sir TIEP BIEN
THE
LOAI VAN HOC
PHAT GIAO
• • • •
TRONG
TAC
PHAM
THIEN PHAI
TRUC LAM
THICH PHl/aC DAT
(•)
T
u khi dao Phat ra dai
a
xu An Dp,
hem
25 the ky ton tai va phat trien,
Phat giao da de lai cho nhan loai nhieu
di san van hoa vat chat cflng nhu van
hda tam linh ma cho tai nay du con
nguai no luc toi da van khong khai
thae
het y nghia an tang cua chung. Trong
do,
kho tang van hpc Phat giao
dugc
ket
tap tu Tam tang kinh dien da co dong
gop to lan trong qua trinh truyen ba
Chanh phap va da tac dpng manh me

dinh
hudng
va phat
trien cho Phat giao Viet Nam bay gid
trong qua trinh hgi nhap Phat giao the
gidi vai su ra ddi Thien phai
True
Lam*^'.
Su kien nay da gdp phan xay
dung va phat trien nen van hoa, van hgc
nuac nha. Ro net nhat la dong van hgc
Phat giao Ly - Tran vai su phat trien ve
ngi dung lan hinh thuc, tu su phat trien
cac de tai, chu de phan anh, den phuang
phap sang tac qua viec dinh hinh cac the
loai mai, va ngay ca thu phap nghe thuat
ngdn ngii. Bai viet nay chi tap trung de
cap den van de
"Sir
tiep bien the loai van
hgc Phat giao trong tac pham Thien phai
Tnic Lam" nham thay dugc gia tri ve mat
hgc thuat va van chuang Thien phai trong
ddng chay van hgc cua nuac nha.
1.
Cc
SO"
hinh thanh va phat trien
Tam tang kinh
dien Phat giao

kheo
true
tiep lang nghe bac dao su va
chinh hg ndi lai bai phap ay trong nhung
liic
thuyet giang hoac trong truang hgp
giao phap cua bac dao su dugc tung
dge
nliieu lan tai cac ky ket tap. Su phong
phu ve cac de tai thuyet phap keo theo
sir
da dang cac the loai thich
ung
cho
tung
doi tugng nghe phap qua nliieu Phcip
thoai dugc bao luu trong Tam tang kinh
dien hien nay, chung td da cd su no luc
ldn
cua cac ty kheo qua nhieu the he
trong viec
sun
tap, sap xep nhiing lai day
cua The Ton vao ky uc va dac biet qua
cac hgi nghi ket tap.
Can cu vao cac tai lieu Cullavagga
(Tieu
phcim),
Dlpavamsa (Ddo sie),
Mahdvamsa (Dgi sir) vd Samanta

khae
nua la Anada (A Nan Da) va
Upali
(Uu Ba Ly), cd trach nhiem tuyen
dge
Phcip (Dhamma) va Lugt (Vinaya).
Sau dd,
CO
su kien cac ty kheo
Vajjili
ch§p
tri muai van de vugt qua giai luat
Sa mdn (Dasavatthuni - Thap dieu) da
din
den hgi nghi ket tap lan hai dugc td
chuc a Vesali (Ty Xa Ly), khoang 100
nam sau ngay Phat nhap diet, duai trieu
vua Kalasoka, hau due cua vua
Ajatasattu (A Xa The). Lan nay quy tu
gan 700 ty kheo, duai su chu tri cua ty
kheo Sabbakami, tap trung
dge
Phcip
(Dhamma).
Nhung theo Buddhaghosa
(Phat Am), hgi nghi tap trung
dge
ca
Phc'tp
(Dhamma), Luiit (Vinaya) va buac

danh bat mgi quan diem sai lam ve Phat
giao.
Nhu vay, it nhat c6 ba cuoc hgi
nghi dugc ket tap kinh dien dugc td
chuc tai An Do trudc khi giao ly cua
due
Phat dugc truyen sang Tfch Lan,
dan den su ket tap kinh dien lan
thii
tu
dudi
sir
bao trg cua vua Abahaya
Vattagamani vao cudi the ky
thii
nhat
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT
GIAO
TRONG
sau Tay lich, trong dd Tam tang kinh
dien (Tipitaka), bao gdm Kinh tang
(Suttapitaka), Ludt tang (Viyanapitaka),
Lugn tang (Abhidhammapitaka) lan dau
tien dugc viet thanh van ban. Tuy nhien,
quan diem Phat giao Bac truyen cho
rang lan ket tap thu tu nay dugc to chuc
khoang nam
100
sau Cong nguyen dudi

phii
tu
ndi dung cho den hinh thuc the hien.
Dieu dd cd nghia, bat
cii
ai mudn tiep
can cac loai hinh ngdn ngu uyen ao nhat
cua kho tang van hgc Phat giao, can
phai tim hieu the loai van hgc dugc giai
trinh qua tac pham kinh dien. Yen td the
loai se giai ma cac thdng diep ma cac
ban kinh de cap, nhat la viec xac dinh
tdm vdc tu
tu'ong
triet ly, pham vi cua lich
su Clia mgt tac pham van hgc Phat giao.
Mat kbac, su phan dinh the loai se
la nhQng dieu kien tat yeu khdng thd
thilu
ddi vai
vice
nghien
ciiu
va phan
tich van ban. Ngudi ta se khdng the hieu
ngi dung mgt
each
ro rang neu nhu
khdng xac dinh dugc hinh thiic ca ban
Clia nd nhu xuat xu thai gian, dia diem,

