^
Hu
tCr
khau ngur trong Quoc am thi tap
cua Nguyin Trai
HA THUY ANH*
1.
Md dau
Hfl tfl la nhflng tfl khdng cd nghia bieu
vat, ne chuyen dung phu cho ndng cdt cau
de bieu thi thai do, tinh cam, danh gia cua
chu the phat ngdn. Day la mdt loai tfl cd
so'
Ifldng khdng nhieu nhUng tin sd' sfl
dung cao. Nhd cd cac hu tfl ma cau trd nen
sinh ddng cd hdn hdn. Trong tac pham
thd- mdt the loai yeu ciu cao trong viec
Ifla chgn ngdn tfl viec sfl dung hu tfl
thanh cdng khong chi khing dinh tai
nang vfldt trdi cua ngUdi nghe si ma qua
dd cdn tha'y gdp phin the the hien phong
each nha van, truyen dat cai nhin, gigng
dieu, ca tinh cua tac gia. Do vay cd the
ndi,
hu tfl la mdt trong nhflng yeu td' gifl
vai trd quyet dinh ddi vdi toan bd cau trflc
ngdn tfl trong tac pham. Nhan tha'y vai
trd quan trgng cua viec sfl dung hu tfl
trong ngdn ngfl thd ca, chflng tdi tien
hanh tim hieu hU tfl khau ngfl trong tac
pham thd Nora dau tien cua nen van hgc

dinh. Tren cd sd li thuyet ve bU tfl va dac
diem cua he thdng hU tfl thdi Trung dai,
chflng tdi khio sat 245 bai thd trdng Qud'c
dm thi tap. Qua khid sat chung tdi nhan
thay cd nhflng diera dang ehfl y sau:
Mot sd' hu tfl khdng phan dinh ngi
ham nghia cua minh rd rang cho nen din
Hk Thuy Anh, Dai hoc Su pham Thai Nguyen
76
Nghien cdu Ddng Nam A 10/2010
den tinh trang khdng phan dinh ranh gidi
ro rang gifla thfle tfl va hfl tfl. Chang ban
nhfl tfl "cho" cd luc dUdc sfl dung vdi tU
each la met hU tfl lam nhiem Vu ndi ket
trong cau nhU:
U chd ni hay hpc cd nhdn,
Lanh minh cho khoi dng phong vdn.
(29/
1 - 2)
NhUng cd khi "cho" lai dUdc dung vdi tU
each la mdt dgng tfl vdi y nghia ban phat
nhfl:
Bac mai vdng cue de cho con.
Dac biet, trong thd Qudc dm Nguyen
Trai cd nhflng hu tfl dflde sfl dung vdi
nghia kha mdi me, hien dai se vdi thdi dd.
Dien hinh nhU tfl "neu" xuat hien 23 lin
va d mot
so'
cau thd nhU:

Ao mac du chi qudn cii den. (140/ 4)
Ay: 57 lin
Thi thu thUc dy bdo ngdn ddi. (10/ 8)
Au td Id dy yeu dUdng chua (158/ 5)
Thi:
66 lin
Hoa thi hay heo co thUdng
tUcti.
(120/ 6)
Cd ke thi che cd ke khen. (124/ 2)
Da: 100 lin
Cd thud giang lau ngdy dd tdi. (122/ 7)
Ddi lan dd mdy dng phdn hoa. (169/1)
Chang (chang): 176 lan
- Danh chdng chdc lpc chdng cdu
Dupc dt chdng mdng mdt chdng du.
(121/
1 - 2)
- Chdng khon, chdng dai, ludng Udng
Udng
Chdng dai, ngUdi hoa lai chdng
thUdng. (157/ 1-2)
Ngoai ra cdn cd: au (= hin la): 8 lan,
nhiJng: 18 lan, vi: 23 lan, cho (= de ma):
23 lin, chufa (chfla): 33 lin, cung: 38 lin,
chd: 42 lin, d: 49 Ian, qua:50 lin, con: 70
lin.
Viec sfl dung hu tfl vdi sd Ifldng Idn, tin
so'
cao da tao nen nhflng dac diem rieng

