Nccessary- and
SufEcicnt-Condition
Assumptions
h the
Official
.drguments
(Paits
6 aDd
8)
ex:rnrplc, cncoungin! pltrcnrs
ro rc:rd
witb
rheir childrcn or
simpl)'
devorint
morc rinle durin8
school ro rc;lding.
Oihcrwisc, it seems hasry
il
besr ro
concludc th( rlrc
disrricr musr
adopr
(he
BTA
protll-inr,
or
tor
dMr maccr
ant
re,'dinA pro8rinr.

bc sufficiEndv xtrenrii'c
and motivated, ln
shot1, uotil lhc superinrendenr
shows
lhat rhc
p.ogmm
wil
be
cffcclivclv implemcnred
and r€ceived.
I simp\' cannor accepr lhc
As
you
snrdy rny
essays in Pan 6
("Lssxys
for 20 Ofi;ciit
cItE Aj.Sumcnts"),
iook
for my analysis
of Dcccssary- and suflicienr{ondidon
assumptlons ln
thc
fouowirg
paragrnphs:
Necessa.ry
Conditiors
r ll
GRE Ar8urnenr
No. 20

?rd
ff$ essay
paragraphs)
Gru Argumcnt
No. 68
(third
essay
parrgraph)
GRI Argumem
No. 76
(s€cond
cssay
paragnph)
GRI A4lument
No.
96
(founn
essay
paragraph)
GRIE
A4$menr No.
122
(third
essay
panglaph)
As
you
study my essays in
Prrt 8
("Essays

paiagmph)
|
GI{AT ,{rgl]mcnt
No. 79
(fifrh
cssay
paragraph)
GMAT tu'g]lmenr
No. 89
(nfi-h
cssay
paragraph)
GMaT ArI|umcnt
No-
93
(founh
essay
paragaph)
'
GMAT
Arrllment
No. 117
(founh
€ssay
prngaph)
G]\4AT Argument
No. 12{
(ffrh
essa)'p
'agriph)

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V
lllu^\ O.t A
OH
,\r'!iument
The followin8
appeared in a Iocxl
newsP,rP€r
€ditorial:
"ACcordinS
lo . rcccnl n:ltions
idc srlta(l. n
8.c.Ier Pctccnta8c
of
our n:r!'oo r
lccn:rgc.s comPlxilr
()f
dcprcss'(n)
rodnr
(lrxn
cvcr
bcforc.
ller( in lhc
town
of Scrsidc.
wc necd to do more
!o
ensure
th4 our leenxgc.s
fill their dxis

among Scaside's
rcens is far lower
than the national
alerage-low
enough
thacteen deprcssion
does not
pose
a cofiununitl"widc
Problcm
for S€aride-
IJso, t.\e cditorial
cainot
jusrj4'ils
rcconmendation
to tlr€
cofimunjq,
atleast nor based on
tie
nationwide
su.vct.
To bolsrcr
tbe rccommendation,
instcad of relvjtS
on
a
nvecPing
genct"lizalion,
the
editorial's

fo owillg Argumcnt
ffsumcs that chxractcristics
of a
pxniculal
memb€r of
a
SfouP
aPplv to
the
SrouP
as a
vhole.
Cfhe
Argurnent
might
suffei from olher
reasoninS
problems
a5 vell,
but
herc I m
focusing
on
itr;s
groupmimber problem.) ResPonse A
Provides
a bnef
bu( rdaqu:rre
one-par"gmPh
an.lvsis

viewcr
Choicc
video store, thc
number of
aLailablc
movi€s rn
YH$tapc format tcEr.aits
about
thc same as thrce
ycars
ago, cvcn thouSh Lhe number
of arailablc
movics on
drFilal
wideo
disk,
or D\rD, hx5 rrcrcrscd
tcnlold
oter u)e
pr5l
ulfcc
yelrs.
Pcople
who
predict
the
jspending
obsolescence
of
tbe

qr$
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(qdclgsrd
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AVSSI
IN3t\lnguv
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V
lIdM
01MOH
Assumrxc
rHAT
ALr THrruos
Rrm,qrn UNcH.lr.rcro
ovER TIME
srrecB
pil
be
sdcr
rl)an cvcr."
/\