nghla kinh dien Phat giao. Tren het,
sir
phan loai nay nham giup cho ngirdi tiep
can hieu ro gia tri thdng diep va gia tri
hudng den giai thoat ma tac pham dem
lai.
Sir
phan chia the loai chi mang tfnh
each
tuang ddi, nghia la su phan loai
deu chi
dira
vao mgt sd net dac trung
theo cac tieu chi "nlian duyen thuyet
phap",
"each trinli
bay khi thuyet phap",
"each
ghi nlian cua thdi thuyet phap" va
"ngi dung thuyet phap" da dugc
diic
Phat
xac lap nhu trong Kinh Xa du nhu sau:
Kinh la nhiing dieu
due
Phat ndi
cho hang de tu tu tap hirdng den giac
ngg giai thoat; U'ng tung la
sir
truydn

diic
Phat qua khu
v.v do
Phat ke lai; Cdm hirng ngd cdn
ggi kinh Phat tu thuydt chi cho
sir
ghi
chep lai nhung deu
due
Phat noi ra vai
nhiing trudng hgp dac biet; Phuang
qudng la
sir
ghi nhan nhiing cudc thao
luan cua cac vi Thanh de tu dugc
due
Phat xac nhan la phu hgp vdi Phat y;
Gidi thuyet la su ghi chep lai nhiing
dieu luan giai ve chinh phap cua
diic
Phat va cac bac A - la - ban.
Ve sau, cac nha trudc tac van hgc
Phat giao dugc van dung cac the tai
khae
nhau trong he thdng the loai ndi
tren de xay dung cac tac pham kinh dien
ndi tieng. Rieng d nudc ta, den thai Ly -
Tran, thi van hgc Phat giao dugc phat
trien rue ra. Loai hinh the loai (type)
cua van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran theo

loai thi bao gia cung c6
sir
bien ddi sau
sac ve hinh thuc nghe thuat, cung nhu
phuang thirc phan anh tac pham.
Nhin lai he thdng the loai van hpc
Phat giao Ly - Tran, tu dai Ly sang dai
Tran da cd su chuyen bien ro ret. Neu
van hgc Phat giao dai Ly, he thdng the
loai
hinli
thanh chua day du, chi cd
nipt
sd the loai chu yeu nhu: ke tha Thien.
tha ta canh, tu
khue,
bi ky, minh, ngir
luc thi sang dai Tran nen van hgc Phat
giao cdn xuat hien them phu, ca, tung,
niem tung ke, luan thuyet tdn giao, cac
the truyen, tha tru tinh Cac the loai ay
chiu su qui dinh tinh chat van hgc trung
dai,
trong dd
sir
phan dinh cu the va sap
xep theo quy luat Van - Su - Triet bat
phan ma chiing ta da biet.
Van hoc Thien phai Tnic Lam la
bao gdm nhung tac pham van hgc kinh

thanh tuu lan ve
sir
phat triln phong
phii
cac the loai cua dong van hgc Phat giao,
ma dinh cao la van hgc Phat giao Ly -
Tran. Day la
sir
phat trien cua cac
thi
loai van hgc Phat giao cd gia tri vl mat
hgc thuat
lin
nghe thuat van chuang
trong ddng chay van hgc.
3.1.
Luan thuyet tdn giao
Cac nha nghien
ciin
trudc day chia
the loai luan thuylt thanh hai loai: Luan
thuyet chinh tri va luan thuylt tdn giao.
0 luan thuyet chfnh tri, chung ta thudng
gap trong cac bd su khi cac
sir
gia ghi
lai nhiing lai ban, ldi binh vl viec tri
nuac;
con
thi

Ly hoac ludn la tac pham luan thuylt
ban ve nhiing ly le sai
l4m
cua gidi Nho
- Lao ddi vai Phat giao, gdm 37
dilu'^'.
Cdn Dgo Cao phcip su tiip cd
thi
la tap
luan thuyet ly giai nhiing trilt ly nha
Phat. Ca hai tac pham nay da co mdt su
ddng gop nhat dinh trong viec kl thua,
tiep thu va van dung
thi
loai luan thuylt
tdn giao vao trong tac pham van hgc cua
Thien phai Triic Lam.
Dai Ly, the loai luan thuyet tdn giao
chua dugc cac thien su
sir
dung nhieu.
Hien chi con mgt vai doan nhu
Ciiu
Chi
viet ve Tdm
phdp'-'^^;
va may doan luan
thuyet cua Van Hanh khuyen Ly Cdng
Uan nen len ngdi vua tri vi thien
ha''''^

ve the loai ma cdn
thi
hien tu tudng
Phat - Thien, thdng qua phuang thuc
bieu dat giau hinh tugng nghe thuat.
Khoa hu luc la mgt luan thuylt tdn giao
dugc viet ket hgp ba ldi van: tan van.
bien van, van van ma hinh thuc tan van
va bien van la chinh. Trong tac
phSm
luan thuyet nay thi
tiiu
loai phd thuylt
dugc Tran Thai Tdng
sir
dung nhilu ban
ca. Phd thuylt chi la mgt
tiiu thi
loai
cua the loai luan thuylt tdn giao, muc
dich van dung
tiiu thi
loai nay la dl
thuylt phap,
tiic
ban vl cac ndi dung
Thiin - Phat, nd ra ddi tu thdi Dai Tue
Tdng Cao (1089 -
1163)
d Trung Hoa.