- Sen ndo cd ben trong ldm. (70/ 8)
Dac biet treng Qudc dm thi tap tfl lap
xuat hien kha nhieu va dac biet la lap d
hu tfl vdi so' Ifldng rat Idn. Day la mdt
trong nhflng dac diem rat mdi la cua thd
Qudc dm bdi thd luat DUdng rat "ki" lap tfl
va neu tac gia nao lap tfl se hi coi la "que".
Tuy nhien thi qua qua trinh khao sat
chung tdi nhan tha'y hien tUdng nay rat
phd bien. Lap tfl khdng chi xua't hien d
trong cau ma rat nhieu trUdng hdp lap d
cac cau khac nhau trong bai. Cd the dUa
ra mot
so'
vi du nhU:
Lap d vi trf cau 1 va cau 2:
Chdng khdn, chdng dpi, ludng Udng Udng.
Chdng dpi, ngUdi hoa lai chang
thUdng. (157/ 1 -2)
Lap d vi trf cau 1 va cau 7:
Chdng hay rap rap dd bd'n mUdi
Phu quy chdng tham thanh tUa nUdc.
(24/
2- 7)
Va mot dac diem khdng the khdng ndi
den trong each dung bfl tfl cua tac gia
Qud'c dm la each sfl dung hu tfl theo tuc
ngfl, ca dao dan tdc. Dd la each mfldn y
nhflng cau tuc ngfl, ca dao de sang tao
nen nhflng cau thd cho rieng minh.

Nghien ciiu Dong Nam A 10/2010
Nom thUc sd' dem lai hieu qua nghe thuat
cao nhU:
Thdy ldi thi ldm cho phdi nghia
MUa tdy mat khien lan long dam. (173/
7-8)
Dieu dd cdn gdp phin dien ta sau sac
nhflng trang hudng tinh cam, thai do cua
Nguyen Trai. Chang ban trong bai thd
167 Nguyen Trai viet:
Lan,
hue chdng hay thi chd
Nd chi lai phdi chdn tank tao. (167/ 7-8)
Vdi viec sfl dung cac hU tfl "chdng",
"thi", "chd, "chi", "lai phdi", Nguyin Trai
da tao nen cau thd gin gui vdi ldi ndi
thudng va dien dat chfnh xac, cu the cam
giac dau ddn cua ragt con ngUdi cdt each
thanh tao lai phai sd'ng chdn bun nhd.
3.
Ket luan
Da hdn 6 the ki nhUng nhflng cau thd
Quoc am thi tap van cdn gifl dUde ve tUdi
mdi.
Dieu dd nhd mot phan ddng gdp Idn
cua hu tfl. Nhu da trinh bay thi hU tfl tuy
khdng cd y nghia tfl vflng ro rang nhflng
cd vai trd bet sfle quan trgng trong diin
dat. Vdi viec dung nhflng hU tfl khau ngfl
tren, Nguyen Trai da tao ra nhflng cau

Le Ba Han, Tran Dinh Sfl, Nguyin Khic
Phi (1999), Ta dien thuat nga vdn hpc,
NXB DHQG, Ha Ngi.
4.
Hoang Van Hanh, VUdng Lgc (1980), Mdy
ddc diem cua vd'n tU tieng Viet vdn hpc the
ki XV qua "Qudc dm thi tap" ciia Nguyen
Trdi, t/c NN (3), tr 22-28.
5.
Nguyin Thi Du Khanh (2009), Thi phdp
hpc vd vdn di gidng day vdn hpc trong nhd
trudng, NXB Giao due.
6. Dinh Gia Khanh (ehu bien) Bfli Duy Tan,
Mai Cao Cbudng (2002), Vdn hpc Viet
Nam (the ki X - naa ddu the ki XVIII),
NXB Giao Due, Ha Ngi.
7.
Bui Van Nguyen (1994), Thd qudc am
Nguyin Trdi, NXBDH va THCN, Ha Ngi.
8. Pham Thi PhUdng Thai (2006), Ngon nga
vd
the thd trong Quoc dm thi tap cua Nguyen
Trdi, Luan an Tien si, Vien Van hgc.
9. Nguyin Hflu Sdn (Tuyen chgn va gidi
thieu) (2002), Nguyin Trdi vi tdc gia va
tdc phdm, NXB Giao due. Ha Ngi