kcy circum.
st nces bave
rcmaincd,
or will
rcmain,
unchnngcd
ovcr tbe relcvanr
timc
pcriod
(b)'
the
wa),
i!
wonl),
rhe Ar8umenr
is \,l)lnerabte
to
crjricism.
To address
a mc.shifi
problem,
you
should
:rccomplish
€ach of rl)e
following
rhrce usks:
1. Identify
lhe
problem (i.e.,

you
havc
more t!ne,
you
can
perforrn
eithcr
of
thc
following
optional task5
a5
.
lodicatc rhar ro
srcn$hcn
tl)c argurncn!,
rhe autlor
musr conrtncc
rhar
oihcr rclevanr
condirions
remain urch4nS€d
from
onc timc
foelne to rhc
next.
.
Lisr addiional
iJrformation
about pasr

,s wcll
aj
1tlc futufe.
CIhe
Al.gumcot migha
suffcr
from oticr
rcasoning
problcms
as wcll,
but
hcre I,m focusinb
on
this tj$e-shifr
problcm.)
The rcsponse
accomptishcs
all duec rcquircd
u.ski,
as
well
as
suggesdng how
to suengt}lcn-the
argumcnr, all
in a single,
concrsc
p-e_fa8nph.
The folowing zpp€arcd
in a polirical

ntutut.pct6oB on
Pctcrson
s
,
rrrititig
SkILr
lor
tha
GR-E/GIUT
T6tt
CRD
,sal IYIll,m
a(ti .1o.[
sll]15
lr!,!'a\ n
s,uosran
,uo:'
sroe'tcd
onto'
4dord
s,lu)(rtntur:
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ul ss:ursnq
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rno
slilru:ss:l
'
"in1

xso'(
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eql lroddns
or lJsnour
Suojls
ulf,ulal
ol
n-run.
,,,^t
.,".ntt)r
a:r^':lrI
6uotux
(srrnPord
p]rxFr'rso^
ptr!)
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ut
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t.t'"t)

ncnt nlus! suppl)
berer evidcncc-pcrbaps bI
va_r'
of a lljievicB,
survev rnd i
l-lkcvie\\'cconomic forec:rsr-of a
sufficicnr dcmand in
LlkevicN
fo. thc kinds
of
p()clucls lo8x
L\scnrirls .ells,
ar
lcast for
tbc
forcscc;rblc fururc.
Orhcnvisc. rlrr
xurl)of
cnnnor
pcrsuadc
mc
rhir i
L1kcvic$ fnnchise
\l,ould
bc
profitlbtc.
Tame-Shift Problems
il
the
Official Arguments

(sl\{r
essal' pangi.rph)
Gn-E Argument No-
109
(rhird
essal.
p:rmSrnplr)
GRE Argument No.
113
(founh
cssay
prrlgriph)
s
you
srud)'my css:rvs in Paft
6
("EssaYs
fof 20
Official
clt T Arg:u-
mcnrs"), look for m)'xnalysis
of time,shifr
problems
ifl d1e followinS
paragraphs:
I I I I G 1!T
Argument No. 23
(fourth
cssxy
prlagmpb)

reasonin8
problcm!,
briefl),su.vey some othe. r€asoning
problems you
mighr Iind
$'jth
an Argumen(.
Alrhough each of rhese
problems
is less common tim
anv of thc
ones I've alrerd)' covered,
you
should be rcacil' for thcm
an,r5vay-
jusr
in case.
Failirg to
Dcfine lmportant Tcrms
Ar rgumcnr
might rely on a ceftain rcrm wiriloui
providing
an sdcquatc
dcfirition of it. l-ook especially
for rcferences ro a
parlicuiir
class,
cfl-
.
cgoo, or