Trong cac sach Phat hgc thai nay,
ngoai ke va tha, cac bai viet ban ve giao
ly Thien da dugc viet bang ldi van bien
ngau bdng bay, mang ve dep cd kinh
trang trgng. Cau triic bai thuyet phap
dugc cac tac gia Thien phai viet thudng
chia lam hai phan, phan tren la hinh
thirc phd thuyet dugc viet theo ldi bien
van, ngdn ngii giau hinh tugng sdng
ddng, cd
sue
cudn
hiit
ngudi
dge,
vdi
gigng van vira thiet tha mai ggi, vua
thdi thiic con ngudi tinh thiic; phan dudi
la mdt bai ke dugc viet theo the tha
Dudng luat that ngdn bat cu hoac tu
tuyet, nham tdm tat ndi dung tu tuong
da giang giai d phan tren, giup ngudi
hgc dao de dang tiep nhan chan ly. Cd
the ndi, tieu the loai nay la su ket hgp
giii'a hai the tai van hgc Phat giao truyen
thong
CO
tu
thofi diic
Phat: Ung tung,

miic
dich la nham den
quang dai quan chung, huong mgi ngudi
hieu ro cac van de cdt loi
ciia
Thien de
cd thai do sdng phu hgp tam nguyen
giai thoat. Cu the la Tran Thai Tdng
mudn giai quyet cac van de ldn xoay
xung quanh con ngudi,
tiic
sac than va
sinh lao benh tu thdng qua bieu tugng
bdn mii tuang ung vai bdn mua nham
khai ggi nguai hgc dao phat
Idng
Bd
De,
hudng den giai thoat Niet ban.
Ddi vdi van de sac than, Tran Thai
Tong chi ra su trdi budc
ciia
cai sac than
gia huyen. Chinh su he
liiy
truoc cac
tran ma con ngudi nhu con thieu than
lao vao vdng xoay cudc ddi va trdi lan
trong ddng sinh tu. Tung cau van, con
chii gigng dieu cat len nhu la tieng ndi

gia benh
chi din
gAn;
tham tiec rugu,
sac,
taidi
mSt "^'.
Tuong tu bdn bai Phd thuyet
ciia
Phap Loa: Khuyin xudt gia tien dgo
ngdn.
True
Ldm dgi Tdn gid thugng tod
thinh su thi chung, Thugng thica tam
hgc khuyen chung phd thuyet, Yeu minh
hgc thudt, bang trai tim Thien dinh, khdi
dc tue giac, su dung
biit
phap
vira
chinh
luan, ta thuc het
siic
song ddng, van cu
giau hinh anh so sanh, Tdn gia mdi ggi
mgi ngudi hay tinh thiic, sdng theo dao
ly Thien tdng ma an tni trong the giai an
lanh, hanh phiic that
sir
"Chu tieu tu!

nao?)*'''.
3.2. Ke va tha Thien
Hien c6 nhieu y kien kbac nhau khi
de cap den ten ggi the loai nay. Sach
Vdn hgc Phat gido thdi Ly - Trdn: Dien
mgo vd ddc diem da tdng ket cac y kien
cua cac nha nghien
ciiu
ve the loai nay,
tu dd giai thuyet ke va tha Thiin gdm
cac loai nhu sau: "Loai thu nhat la ke
(ke tan, ke tung, ke ngg gia). Nhung bai
ke nay trirc tiep trinh bay giao ly, tu
tuang nha Phat bang hinh thiic ngan
ggn, cd dgng, chuyen tai nhung ndi
dung
sue
tich, nhiing tu tudng uyen ao
Clia Thiin hgc, Phat hgc. Ve ngudn gdc
ke la nhiing bai van van (tha thudng la
bdn cau, co khi tam cau vdi nhiem vu
thau tom mgt
each
cd dgng ldi kinh
bang van xudi da giang thuyet a phan
trudc.
Chinh tu ghep "kinh ke" da ndi
len mdi quan he gan bd dd. Loai
thii
hai

.
Cac y kien noi tren, chi la
sir
phan
loai mang tinh chat tuang ddi. Chung ta
cung khd ma phan chia rach rdi, chinh
xac chuyen biet ve cac dang tha Thien.
Su phan loai ay nham de so sanh vai cac
the loai kbac trong van hgc Phat giao.
Tuy vay, the loai ke va tha Thien dugc
cac tac gia
sir diing
nhieu trong van hgc
Phat giao Ly - Tran. Khda hu luc la tac
pham cua Tran Thai Tdng da su
diing
the loai ke va tha kha ro net. Thuang
si
ngir luc
ciia
Tran Tung. Thien uyen tap
anh Clia nhieu tac gia cung deu c6 su ket
hgp cac the loai nay. Nhirng tac pham
vua neu tren da
sii
dung ba ldi van: tan
TAP CHi HAN NOM
SO
6 (103) -
2010

ngdn ngii dien dat rieng, ngudi dpc phai
CO
chia khoa de giai ma thi mdi thau dat.
Cac bai ke
khae
cua cac bai van nhu
Gidi sdt sinh vdn, Gidi thdu dgo vdn,
Gidi sdc vdn, Gidi vgng ngir vdn, Gidi
tic
vdn nhat
la cac bai ke cua cac bai
van thugc Luc thdi sdm hdi khoa nghi da
dua tac gia trd thanh nha tha sam hdi.
Mdt gigng tha la ddc dao giira ddng tha
Thien, vdn rat thien ve su
kliai
phdng hoa
quang ddng tran, tuy duyen
tiiy
tuc.
Ngoai cac bai ke d Ddi ca va Tung
cd trong Tue Trung Thugng
sT
ngic luc,
Thugng sT ciing cd den 5 bai mang hinh
thuc ke Kien gidi, Thi hgc, Thi chiing,
Thi do, Khuyen the tien dgo trong so 49
bai tha ma Tha vdn Ly - Trdn ghi nhan.
So vdi cac bai Nguyen hda cua Khuong
Viet; Tdm khdng

