530
Chapter
13
Table
13.6
Hardness Data for the Test Specimens
Material Hardness (BHN)
170-180
1020
(untreated)
1020
(treated)
4340
low
hardness (untreated)
4340
low
hardness (treated)
4340
high
hardness (untreated)
4340 high
hardness
(treated)
43 50
low
hardness (untreated)
4350
low
hardness
(treated)

thermal cycles are given in Figs
It can
be
seen in Fig.
13.31
that the high-hardness
4350
steel had an
endurance limit of approximately 108ksi, as would be expected from the
published data on the material. The
40
thermal cycles in this case caused a
reduction of approximately
45%
in the value
of
the endurance limit.
Figure
13.32
shows similar results for the low-hardness
4350
steel speci-
mens where the same thermal cycles caused a
42%
reduction in the endur-
ance limit. Similar results for the
4340
steel are given in Figs
13.33
and

Si
(%)
Cr
(%)
Ni
(Yo)
MO
(%)
4340 0.38
0.77 0.014
0.026 0.27 0.78 1.59 0.23
4350 0.49 0.66
0.009 0.025 0.25
0.77 1.61
0.23
Figure
13.31
cycles;
=
with thermal cycles.
Fatigue data
for
4350 steel (high hardness):
0
=
without thermal
120
110
100
90-

L.
Figure
13.32
cycles;
W
=
with thermal cycles.
Fatigue data for 4350 steel (low hardness):
0
=
without thermal
531
140
130
120
=
00
5
110
3
?!
si
100
90
80
0
WithoutTh.nn.lCyok0
L
\.
.

t
80
70
80
t
501
I
L
10' 1
0'
Fatigue Life
(cycles)
1
o8
Figure
13.34
cycles;
1
=
with thermal cycles.
532
Fatigue data for
4340
steel (low hardness):
0
=
without thermal
Some Experiment
a1
Studies

steel with high and low hardness. The results demonstrate
the considerable deterioration of the endurance limit
of
high carbon steel
due to thermal cycles.
It can be seen that the steel with higher carbon content exhibited con-
siderably more reduction in the bending fatigue strength. Microhardness
tests of the specimens showed no appreciable change in the hardness dis-
tribution due to the thermal or mechanical stress cycles. Microstructure
investigations using the scanning electron microscope showed that micro-
scopic thermal cracks as well
as
intergranular cracks occurred in the steel
with higher carbon content, which may explain the reduction in the bending
fatigue life.
REFERENCES
1.
Seireg,
A.,
and Weiter,
E.
J.,
“Frictional Interference Behavior Under Dynamic
Excitation,” Wear,
1963,
Vol.
6,
pp.
66-77.
534

pp.
259-268.
Mindlin, R.
D.,
Mason, W., Osmer, T., and Deresiewiez,
K.,
“Effects of an
Oscillating Tangential Force on the Contact Surfaces
of
Elastic Spheres,’, Proc.
1st
U.S. Natl. Congr. of Appl. Mechanics,
1951,
pp.
203-208.
Johnson, K. L., “Surface Interaction Between Two Elastically Loaded Bodies
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Ser. A, Vol.
230,
pp.
Goodman, L., and Bowie, G., “Experiments on Damping at Contacts of a
Sphere with Flat Plates,,’ Proc. Soc. Exptl. Stress Anal.,
1961,
Vol.
18,
pp.
Klint, R. V., “Oscillating Tangential Forces on Cylindrical Specimens in
Contact at Displacements Within the Region of No Gross Slip,” ASLE
Trans.,

401.
Seireg,
A.,
and Weiter, E. J., “Behavior of Frictional Hertzian Contacts Under
Impulsive Loading,” Wear,
1965,
Vol.
8,
pp.
208-219.
Love, A. E.
H.,
A Treatise on the Mathematical Theory
of
Elasticity,
Cambridge University Press, London, England, 4th Edn,
1929,
pp.
198-200.
Goldsmith,
W.,
Impact, Edward Arnold., London, England,
1960.
Jacobsen, L.
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and Ayre, R.
S.,
Engineering Vibrations, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., New York, NY,
1958,

75,
Ft. Int. Conf. on
Creep, Inst. Mech. Engrs, London,
1963,
Vol.
2,
p.
123.
O’Connor, J. J., and Johnson,
K.
L., “The Role of Surface Asperities in
Transmitting Tangential Forces Between Metals,” Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs,
Paper No.
62-Lub-14, 1962.
Wang, N.
Z.,
and Seireg, A., “Thermohydrodynamic Performance of
Reciprocating Slider Bearings,’, ASLE, Paper No.
87-AM-3A-3, 1987.
53 1-548.
48-54.
Some Experimental Studies
535
21. Seireg, A., and Hsue, E., “An Experimental Investigation
of
the Effect
of
Lubricant Properties on Temperature and Wear in Sliding Concentrated
Contacts,” ASME Trans.,
J.