89
(frsr
essay
parag.iph)
CI{AT Aryumcnt No. 122
(founh
cssay
p:lmgmph)
uuu.peI6oB om
GRE/GntAT Il
utox suoettallatntnt
stsaJ.
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OH
Arguing
Simultaoeously for
fko
Competing
Objectives
A
GRI or GN{AT rgumcnr
mighr
scck ro achieve nvo
disrrnct objaciivcs,
Nhich
ippdu
ro compcrc wirh
each
othcr:
in
orher
eord3.
accomplishing
onc
objccrivc decrcrscs
rtrc likelihood
ol lchicvi.A
tbc orhcr_ For xn
oiamplc
of
rh's
probtrm.
scc

and
-Llutolos)-
as.wcll
fi b).rhe idiom
"beSging
t}e quesiion."
For an
example of
r.his
problcm.
sec
I | |
cR! Argumcnr
No. 42
(frfth
essay
pangBph)
DO"S
AND DON'TS
FOR
YOUN
ARGUMENT
ESSAY
Nor', reviev,/
sonrc oI thc k€y
poinrs
f.om
Pxn
3.
Hcre xrc

ir Pln 6 ,nd
Pirr 8.
Comrr.n-Youn
Cnrrrour or rHE
ARGUMEM
DO
idenrii ana
keep in mind rle
Ajtumcni
s linrl .rnd rnrermedirre
conclu-
-sions
so'thrr
you
can analyze
the ArgriJnent's
use of evjd€nce
ard line
of
reasoning in
suppofi of rhose
conciusions,
DON'I
mcrely
resqre
or rehaih the st"tcd
Argumcnt.
Ihe ont),wa.\,
ro scorc
poims

e!
lcai.
rhrce
of
thcm
in
your
Arglrncnr.
.
DON'T
rctv on ttre technical
lermirotoSl'
of format
toSic ro idcndy icisoning
problcms; plain
English wi!
su.ffice.
DO
idcntib
unsubsrrnriated
or r]nre3isonable
assumpLions upon.srbich
thc
Artument s conclusion
clcpcnds.
DO
suppon c"ch cb-allen8€
ro an assumption with ar lea.s!
onc
example

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(l'{blishcd
b}'
Perer"on's). Thc ltook s ?nd edirion
conr.rins m) cssds
for
115
,^r8umeols io
thc offic'xl pool.
,{s
yor
rcad the book s ^rlumcnt essa}'s,
jot
down
Poinls
of cririqLre
-You
find clcarcsr or nrosr conyincioF. Also. highliSht
tmnsilionil
Phflses.
whjch
conncct
ihc cssa] s
poin6
of criliquc. Rcviclv
$c
phrases, then iIJ'
composing
sevcnrl
cssxvs
voursclf. miking x

with
a
a,ord proccssor,
restricting
your
use of editing
fudcdons
to lhc ones
provided
on thc rcrl exam. Elaluatc
your
Practice
cssays,
rcfcrdJrg .o lhc olncial scoring
criteda; rcJlect on
your wealncsscs, and
concenrare on
improving in thosc arcrs nexi
time.
REINFORCE'NENT EXERCISES
Now
lcfs reinforce
whxr vou've
leamed
ir
Pan
3.
Each of the following
cx€rciscs conbins
an

(strcnSahcn
thc arSumcnr) and/o.
whft addirional inJomalioq
is nccd€d to
n
y
cvaluztelhe .^rBumcnt,
in tcrms of
the sPcciJic
problcm.
4. On scratch
papcf, outlite addirional rezsoning
problems wlth
A.r€umcnt that
you
would alticipatc drscussitg
were
this a
tull'length
(3Grrirutc)
snring task.
ljmir
t/our
tirne to l0 minules
pcr
cxercise
Ior
each
tFoup
of cxcrcis€s, clircciions

srsr)rtx3
?-e
srsDllx3
'il:ss.
qr.3u.fllrl,l rr trr iurssnrsr| f,rxdr.our:
pFod
no,i slu.lqord
rlqtssod r.qro
)rou oslt
.]u.lllnlil
rlrl:. Jtt:]
tttaltlotd
t'tttP
-Frutt,
frr}suztod
rqr Fsnrslp
pux
llruepl
I
:s!trrtl_:l
ttl stlllsdr
lt11!,slltt's
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ttp ssn)$fr
pux
/ftruiPr
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ul

Jo
:sof,
Trrol
aql
spnqr o,{t lnoql
l!
ITr
'SrnqsllEld
Jo
uaol :ql roJ sttl,ues
3ullrLilJJ
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lttr,{
sr
Fsodslp
prII
drLltld esnjrr srpl^ord
oJq${
}
'pou.d
rwD
f,urts .ql l.^o 58uu.uad
rerlaj€
ur^r ue
lq
prutlJ5p
srq
sluoq
,'(Irulq-e]€qs s,uolrldrrtJo
lnfc^