tdc.
Chang ban, khi
dge
Thic thdi vd
thudng ke se thay rd: "Miet nhan d luan
tai xuat chan, Hdi dau hy ngu hun
duong ly. Than tham hu mgc tam vuu
thiic,
Na tinh cao hoe anh di di. Thuc
thot hoa am triing phuc dao, Tuan tuan
khuan menh thinh hoan suy. Chu nhan
hap tao hdi quang chieu, Tu kho khu tri
luge
lg ky"* '. (Chop mat viing d
vii'a
mai mgc, Quay dau bdng nhat da trdn
xoe.
Chi ham giac
ngii
say me mai, Nao
biet quang am tham thoat di. Phut chdc
hoa tuoi rdi lai heo, Quanh co menh nam
thinli
lien suy. Ai ai xin hay quay dau lai,
Rong
aidi
dudng me mai the
chi!
)*
.

dge
dl dang tilp nlian dl
thirc nghiem tam
liiili.
Hay
Idii dge
Su de
van ddp Clia Tran Nhan Tong, ta bit gap
hinh anh de tu hoi "Nhu ha thi hien tai
10
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
Phat gia phong?"
(Thi
nao la gia phong
cua Phat hien tai) dugc Tnic Lam tra lai:
'Bach thuy gia phong me hilu
yin,
Hdng
dao tien
uyIn
tuy xuan
phong."*'^'
(Nudc
trang menh mong chim en bac, Vuon tien
dao thim gid xuan
say*^**'.
Nhu vay, cac bai ke cua cac nha
trudc tac Thiin phai dugc thi vi hoa ban
nira. Day la su kl thira trong su biln

sidd tic
de,
Dien
Hint tu cua
Huyin Quang.
Ben canh d6, cdn c6 nhilu bai tha
mang cam hiing Thiin hgc chilm mdt
s6
lugng
Idia
lon trong tha ke cua Thiin phai
so vdi cac bai tha
ciia
cac thiin su ddi Ly.
Ndi dung trinh bay den ban
thi
giai thoat,
cac van de sinh tu Niet ban, chan nhu, sic
khdng, huu vd Chiing ta cd
thi
thiy
mdt vai bai tha a ddi Ly
nliu
Ngdn hodi
cua Kliong Lg;
Him
huang Nhu Lai
ciia
Quang Nghiem; Hoa diep cua Giac Hai
phat bieu ve de tai nay. Nhu la

bai Thi tich; Huyen Quang cd cac bai nhu
Yen
Tic
son am cu Thgch Thdt, Di Dgng
Hien ddn viet gid son Moi bai cua mdi
tac gia cd mdt
each
dien dat rieng biet khi
thi trirc tiep, luc thi gian tilp trinh bay
cam hung Thien hgc ve sa
die,
sa chung
nhung deu xuat phat
tir
dilm nhin
ciia
sy
chiing ngd thuc tai duyen sinh vd nga, vd
thirdng.
Chang han, bai Di Cd Chdu huong
thdn tu; Tran Nhan Tdng nhin nhan "sd
ddi"
that md mit trudc
sir sinli
lao
benli
tir
klii
ve tham cdng chua Thien Thuy nga
benh nang. The nliung, mdt ngudi tinli

De Ddng Hien ddn viet gia son, ta thay,
Huyen Quang ciing tu tai giai thoat vai
mdt tam thiic thanh tinh, kliong con he
luy tuc tran: "Hoa mdc di duyen chiing
tac
son.
Lung yen trao nguyet, lac hoa
ban. Tdng tu niem lu dd vd tuc, Doanh
dac tlianh phong nhat chain
an"*"^'
(Quaiili
quat cay leo, mii chat chdng. Hoa roi lanh
giua
klioi
trang long.
Tii'
na}'
niem
tiic
thoi
Mi'ong
\'an,
Chiee
goi an nlian trudc gio
trong)*-"*'.
Chua dimg tai day, ta con thay cac
bai tha Thien bgc
Id
cam xuc tam trang
thuc chirng giac ngd dugc giai trinh

thi de la
Tiiy
trudc chir
khdng phai la Khdng Ld (1016-1094)
ddi Ly d Viet Nam) va Cdo tat thi
chiing
ciia
Man Giac ddi Ly la mdt
trong nhung bai tieu bieu. Nhung dau an
ldn ve loai tha nay
\an
la cac tac gia
thien
sir
a ddi Tran thugc phai Thien
True
Lam
nliu
bai Ky Thanh Phong am
tdng
Dice
San cua Tran Thai Tdng; De
Huyen Thien dgng, Hgnh Thien Trudng
hdnh cung
ciia
Tran Thanh Tdng; Hga
Hung Tri thugng vi hdu, Giang hd tu
thich
ciia
Tue Tmng; Xudn hieu, Dgng

gidi thuc tai hien huu ciing
song hanh vdi the gidi sieu nghiem
trong mgt khdng gian bien trdi bao la,
mdt thdi gian vd bien de den nai ciing
tan. Con thuyen
ciia
Huyen Quang la
con thuyen vugt thoat khd dau ma kinh
dien nha Phat
ggi
la
thu\en
Bat Nha.
Nguoi
dge
se cam nhan
sir
thanh thoat,
su huyen dieu giua bien trdi menh
mdng, c6
sir
hien hiiu cua mdt
chiee
thuyen con ludt qua be dai tram luan, xa
xa chi mgt canh chim hai au trang de
ma ldi cho cudc hanh trinh ve mien giai
thoat "Giang thiiy lien thien nhat au
bach" (Chim au mdt canh trang phau.
{Chu
trungf'^\