L.,
S.,
160
Alblas,
J.
B.,
54
Albrecht, A. B.,
118
Aleksanddrov,
V.
M.,
54
Ali,
S.
Y.,
408
Allen,
C.
M.,
405
Alliston-Greiner, A.
F.,
409
Almen,
J.
O.,
337
Alsaad,
M.,

M.,
119
Armarego,
E.
J.
A.,
119
Aronov,
V.,
452
Arpaci,
V.
S.,
160
Arvidson,
D.
B.,
159
Ashford,
K.
S., 409
Ashworth,
R.
J.,
406
Attia,
M.
H.,
409, 452
Avery,

159, 336
Barovich,
D.,
54
Barwell,
F.
T.,
19, 406
Barwell,
J.
T.,
336
Batchelor, G.
K.,
250
Beale,
E.
M. L.,
54
Bear,
H.
R.,
405
Beavors, G.
S., 250
Bell,
D.
C.,
487
Bell,

G.,
487
Bhushan, B., 485
Bill,
R.
C., 410
Block,
H.,
18, 158, 159, 336, 405, 409
Bohn,
M.
S.,
407
Bollier,
R.
D., 487
Boncompain,
R.,
19, 249, 250
Booker,
J.
F.,
247
Booser,
E.
R.,
19
Boussages, P., 247
Boussinesq,
J.,

H.,
337
Burdekin,
M.,
452
Burton,
R.
A.,
159
Busch,
J.,
486
Butler,
R.
H., 405
Byer,
J.
E.,
406
Calladine, C.
R.,
54
Cameron,
A.,
17,
20, 247, 248, 308
Cameron,
J.
R.,
409

K.
L.,
118
Chang, C.
M.,
404
Chang, C.
T.,
409
Chang,
J.
C., 421
Chapin,
H.
J.,
337
Charnes,
A.,
247
Cheng, H.
S.,
17, 19,
20, 158,
159,
250,
Cheung,
J.
B.,
407
Chichinadze,

19, 248
Cottle,
R.
W.,
53
Coulomb, C.
A.,
17
Courtney-Pratt,
J.
S.,
17
Crook,
A.
W.,
20, 308,405
Crow,
S.
C., 407
Crussard,
B.
C.,
534
Csepregi,
L.,
421
308,404
Dandage,
S.,
19, 247, 248

2
Dike,
G.,
407
Dismukes,
J.,
486
Dooner, D., 405
Dorn,
W.
S.,
53
Doshi,
R.
C.,
19, 248
Dowson, D., 17, 19, 20, 21, 159, 248,
249, 250, 307,404
Drozdov,
Y.
N.,
21,
308
D’ Silva,
N.
S.,
409
D’ Souza,
A.
F.,

406
Eng,
B.,
18
Erdogan, F., 98
Evans,
D.
J.,
406
Ezzat, H., 19, 248, 249, 250
Fazekas, G.
A.
G., 406
Felgar,
R.
P.,
534
Feng,
I.
M.,
404,409
Fensel,
P.
A.,
406
Ferron,
J.,
19,
250
Fessler, H., 405

Fujita, H., 17, 421
Furey,
M.
J.,
18
Gair,
F.
C.,
404
Galin, L.
A.,
53
Gao,
R.,
486
Garside,
B.
L.,
487
Gartner, F., 404
Gavrikov,
Y.
A.,
21
Gaylord, E.
W.,
534
Gecim,
B.,
409

Greenwood,
J.
A.,
21, 54, 98, 120,409,
Grubin,
A.
N.,
17, 307
Gunter, E.
J.,
247
Gupta,
B.
K.,
485
452
Ha,
J.
Y.,
119
Hach,
D.,
534
Hahn, E.
J.,
249
Hale,
T.,
487
Halling,

M.,
119
Hashish,
M.,
407
Hatschek,
R.
L.,
487
Haug, E., 98
Haworth,
R.
D., 337
Hayashi,
T.,
421
Hays, D., 336
Hazelrigg, G.
A.,
421
He,
J.,
486
Helfet,
A.
J.,
408
Heminover,
D.,
487

M.,
407
Houjoh, H., 451
Howland,
B.,
17
Hsue,
E.
Y.,
308, 535
540
Author
Index
Hudson, J.
D.,
19, 249, 250
Hunter,
B.,
19
Hunter,
W.
B.,
248, 249
Hurricks,
P.
L., 409,
410
Iihoshi,
S.,
407

Jakobsen,
J.,
451
Jang,
D.
Y.,
120
Jemlielniak, K., 119
Jeroslow,
R.,
53
Johnson, K. L., 20, 54, 98, 308, 409,
Johnson, L.
G.,
405
Johnson,
M.
R.,
406
Jones,
A.
B.,
406
Jones,
M.
H.,
410
Joseph,
D.
D.,

O.,
119
Kayaba,
T.,
409,
410
Keer,
L.
M.,
53,
54, 98
Kegg,
R.
L., 119
Kelley,
B.
W.,
18, 20, 21, 308, 336, 405
Kempke,
W.
J., 408
Kennedy,
F.
E.,
409
Kennedy,
N.
G.,
337
Kettleborough,