W:tds
rsnrll &If
WO
Jo
fruaprsJj.qr
'putlrruroJ
uf,r srsuao
lladord,{rll
)IlrO )|'rli
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s,Alf
lro Jo
rulrep
x
lur^.rd
ol
lapro
ul
€
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lulutnSrv
rllSuf,fllrg
t
q
3qssntrsn
rrndlJrrl,t

Itdruo:
rqt
'stuo:d
um:
uJ
put
'AhnJnpoJd
.r:-jro,u
nEla^o
3Jneqse
or
uotJJX
roJ Jcpro
ut
'5JoJ.lrlLL
zu:rtll: s,{uvduor
'qr rx
qJtml
tslqJjnd
oqa
sje)poa
rtuql a^ntrnpojd
eJou'
IIJ!J'rr38
arD eutoq
_
rrro{ scqrtml
u,{o JI.ql
3u.uq
oq,1 sr')lro^\

ssllllmq
u^roluaop
s,lllr
aq)
lo!?d
1!qr
srf,)!6o
?{lod
Jo
Dqumu
rn
tstJDUl
pFoqs .,{
',{lllouotr3
s,A!J slql
rzllrll^er
or
Dpro
r'l
'I
'
''{!sse
]u'tDn:rv
tDaurHInJ
! r{ 3q
{sn)s!p
rrrdrrllrft
plnoa no,{ suDlqord
slqrssod
rtqlo

pcrccnt
of MDi-
acch s
cmplor'ces
who
cnrolled
in
WorMorce
Sysrcms
one-wcck
scminar
lasl
lcir
chin] to
bc
morc
conrcnr
with
rhcir
curcnl
iobs
than prior
to cnrollin8 in
drc seminir.
Br,rcqui.ing managcrs a! aI
large corpo.arions
ro cnroll in thc
kinds of seminars
rhat
Workforcc

is currenily uodcrstaffed,
the countl'
should
eslablish ?n adulr
joStrainins
progr]m.
ln cach
of thc ncxr rwo cxcrciscs,
jdenti4'and
discuss the r?cessaDr
cond{tlon
or sulficicrrt{ozdllton lssumprion.
Also nore othcr
posslblc
problcms you
would
anriciprre
discussing in r hjtl-tcngth
Argrrmcnt
cssay.
7- Thc
juvenile
,usricc
dcp3r n€nr of
onc of rbe nadon's lar8csr
cirics
reccntly
lcponed rhar chnd.cn who
cngage
jn

ccntcr iI,I
thc distficr,
the disricr's
quaint
oldcr shops and
rcstaufantl have had
.
diLrculry anracring
parons.
ln oldcr ro
prcscrve
thc hisro.ic valuc of
lbc Hill disrricr's
oldcr buildings ard ro
prcvcnt
furthcr ioss of
rcvcnuc
from touris6, t}le ci(y lnusr
imposc a mot"rorium on t}le
conshrction of any ncw
srrucrurcs in the Hill disric('
In cich ofthc Dcxt rwo
cyercises,
idcntify
and discuss thc
potcntial
groutmember problez.
Also
note
othcr

of ncs'
8raduares
from
our sratc's
Exrncrses
7-8
ixgncrsrs
9-l 0
Pctdson's
.
Wtlttflg
SEIttlor.tbe
GRE/G]IUT TesE
I
'I
-rir(l
rJrl(xl
ur uorl)np.)l l: uirs i^lxl
Itrlr s)oo
rrlr
:rrr:
st:r.:r:.:;rqxr
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pux
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r)qr
lsnl
,qr luDnp
.p.sr.riur

o)
prrlsul
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lrlfruJ u^\op^!ols
ss.nrsnq
lql
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rql
roj )lqtsuods)J
s! Jrulloj srlr
lxqt )urnssx or rrr.n!n
sr
tr
ltua^al
lrl)r
ul aull)rp
)ql rrojaq
prlln)lo
uorDnpal il:)lot.r:)rl(xl
.ql
asnrJ)q
tsnl
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silpurq r'$
:suodsaj
r:
s,aja11
.:cuanb:s
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'aldrlJ!
ejt rsnlrr 3ln]cpounrro)Jr!
roJ
sernos
-ir
rurrnr rno
r)urs 8u.rutf,trp urf,q
slq rsnj.r stqxtJb5ruou
Jo
rurnlo^ .IIl llq,lA
'llrpEsts
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ur
prrnr)
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alqqrb)l
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aurnlo^ eqt
'sl!:d
r^U
tscl
.rlr
iulmo
's']r^Jrs
pur
spoo6