thi
giai thoat van
12
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
la da sd voi 321 tren tdng sd 405 dan vj
tac phim, chilm ty le gin 80%. Trong khi
do,
ke va tha Thien mang ndi dung cam
xiic
trii tinh, cam hiing Thiin chi chilm
84 tren tdng sd dan vi tac phim vai ty le
20%.
Neu so sanh giua ke va tha Thiin
ddi Ly voi doi Tran qua su phan loai va
thdng ke, tha Thiin dai Ly thuong thien
ve bay to giao ly
nlia
Phat, tin sd xuit
hien rit cao (ty le 94%), con ddi Tran thi
ndi dung nay lai thip hon (ty le tren
70%)*
^'.
Con tha Thiin thien vl cam
xiic
tru tinli
tlii
ngugc lai, van hgc ddi Ly chi
chiem khoang 6%), van hgc Phat giao ddi
Tran thi chiem khoang 30%) nhu da co

ngdn phdng khoang vl niem luat vin
dieu, cau chii' ndi chung la mang tinh
chat md thi tha Thien dai Trin, tieu
bieu la Thien phai Tnic Lam da phin lai
dugc viet theo the luat Duong tir tuyet
hoac bat
cii
(thoang hoac mdi gap vai
bai truang thien cd phong) nen khudn
khd quy pham, nghiem ngat hon theo
yeu ciu dac trung cua the
loai*^^'.
3.3.
Ngu'
luc
Sach Tu dien Phdt hgc Hue Quang
ghi "Cac sach ghi chep ldi thuyet phap
hoac loi khai thi
ciia
cac To
sir
Thien
tong. Thong thudng cac thien su ndi
phap khdng diing lai van hoa ma diing
nhii'ng tir ngu binh di de chi thang tdng
yeu, thi gia va cac de tir theo hgc lien
ghi chep sun tap thanh sach, ggi la Ngic
luc. Sau khi Luc Td Hue Nang diu dai
Duang, Trung Quoc, co Phdp bao ddn
kinh thi ngii luc cac nai lin lugt xuit

do cac de
tir suu tap, hoac Ban thu ky trong chiia
bien tap chinh sira nen ldi van ddi dap
trong van ban cua cac tac phim nay cd
sir
thay ddi.
NIU
liic
diu ngu luc dugc
diln dat bing khiu ngu thi sau do dugc
nhuan van va tra nen nhirng cau van
xuoi hoan chinh: hoac dugc dien dat
thanh nhiing lai tha bdng biy, giau hinh
anh van chuang, vdi ldi ndi in du kin
dao nham danh manh vao tam thiic ngudi
hgc birng tinh dl
true
nhan chan ly ding
sau
Idp
vo ngon tir.
13
TAP CHI HAN NOM
SO
6
(103)
-
2010
THiCH
PHW&C

cdn ten sach nhu Thien ldm thiet chuy
ngic luc, Thgch thdt my ngic
ciia
Tran
Nhan Tdng; Phd tue ngic luc
ciia
Huyen
Quang
chii
ndi dung van ban thi that
truyen.
C)
day, chiing tdi chi khao sat
cac ngii' luc
ciia
Thien phai Tnic Lam.
Ngic luc vdn ddp mdn hg
ciia
Tran
Thai Tdng la tac pham dugc viet theo
thi
loai ngii luc. Ve mat hinh thiic, ngtr
luc la ldi hdi va dap qua cudc ddi thoai
giiia hai ngudi, thdng thudng la giiia
thay va trd, giiia thien
sir
nay va thien su
kbac nhu
mdt cuoc hdi ngg dam dao.
Q

Thanh tiln van:
"Thi
Tdn vi ly Dau Suit dT giang vuang
cung; vi xuit mau thai, do nhan dT tat
thai nhu ha?"
-
DI
van: "Thien giang hiru thuy
thien giang nguyet, Van ly vd van van
ly thien."
- Tang van: "Vi ly vi xuat mdng khai
thi.
DT ly
dT
xuit
sir
nhugc ha?" - De van:
"Van sinh nhac dinli dd lu bach, Thuy dao
Tieu Tuong nhat dang
thanh."^
'.
(- Thien
sir Dire
Thanh, nudc Tdng
tiln len hdi: The Tdn chua rdi Dau Suat
da giang xudng Vuong cung, chua
Ipt
Idng
me da do het chiing sanh la the nao?
- Vua dap: Mudn sdng cd nudc

gidi mgi
nai trong ngoai. Da dat hieu la Nhu Lai,
sao con hoi xuit mau thai lam gi?
Nguyen luan biln hoa quang huy, Thien
giang hiin thuy ciing thi bdng
in."*^'".
Hay lai van dap
ciia
thiy tro Tue
Trung trong Tue Trung Thugng
sT
ngic
luc
ciia
Tran Tung:
- Thdi hiin tang van: "Khai tu
Thugng sT, mo vi sinh tir su dai, vo
thudng tan tdc, vi tham
thii'
than, sinh
tdng ha lai? Tir tdng ha khir"
- Su van: "Trudng khdng tiing sir
song phi cdc, Cu hai ha phuang nhat
diem au."
- Tien van: "Nhu ha thi dao?
- Su van: "Dao bat tai van, van bat
tai
dao."*^='
- (Bay gid cd mdt mdn tang hdi:
Bach Thugng

