: tan sd su dung trong tieng
Viet;
khac
vdi;
nE: tan sd su dung trong
tieng
Anh
Nhung
TTTT
khac nhu
nhe?, nhi?, chic?

co the lam
gidm
luc ngdn trung GL
(softening
pragmatic particles: n = 81/60)
nhung da sd cac
TTTT
khac thuong
tdng

khac
biet trong
each
dung dieu bien to
cua ngudi Uc va
Viet
co the do su
khac
nhau
loai
hinh ngon ngu va van hoa. Ve phuong
dien loai hinh ngon ngu, tieng
Viet
la ngon
ngu don lap, don am tiet va khong bien hinh
(Xtankevich
N.V.
[22. tr. 125]). Vi vay; thai
do
lich
su cua ngudi ngo ldi doi vdi ngudi
nghe
duoc
thi hien qua nhung
tinh
thai tu
nhu nhung chi td bieu thi quan he xa hoi
glm
nhung tu
xmig

la
phuang
tien chinh yeu de
thi
hien
tinh
lich
su trong
hanh ddng
ngd ldi
giup da
bang
tieng Anh.
Ve
phuong dien van hoa, ngudi
Viet
thuoc nin van hoa mang
tinh
cong dong lang
nude
va ton ti thu bac, trong do su quan tam
din
nhung ngudi
khac
trong cong dong du d
bac tren, dudi hay
ngang
hang
deu
duoc

hdnh dong
ngd ldi
giup
do de
phat
huy tmh doan ket trong cong dong. The
nhung viec dung nhung
Tinh
thai tu mang
tinh
cong ding nay khong
duac
soi roi trong
li
thuylt
lich
sir mang
tinh
chien luge hay
duy li cua Brown va Levinson cung nhieu
nha nghien cuu
phuang
Tay
khac
ve hien
tuong
lich
su trong hanh dong ldi noi.
Ngugc lai, ngudi Uc thuoc nen van hoa
mang

giam
nhe luc ngon trung nham td thai do tdn trong
quyln
tu do cua ngudi
khac
de to
phep
lich
su am
tinh.
Tuy nhien,
chiln
luge gian ngon
cu
phap
nay cung da khong
duoc
de cap den
nhilu
trong li thuylt vl
lich
su mang
tinh
hudng chuin (discernment) cua nhieu nha
nghien cuu
phuang
Ddng.
Do
vay, chi tl
lich

trong a cung
nhung
TTTT
khac
co
chuc
nang
dieu bien to
cho
hanh
dong ngd ldi
giiip
dd. Ngudi noi
nhimg
thu tieng
khac
nhau thuoc nhung loai
hinh
ngon ngu
khac
nhau co the dung mot
trong hai
phuang
tien tren d nhung muc do
khac
nhau nham the hien
phep
lich
su trong
hanh dong ldi noi ke ca

udc
le
xd hdi vd
lich
su
mang
dnh duy Ii. Tuy
nhien do muc do
khac
nhau trong thien
hudng doi vdi moi hinh thuc
lich
sir tren ma
ngudi Uc va ngudi
Viet
ban ngu thuoc hai
SO 4
(186)-2011
NGON NGU & 06l
SONG
nen van hoa
khac
nhau
dung
nhung
chi to
lich
su
khac
nhau

viec
day hoc
tieng
Anh cho
ngudi
Viet ban ngu tot hon bdi
le qua dd
ngudi
day cd the tien
doan
nhung
ldi
ngu
dung
kha dT cua
ngudi
hoc de cd
phuong
phap
giang
day thich hop hon.
Ngoai
ra, bai viet con cho
thay
anh
hudng
cua
nhung
gia tri van hoa xa hoi ddi vdi
each

su ldi noi ma
khong
phan
tich
nhung
le thdi xa hdi
dang
sau nd (Yuling P., [17, tr.51]).
Tai lieu
tham
khao
TIENG ANH
1.
Austin J.
(1962),
How to do things with
words,
Havard
University
Presses,
Cambridge.
2. Brown P.,
Levinson
S.
(1978),
"Universals in language usage: politeness
phenomena", in E.N.
Goody
(Eds.),
pp. 56 -

(1975),
Language and woman's
place,
Harper
and Row, New York.
7. Lakoff R.
(1989),
"The limits of
politeness: therapeutic and courtroom
discourse", Multilingua 8- 2/3, pp.
101-129.
8.
Hoang
Thj Thu Lan
(2000),
Offering in
English and in Vietnamese,
Hanoi
National
University, Hanoi.
9.
Leech
G. N.
(1983),
Principles of
pragmatics,
Longman,
London.
10.
Levinson,

Speech acts,
Cambridge
University
Press,
England.
14.
Searle
J. R.
(1971),
"A classification of
illocutionary acts",
Language
and
Society
23 (1), pp. 1-23.
15.
Searle
J. R.
(1975),
"Indirect speech
acts", in P.
Cole,
J. L.
Morgan
(Eds.),
Speech
Acts
(Syntax
and
Semantics

hoc
Quoc
gia Ha Noi, Ha Ndi.
19.
Nguyen
Thj
Luong
(1996),
Tieu tu tinh
thdi dut cdu dung de hdi vdi viec bieu thi cdc
hdnh vi ngdn ngir trong tieng Viet,
Luan
an
Pho Tien
sTNgu
van, Dai hoc
Quoc
gia Ha Noi,
Ha Noi.
20.
Hoang
Phe (chu
bien)
(1998),
Tie dien
tieng Viet,
Trung
tam Tu
dien
ngon

04-03-2010)