Inol
5rF
'Jl],{
:s!l
'luarrurr^o8
JErepaI
eqt ,{q
uodrl ruerej x
ot trlpJoJ)y
u():, etosJrtd
an')t
v!'JJVllt9/:1dj)
a.tt ro.l
nt'.ts
nuDOAt
.
t,uosJ2tad
'II
zI-l
I
srsDxlx3
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rusurntuV rll3uf,t,Ilry ! ur BurssNslp
.:rdttrrru!
plno^r
no,{ suf,lqoJd
alqtssod r.lno
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osJy

!3s|rft^p!
awr aq ol Japro
qI
'slooqrs
JEJlprtrr
s.uoD?u
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ol
suonrJ.rJdd!
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raqum!
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orp
u-r rsrol:)ul
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lq
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slooqrs
aq s.uooru rno ol sttrtJllddr
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Jrqurnu
Jlrol
eqr u'! eull]f,p
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rrqr
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r: lrrj
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arr srtrsr^run
puu
s.8)nor
AVSSI .LNlWneUV
SNIUOSS-HetH V
SI|UM
OI n
OH
2.
ANA.ysrs
encc.
Sincc rhc xrgumcnr
fuils ro
prove
rhxr rlrc policcjorcc
reducrion
is
thc acrualcausc
ofthe rcriil
busrness slump, or
cven conFiburcd ro
it.
lh€ xrgumenr's
proponcnr

dr:lr
rbc ciqJs cconomy is
suflcring
mcrcly bccause rer:.il
revcnues in
onc
paniculnr
disrricr hrvc
declincd?)
.
Wouid
the
propos€d
course
of acrion rq.lcc
to attln t}}e stated
obiecr'vc?
(Pcrhaps
addilionxl
me?surcs,
such as renovating rhc
disuict
or
parrollinS
it xr
nigbr,
would
also
be nceded.)
.

ca.s for lunch.
Altlough rhis
miSht bc thc case, r merc
correlaion
bcrwecn lunch dier rnd
productjviry
does flor
sufficc to esBblish a
causc-and,c$-ec!-relatiog:
ship. Thc arSumenas aurlor
musr also
consider xnd €limina(c ill
olhcr rcasonable
cxplanations for r})c
diJfcrcnce irl
produciiviry
lcvcls
bctwccn the rwo
Smups
ofworkers, P€rhaps thc
mosr
plausible
sftcmxrivc
cxplanrrjon
is thar
vo.kcrs
who
bring rhcir own lunch arc
morc
producdve

.
A tbr.shold problcm:
Arc ca.fercria lunchcs acrually
much diffcrcor
from
lurches rhat workcN
brinS from homc?
(If
nor,
rh€n thc
enrire
arSumcnr is
poindcss,)
.
Wolld
t})c
proposcd
cou.sc of acrion .r//ce to
arrain rbc scatcd
objectivc?
(€.8.,
workers
who prefcr catctcrir
dining
mjghr cboosc
Pal.tso't s
t
wtltint
SkIk
lor

rn
lf:llnr
a)u )$
esru)r ol
4/r.rrrJa,
)t sl .
l
pror<rn
elqtsuods:rr
st
lururdolJ^ap
lu)Jel
rJrpo
ru.ros
sdEqlr.l)
lu^rot
ltqt
ur
s)u)r
pur
sf,np^
fuedord r4
auIJJrp
rqt
Jo
,srrr
aru, .e
eSenoJ
&Imduro:
,\eu

palro
rqt uo,{l5r
llqrll)snl
louuEJ rurEnfux 3qt
,sa8rllo)lo
sadA
or! orn
pur
su^ror
oal Jrp ur)^!aq
socusr3JJlp,{rI
rlqrssod
lol
Bununo:!)x
lno
-rpta
loqs
q
srnp^ fu.do_rd
lJuc^o
uo
omssrd
pruadn
rro.!
Buple
-xa
runt 14
'f,3anoJ
Alunl.ulnotr I urqt
eJtuFf,