tiing
co trong Thugng
.sT ngic
luc.
Noi den the loai niem tung ke thi
khong
thi
khdng ban den
timg
co. Hai
thi
loai nay cd
sir
ket hgp giiia hai hinh
thirc ngir luc va ke. Muc dich
chii
yeu la
vii'a dien giai, vira
due
ket cac van de cdt
loi
ciia
Thien de hgc tro nam virng va
thuc tap. Ve mat hinh thirc ket cau, giua
niem tung ke va
tiing
co kha giong
nhau. Chimg gdm nhieu tiet, mdi tiet co
ba phan. Ddi vdi niem tung ke gdm co
cu, niem va tung; cdn ddi vai tung co thi

dge.
Tung la mgt
each dge
tap trung,
thudng xuyen, mdt phuang thirc
ciia
cac
de tu nha Phat thuc tap ddi sdng hudng
thugng. Bang phuang phap tung, ngudi
dge,
dan dan hieu va ngd ra nliiing ao
nghTa tham sau giao ly Phat da.
Niem tung ke va tung cd dugc xem
la viec thuc tap cac cdng an Thien.
Cdng an la cau ndi dugc din ra
tii'
cac
bd kinh Phat hoac cac bd ngir luc
ciia
chu Td, phan lan la kho hilu. Ngirdi
hgc phai trirc cam tam linh dl nhan ra
su that tir cac cong an do, chir khong
phai bang tu duy him nga. Nguai thiy
15
TAP CHi HAN NOM
SO
6 (103) -
2010
THiCH PHW&C
DAT

ve thuc tai. Ngudi hgc dao tu nhien lieu
dat yeu chi cua Thien. Trong khi dd,
niem tung ke va tung cd van sir dung loi
dien dat an du va phi logic, nhung cau
tha trong phan tung khdng qua kho hieu
nhu nhiing ldi ddi dap trong phan ngir
luc.
Hon niia, vdi ket cau ba phan,
nguai hgc khi nghien ngam cong an d
phan cir va dugc giai thich bien luan ggi
md cu thay d phan niem (trong niem
tung ke), phan luan (trong tung co) thi
den thai diem nay, ngudi hgc khi
dge
den phan tung se dugc sang to.
Ro rang, niem va luan nhu anh sang
tue giac soi sang vd minh trong tam
thirc ngudi hgc, giiip hg
true
ngd chan
ly. Con nlu can ca kem, nguoi hgc cd
the du vao phin niem va tung nay ma
dugc khai tam. Nhu vay, niem tung ke
va tung CO van la phuang tbiic tu tap
Thiin ddn ngd. Phuang thiic nay that
uyen chuyen, hiiu hieu,
phii
hgp vdi
trinh do, can ca cua nguai tu tap. Su ket
hgp nhieu phuang thirc tung kinh, niem

Igt Idng
me da do het chiing sinh.
Niem: Guam giao chua cim, Tudng
tai da 16.
Tung: Chua hinh iu tir chira roi que,
Dem tham dua ngudi qua
bin
me.
Cao buac dao choi ngoai khoang
each,
16
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
Khdng can thuyin ban vdi phao
be)*^^'.
Trong cong an nay, cau cir Tran
Thai Tdng lay tir Thiin tdng tung cd lien
chdu thdng, tap 2, Tuc
115.8b4
(52al0):
"The Tdn vi ly Dau Suit, dT giang
vuang cung, vi xuit mdu thai, do nhan
dT tat.". Den hai cau niem thi lay mgt
cau tra lai cua thien su Ddng An
Thuang Sat trong Thien tdng chfnh
mach 6, ta
43al5
va mdt chut cai bien.
Cau cua thiin su Thuang Sat la "Kiem
giap vi thi, Tac than

y nhiet thoat y,
Vd ban vd nhiet him thuy tri?
Dan khan ngu lieu cung hoa sac,
Bat ddc tam xuan hoai
tii
thi."
*''*''
(Neu: Lao Tir ndi: "Vinh nhuc deu
khdng sg"
Su
ndi:
Tay kheo ve nen ngan
su
vat,
Ldng cang them may van lo au.
Tung
rang:
Nong
cdi ao
ra,
lanh khoac
vd,
Khdng ndng khong lanh,
biit
bao gia?
Xem mau lilu ngu hoa cung day,
Lg phai tim xuan hong bon
miia.)*'*''
Vay la phan cir dan lai lai Lao Tir
trong sach Dgo

113
ha ghi "Luc bay gid, tir noi
nhuc ke
ciia dire
The Tdn phdng ra tia
anh sang tram bau, trong tia sang hien ra
doa hoa sen bau nghin canh, tren dd cd
hoa Nhu Lai ngdi, tren danh
diic
Nhu Lai
nay phdng ra
10
tia sang tram bau, mdi tia
sang deu thi hien 10 hang ha sa cac vi
Kim Cuang, Mat Tich, vi bung mii, vi
cam chay, day khap hu khdng. Dai chiing
ngang nhin, vira sg hai, vira vui mimg,
cau Phat che chd mdt ldng lang nghe
Phdng Quang Nhu Lai tir Vd Kiln danh
tudng cua Phat noi ra than
chu"*'*^'.
Tren ca sd do, den thdi Phat giao
Ly - Tran,
sir
van dung the loai nay
trong cac ban van cd thay doi cho phu
hgp vdi thuc tien ddi sdng van hgc. Ndi
dung cua loai nay thuang thuat lai vl
nguon
goe,

khae
nhau nhim gidi thieu tdng quat ve tac
phim. Ta cd the liet ke nhu sau: Phan Phu
Tien da viet bai tua Tdn san Viet dm thi
tap
tic
khi dng san dinh lai Viet dm thi tap
vao nam
1443,
Ly Tir Tan viet ldi tua Tdn
tuyen Viet dm thi tap tu vao nam
1495
khi Chu Xa tuyen chgn lai tap tha nay.
Van hgc Phat giao Ly - Tran,
cii
the la
Thien phai Tnic Lam hien nay con luu
giii nhieu bai tua. Trong dd, Khoa hu luc
la mdt tac pham da bao luu rat nhieu bai
tira
cua nhieu tac pham kbac nhau ma
Tran Thai Tdng da viet. Co it nhat la bdn
van ban ve the loai nay trong Khod hu
luc: Thien tdng chi nam tu, Kim
Cicang
tam mudi kinh tu,
Binh
ddng sdm vdn tu,
Luc
thi

