1 0  0 1 1 0
1 1  1 0 1 0
To test out the derivation for calculating the 2’s complement of a number derived in Section
1.1.3 a program to calculate the negative of a number is shown in Code List 1.7. The output of
the program is shown in Code List 1.8. Problem 1.11 investigates the output of the program.
Code List 1.7 Testing the Binary Operators in C++ Code List 1.8 Output of Program in Code List 1.7

A program demonstrating one of the most important uses of the OR operator, |, is shown in Code
List 1.9. The output of the program is shown in Code List 1.10. Figure 1.1 demonstrates the
value of x for the program. The eight attributes are packed into one character. The character field
can hold 256 = 2
8
combinations handling all combinations of each attribute taking on the value
ON or OFF. This is the most common use of the OR operators. For a more detailed example
consider the file operation command for opening a file. The file definitions are defined in
<iostream.h> by BORLAND C++ as shown in Table 1.7.

Figure 1.1 Packing Attributes into One Character
Code List 1.9 Bit Operators Code List 1.10 Output of Program in Code List 1.9

Table1.7FieldsforFileOperations
inC++Source

enumopen_mode{
in=0x01,//openforreading

This section presents examples of IEEE 32-bit and 64-bit floating point representations.
Converting 100.5 to IEEE 32-bit notation is demonstrated in Example 1.1.
Determining the value of an IEEE 64-bit number is shown in Example 1.2. In many cases for
problems as in Example 1.1 the difficulty lies in the actual conversion from decimal to binary.
The next section presents a simple methodology for such a conversion.
1.2.4ConversionfromDecimaltoBinary
This section presents a simple methodology to convert a decimal number, A, to its corresponding
binary representation. For the sake of simplicity, it is assumed the number satisfies

in which case we are seeking the a
k
such that Example 1.1 IEEE 32-Bit Format
The simple procedure is illustrated in Code List 1.12. The C Code performing the decimal to
binary conversion is shown in Code List 1.13. The output of the program is shown in Code List
1.14. This program illustrates the use of the default value. When a variable is declared as z is by
data z, z is assigned 0.0 and precision is assigned 32. This can be seen as in the program z.prec()
is never called and the output results in 32 bits of precision. The paper conversion for 0.4 is
illustrated in Example 1.3.
1.3 Character Formats—ASCII
To represent keyboard characters, a standard has been adopted to ensure compatibility across
many different machines. The most widely used standard is the ASCII (American Standard Code
for Information Interchange) character set. This set has a one byte format and is shown in Table
1.8. It allows for 256 distinct characters and specifies the first 128. The lower ASCII characters
are control characters which were derived from their common use in earlier machines.Although
the ASCII standard is widely used, different operating systems use different file formats to
represent data, even when the data files contain only characters. Two of the most popular
systems, DOS and Unix differ in their file format. For example, the text file shown in Table 1.9

50P
58X
01soh
09ht
11dc1
19em
21!
29)
311
399
41A
49I
51Q
59Y
02stx
0anl
12dc2
1asub
22“
2a
*
322
3a:
42B
4aJ
52R
5aZ
03etx
0bvt
13dc3

45E
4dM
55U
5d]
06ack
0eso
16syn
1ers
26&
2e.
366
3e>
46F
4eN
56V
5e^
07bel
0fsi
17etb
1fus
27
‘
2f/
377
3f?
47G
4fO
57W
5f_
60

67g
6fo
77w
7fdel

Table1.9TextFileTestFile

Thisisatestfile
WewilllookatthisfileunderUnixandDOS


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
Copyright © CRC Press LLC

Algorithms and Data Structures in C++
by Alan Parker
CRC Press, CRC Press LLC
ISBN: 0849371716 Pub Date: 08/01/93

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