:pO
q
eq
pno,u
Ir
ucql
uoDldel{r ul
ssal
sl
Sumoq
Tstur.r
sndurrqJo
Brlpo:u
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-'
53alloiJ6
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pux
s.np^
fua
<iord
uo
turxa aSallof,,rdau I
a)ufnliJl
arf] ol
lur alrJ )rx
trqt srJuo

sel3r
turum8jv
sJtII
(
sE ur uao
4)ql
rrEd:rd oqnA
ttdord
ulqr
rc!-zEl ,{Ilrjouc8
:rE
sfcau, roJ ,{rd
oq/ aldo)d sdEqr5d)
asr.Iro,r
Jo
{dnorS
o,N
fqt uac,ltrJJq dotou0 rtnltn
Rz
t\:ctp
,ururnRn
cgl saoc
Cp!J)srr'!
suc.uJ
raqro
q€norqr
lrr^!:rnpo.rd
JJIro,,$ 3juxgu.
tr[) uoulx
sdxrpr.D

4. ANarysrs
t.
This
Af8Umcnr rclies
on a
qucsrionablc
anaroAl
ocrwccn re/o
ro$,ns
as
vcll
rs bccvecn
nvo rrish
comptnies.
Herc's i
concise,csDonsc
tl.nr
.hrndlcs
borh :rnalogics
roSelh€r
ir
ooc
p:rmgripbi
Thc argumcnt
s infercnce
d)a! Trashco
s scfficc
js
morc
coslh, rh.ln

ro lliilsvillc,
for whareverrcason.
Eirhersccnrrio e/outd
cxplain
plarBburlt's
lowcr
totll cost,
q,hich
in
rum
would
undermine
rhc
rrgumcnt's
con!€nrion
that Hillsville e,,ould
savc.
moncy
b)'swhching
from
Rjdco io
Tr-ishco.
Thus, ro
bcner deluatc
rhe
ff8umenq
I vrould
need ro
krow how
much

con.tltiorc
in
Hillsville?
Of
the
town's
residcflis
incrcasc
the
voiumc
of
rcfuse o,
rccyclablcs
or bcgin
iisisting
on morc
frcqucm
pickups.
Hiltsvllle
mj8hr regrcr
irs dccision
to
swirch ro Trashco.)
.
Is rhc
proposcd
swirch
ro Trajhco
zccasraal
for

Fansfcr
sradofl?
@crhaps
refuse would
nccd to
bc
r.alcn
frorb
t})e
ccnrcr
to a morc
remorc locatior,
ar
additionil
exDensc.)
This Ar8umcna
rclics
on a
porentia.lly
unrcprescntalivc
sratisiical
semplc
to
drew a
g€ncral
infcrcncc.
Hcre's
a responsc
that lundlcs
thc

unusuilly
rcccptivc
or
rcsponsive
to
r,X/orkforcc
s
pafiicular
6etrods, for
wharcvcr rcasolr.
ID 2ny
cvcrr,
Mrftcch's
scminar
panicipents
mjght consriturc an insufficicntly
sm.3l
smple for thc purposc
of rnakinS
rccommcndations
for the
!,rivarc,
sccro|workforce
in
gcncrnl.
Sincc
thc argumcnr frils
to
show that
Mrjl:rech's

DUI]
or.rqr
.r,{qo
ptrr',,s'r),^,nr,,;,
";l;;;,;,J;::.*;]:.::lll:',1;,"#ili
.
^,_ . _
(.rurp! ,,irunotr
ptrioldur:un
to
t(x)d
iqr
uro! ur^.
sorqrad
JIrrs
fEuonrppx
Bt,.rJIq
lq
fi.a_pr.rru,
.u".*.rrqr.,,{q
.igio
eqr
uo
urrjls
rqr
rrnprr
ot
plqrssod.o,qr,*,,f1.^,1.r,^'
prtrrs
)rlt

pxodord
orF
lxlrl
peru^uo:)'q
lorrwr
I
.Amqrssod
sl,n
rno rr'
or sl.r'J
)u.urnarr.rp
.r*s
.t"q-^
,ou
,nqi,il"o-,i
r^r:taj
ul:)
.,bql
amlDq
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uoa ,'oq.,;;;;,;"il:if;:j[T,1li.;;T:l
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ot sp5ru
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s.tuc_.fr"
,,11
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.q