ve mat ly luan va tu tudng. Day la mgt
ang van tu su, thuat lai nhiing nam thang
cua nha
•vua
gan vdi mdt dau an lich sir
dugc viet bang mdt ngdn
ngii'
chii Han
trang trgng.
Dge
bai
tira,
chiing ta c6 the
hieu phan nao cudc dai
ciia
nha vua ddi
vdi lich sir dan tgc, dao phap, dugc ghi
bang mdt van phong bi hiing, mdt gigng
dieu tam tinh, mgt
biit
phap het sire sinh
dgng, c6 sire thuyet phuc cao. O
ITnh virc
triet hgc, Thien hgc, Thien tdng chi nam
tu tuy chi la bai tua nliung that ra no dugc
danh gia nhu la cuong
ITnh
dinli hudng
phat trien Thien hgc ddi Tran. N6 kien
thiet giao ly can ban ciing nhu ca sd ly

ca
ciia
Tran Nhan Tdng.
Diem chung
ciia
the loai ca va ngam
la khong co su giai ban so cau trong mdt
bai,
ke ca niem. luan, van, dieu cung
khdng can
kliat
klie,
chat che. Bai Phiit
18
su
TIEP BIEN THE LOAI VAN HOC PHAT GIAO TRONG
tam
ca cua Tue Trung dugc sang theo
thi
loai ca, vilt bing chii Han. Nhu da ndi, do
khong gidi ban vl sd cau chii nen bai
Phdt tdm ca kha dai, gdm 12 doan (khd),
55 cau. Kho dau cd 8 cau thit ngdn xen
luc ngon a 2 cau diu "Phat, Phat, Phat,
bat kha kiln; Tam, tam, tam, bit kha
thuylt." Mudi mgt khd con lai, mdi khd 5
cau. Trong do, cau
thii
nhit va cau
thii

theo the ca,
tii
ngdn trudng thien, gdm 84
cau va mdt bai ke vilt theo ldi tha thit
ngdn
tii
tuyet bing chii Han
nliu
tdm tit
ndi dung bai ca, lam sang to chu dl. Tuy
tac gia gieo khdng tuan
thii
vin dieu, nhung
nhd thuat biet xen ke bing trie cudi cau
lam cho am dieu bai ca khi dugc
dge
len
cd su nhip nhang, hai hoa khiln nguai
dge
cd cam giac nhu dang thuang thirc lan dieu
dan ca mang am hudng Phat phap.
R6
rang, mgt hinh thiic nghe thuat dugc
thi
hien qua mgt the ca, vdi mgt
kit
ciu, y
tii
chat che va bang mgt cam hung Thiin
hgc chiing ngd ca hai bai ca di vao long

vay, tac gia thudng sir dung chii
"hi"
lam tir dem trong cau cua cac bai ngam
nhu chiing ta thudng thiy. Bit
cii
ai, khi
doc bai ngam nao ciing cd
thi true
nhan
triet ly sdng
ciia
Thien tdng ma tac gia
da trinh bang mdt tam thirc khai phdng,
lieu ngd cac phap.
3.1.
Phu
La the loai
ciia
van hgc Trung Hoa
ra ddi tir thdi Xuan thu Chiln qudc tren
ca sd
ciia
Kinh thi. Sd tu va
\'an
xuoi
Tien Tan, dugc gidi nghien ciru van hgc
nuac nay minh dinh la "ban thi ban
van". Theo Luu Hiep trong Vdn tdm
dieu long da khing dinh
phii

phan chia nay la ket
hgp dugc cac phuang dien thai gian,
phucmg dien hinh thiic, phuang dien ndi
dung
ciia
the tai. Theo dd,
phii
bao gdm
cac tieu loai chinh: cd phu, bai
phii,
luat
phu
\a
van
phu*""'.
Trong dd, ta cd nhimg
tieu loai
phii
bao gdm nhting tieu loai
khae.
Nhu trong co
phii
cd tao the phu
la nhiing bai
phii
md phong nhieu
)'eu
to
ciia
Sd tir vdi sd tieng trong cau va cd

than dd.
0 Viet Nam,
phii
xuat hien tir ddi
Tran. Dai Ly cd sir cd de cap, nhung
cho den
na\'
chiing ta
\'an
chua tim dugc
nhirng bai phu nay. Gan da}'. Tdng tap
]'cin
hgc Viet Nam gidi thieu them mgt
\ai bai
phii
chtr Han ddi Tran, ma truac
dd da cdng bd 13 bai da in trong Qudn
hien phit tap. cd luc dugc ggi la
phii
ddi
Tran -
Hd*"*^'.
Cac bai phu nay deu ca
nggi tu tudng. the hien tam ldng cua ke
sT ddi vdi dat nudc,
^•di
trieu dai trong
sir
nghiep dung nudc
\a