Jo
sadA
rgrqr
Jo
sllJauf,q
Jrp
$l^r
9p
01
Sqrpou
Burnzq
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JrsurDxa
lirrrl,
uo
o.1"
q.rra.f
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3:a^srrd
s,,{ulouoJo
oqt
lo
,{thlrcnpo:d
1ual'6,l
pa
uvqcu)t
utDr4a.t
sltolrrpuoi
Jaq)o
//,

aal4,pro
s)rloldurr
s,q5rlr.xtt
lq
sturEt)
r(r,r
ory
.
_o1
lu.tuotr
.',our
5irroJ.q
.,alro o
dlaq
or
pr*,rrr.,:I#ry#
r.grqr'a
prrE
.rJoFq
sr
sqof
cII'
s.rF
r^rq
stsedpDrrd
s.q)Ir.rn
ratF)q.t
JsuruDs
rrF
5:rr4s passrd

Jo
',t'Jstrq
fu.
.rr"rr.^"
,;x::l
aqt
6dgqr;$d)
aaplprtt
srrlrtsls
oJ.rojDFo,lt
ruor
uodr
rql
q
.
3uruoscar
s.lu;)rxntr\,
Jqt
lnoqr
suoDsrnb
Eu.raoIIoJ
or.Jl
sserppn
osll]
lqillll
nol
.^Ess.
(:)nu.n
-O€)
tF8url-lJnJ

drc
officc
crn ersill ecconrmodnrc
the curten! number oI
r€sid€nls
applrin8
for xnd rec<jving unemplormcnt
bcncfits.
and the sourcc
of rbc
str;rio lies elsewhcrc.)
Docs
rhc argumcat suggcst a coursc of
aciion finI
would actual\'
underrni e
tba
stated objcctiue?
(fo
stz$ thc
ncs'
jolltraininS
progmm, iI might be n€cessaq' to rcduce
sBff ciscwhere
in the
ofiice,
which mighr cxacerbale the su-ain.)
i"l
This ,4.r8umcnt
relies on'a sufficienl-coodilion

or
perhps
thc claJses must begin
carlicr
in a
youngsrcr's
rc?demic Mc to hive any
apprcciablc impact on dclin'
qucnt
bchavior.
Vithour
considerinli-thcse
lnd a myrird ofoihcr
condi'
rions
thrr
firghi
be nccded to €nsure
tirrr a
young
Person
grows lrp to
.
become lae-abiding,
r.t)€ ar8ument's
author cannot
justi$'the
mandatc.
ln
a

(If
noq then
thc entfe
argument c-]n be
dismissed out of hmd-)
.
Mi8illi
the arlumcnt misl^kc
nere correlalioi
-berwceo
organrzcd-
sports
participation and
adulr
crimioal
bchavior-fot
1 cause'and'
ejflcct rclationshiP?
(We
mjght nccd
to knos'
\r'hxt
Percentagc
ot
younSstcrs participale to beAin
e,ith
and
vhe$er those
youngstcrs
arc lc5s iDclined

9.
Lx,t
troenD!l,hnrl
t
ll
ou
s:nraoJrl
)ururnSrr:
)qr
'r)^r^roH
th
r))po^\
:),j'.rJr^r:
sr:
It)^\
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qjiiu)ll!
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ot
ll)ds)r
tJtr^\
.dno.ti
r:
st.
,s.r:aoldur;
s:tr::r
stll
li'
lr:Jrdlrs_!
1u;r9

r
rnoq!
sarurr4rl
omr
s^\r:rp
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sltll
ssrl
nuuntrseJ
pr,"
sdoqs
s.t rJtslp
.rI
,"rr"-r"Utjfl;::;
oq^r
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rou
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fE)ol
s!
L sd"q:rrp
;:nur^c: urqrnot
ur 5tr'rtrrp
IF
Jo
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5^oq!
ol

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3q1
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rq3ryr
nol
,lcss.
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.er8,
touurJ
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qroq
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Jo
suaau
alqlslrJ
,{lso

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q)ns
suraur
lttp
rur
slla)
asurs irorrruo]
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.,oarrregi
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ro
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fr4DrluE

.6
.rxngolljorr'
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rsnl .q
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