ciia
Tran Nhan
Tdng la ban tuyen ngdn cua con dudng
sdng dao ma Phat giao Viet Nam chu
truong,
CO
tac ddng va chi phdi cuoc
sdng ngudi dan thdi dd. Day la mdt
trong nhting tac pham dugc trich dan
dfch danh nhu quyen uy, khi thien su
Chan Nguyen trinh bay nhiing van de
Phat giao cho vua Le Du Tdng vao nam
1692
trong Kiin finh thdnh Phgl
lijd'^^'.
Do dd, tu tudng Cu trdn lgc dgo da gdp
phin lam nen nhiing chien cdng
ciia
cha
dng ta trong viec dung nudc va giii
nudc.
Bai phu nay dugc viet theo ldi
phii
thai
Duong,
nhung ddi va van cdn
long leo khi so vai cac bai
phii ciia
thai
Tran mat

phii
Viet
theo ldi vilt gia ta hinh thanh.
Cdn til' vung, bai
phii
nay co nhilu tir
xua ma khi so vai cac tac phim Qudc
am ddi sau nhu Qudc dm thi tap cua
Nguyen Trai thi it dugc sir dung.
Trong dd, tir ngii Phat hgc nhu Di Da,
Circ
lac, Tam doc cua bai Cu trdn
lgc dgo phu co tin sd xuit hien kha
day so va bai Vinh Vdn Yen tu phu
ciia
Huyen Quang va bai Gido tic phu
ciia
Mac DTnh Chi (?).
Bai Vinh Vdn Yen tu phu cua Huyin
Quang Cling dugc sang tac bing chii'
Nom. Theo van ban cua Hoang Xuan
Han thi no dugc chia thanh 8 doan, 8
van
(phii
bat van). Vin mdt cd 4 cau 8
ve 64 chu. Vin hai co 7 cau 14 vl
122
chii.
Van ba cd 7 cau
14

du phd bien a the
phii.
Tai day, nguai
dge
cam nhan dugc khat vgng
ciia
Huyin Quang la mudn chuyen hda
thi
gioi thuc tai thanh the giai Phat qudc
giua cudc ddi nay.
Neu til' ngfr hinh anh trong bai Vinh
Vdn Yen
tie
phu day hinh anh mo ta thi
den Gido tic phu
cii
Mac DTnh Chi (?)
thi ttr
ngti'
hinh anh that mgc mac gian di
gan vai loi ca ve dan gian nham ran day
mgi nguai ve dao ly song thien, tin va
hanh theo ly nhan qua de buac ra khoi
luan hoi sinh tir. Dung lugng bai
phii
kha dai gdm 204 cau tha Ndm, vilt theo
the tha giong bai Ddc thu ldm tuyin
thdnh dgo ca
ciia
Tran Nhan Tdng,

ciia
van chuang Thien phai, chirng to
mdi khi phuang
thu'c
sang tac thay ddi
thi ndi dung chuyin tai cung thay ddi theo
lich trinh diln tiln
ciia
xa hdi. Tir cac
thi
loai mang tinh chuc nang tdn giao nang
triet ly Phat - Thiin
6
dai Ly, din din
chuyen sang cac
thi
loai van hgc Phat
giao xuat hien vao diu ddi Trin nhu luan
thuyet tdn giao, ke - tha Thiin, ngu' luc,
niem tung ke, tu, ca, ngam,
phii
vdi ngon
ngfr hinh anh sdng ddng, bdc lg cam
xiic
trfr tinh, su rung dgng tinh tl
ciia
cai
iiiiin
tue giac, tat ca da gop phin lam nen gia tri
van hgc

Tu',
chii
bien,
Phan Vien Nghien ciru Phat hoc Viet Nam -
Nxb.
KHXH,^H.
1994, tr.l466.
(4) Doan Trung Con: Phdt hgc tir dien,
tap 3. Phat Hoc
Tting
Thir,
Sai Gdn, 1968,
tr.l 168-1669.
(5) Kinh Tnmg
Bp,
Thich Minh Chau
dich, tap I, Truong Cao cap Phat hpc an
hanh,
1986,
tr.218.
(6) Nguyen Cong Ly:
Vein
hpc Phiit
gido
thai Ly - Trdn: dien mgo vd dac
diem,
Nxb.
DHQG TP. HCM,
2002,
tr.l 18.

(15)
Vien Van hpc, Sdd. tap 2, tr.667.
(16)
Nguyin Cong Ly, Sdd, tr.
123-131.
(17)
Vien Van hoc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.
182.
(18)
Vien Van hoc, Sdd, tap 2,
tr.l82.
(19) Vien Van hoc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.494.
(20) Vien Van
hpc,
Sdd, tap 2, tr.496.
(21)
Vien Van hoc, Sdd. tap 2. tr.454.
(22) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.454.
(23) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.695.
(24) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.695.
(25) Vien Van hpc. Sdd, tap 2. tr.684.
(26) Vien Van hoc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.694.
(27) Nguyen Cong Ly, Sdd,
tr.l31.
(28) Nguyen Pham Hiing: Van dung
quan diem the
logi
vdo viec nghien cim van
hpc Viet Nam thdi Ly - Tran: Luan an Pho
Tien sT Khoa hoc Ngfr van - Vien Van hoc,

tr.310.
(36) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap
2,
tr.3
17.
(37) Nguyen Cong Ly, Sdd,
tr.l35-138.
(38) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2,
tr.l22.
(39) Vien Van hpc. Sdd, tap 2,
tr.l36.
(40) Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2, tr.338.
(41)
Vien Van hpc, Sdd, tap 2. tr.344-345.
(42) Thich Minh Canh,
chii
bien, Sdd,
tap V, 2005, tr.4930.
(43) Luu Hiep:
Vein
tdm dieu long, Phan
Ngpc djch, Nxb. Van hpc, H.
1997,
tr.l43-209.
(44) Trung Quoc co
dgi vdn
the
khc'ii
lugn.
Vuong Luc