L., 452
KO,
W.
H.,
421
Kondo,
Y.,
119
Konishi,
T.,
21
Kortanek,
K.,
53
Kotb,
A.
M.,
408
Kragelski,
I.
V.,
120, 336, 404
Kravchuk,
A.
S.,
98
Kreith,
F.,
407, 408
Kronenberg,

H.,
421
Leach,
E.
F.,
405
Lebeck,
A.
O.,
249
Lechner, H., 405
Lee,
C.
K., 452
Lemanski,
A.
J., 21
Leslie, J., 3
Li,
Y.,
308
Lichtman, J.
Z.,
338
Lieblein, J., 405
Lim,
M.
G.,
421
Limpert,

I
Lund,
J.
W.,
246, 247
Lundberg,
G.,
97
Lyon,
R.,
451
Macchia, D., 247
MacCurdy,
E.,
17
Macks, E.
F.,
405
Mangasarian,
0.
L., 53
Manton,
S.
M., 159
March, C. N., 19, 248
Mason,
W.
P.,
534
Matsuhisa,

Meille,
G.,
159
Meng,
H.
C., 409
Mindlin,
R.
D., 98, 409, 534
Miranda,
A.
A.,
249
Misharin,
J.
A.,
20, 308
Mitchell,
J.
R.,
248
Mogami,
T.,
408
Monza,
J.
C., 407
Moore,
A.
J.,

Nassipour,
F.,
119
Nemlekar,
P.
R.,
18
Newcomb,
T.
P., 406
Newman,
A.,
19
Nguyen,
K.,
250
Niemann,
G.,
404, 405
Nishizawa,
Y.,
21
Noda, N., 407
Noguchi,
K.,
421
Nolle,
H.,
160
Nordlund,

Olgac, N., 119
Ollerton, E., 405
Olsen,
K.
V.,
118
Orcutt,
F.
K.,
246, 404
Osman, M.
0.
M., 119
Osmer,
T.,
534
Osterle,
F.,
247
Othman, M.
O.,
452
Owen,
S.,
20
Ozisik, M. N., 406
Palazzi,
A.
S.,
408

Petrov, N.
P.,
17
Phillipoff,
W.,
19
Pinkus,
O.,
17,
248
Plesset, M.
S.,
338
Plint, M.
A.,
308
Podop, M., 487
Poon,
S.
J.,
I19
Poon,
S.
Y.,
159
542
Author
Index
Poulter,
T.

J.
S.,
120
Rao,
P.
N., 120
Rao,
U.
R.
K.,
120
Rashid,
M.
K.,
308, 486
Ratwani,
M.,
98
Redhler,
I.,
409
Rehbinder,
G.,
407
Reigel,
M.
S.,
407
Rettig,
H.,

N.,
337
Rowland,
E.
S.,
405
Rusnak, R.
M.,
406
Saibel,
E.,
247
Saka,
H.
S.,
158
Saka,
N.,
159
Sakurai,
T.,
158
Sanborn,
D.
M.,
159
Sander,
H.,
486
Sankar,

98
Scott,
D.,
410
Seif,
M.
A.,
409
Seireg,
A.,
17, 18, 19,
54,
98, 119,
I
160, 247, 248, 250, 308, 405, 406,
408, 410, 421, 422, 452, 486, 533,
534, 535
Senturia,
S.
D.,
421
Shalkey,
A.
T.,
336
Shareef,
I.,
452
Sharma,
J.

Singh, R., 486
Sirivat,
A.,
250
Sisson,
T.,
119
Skelton,
R.
C.,
120
Skorecki,
J.,
451
Sliter,
J.
A.,
407
Sneddon,
I.
N.,
55
Sokoloff,
L.,
408
Solaja,
V.,
118
Someya,
T.,

B.,
159, 404
Stevens,
J.
S.,
17
Strang,
C.
D.,
336
Styri,
H.,
405
Subramanian,
C.,
487
Suh,
N.,
158, 159, 337
Suzuki,
A.,
160,
406,410
Suzuki,
M.,
421
Author
Index
543
Suzuki,

J.,
118
Taylor, T.
C.,
405
Temlinson,
G.
A.,
337
Tevaarwerk,
J.
L.,
20
Themistius
1
Thimons, E., 407
Thompson,
J.,
451
Thorpe,
P.
L., 337
Tian,
X.,
409
Timoshenko,
S.
P.,
53, 99, 406
Timtner,

E.
G.,
20, 308
Trias,
A.,
408
Tripp,
J.
H., 98, 120
Tsai,
K.
C.,
98
Tsai,
N.,
53
Tu, Y., 53
Uchizawa,
M.,
421
Uhlig,
H. H.,
337, 409
Ulukan, V. L., 247
Umezawa,
K.,
451
Ustinov,
I.
A.,

Wardle,
F.
P.,
119
Waterhouse, R.
B.,
337
Way,
S.,
404
Wayason, R., 336
Wehe, R.
L.,
248
Weiss,
C.,
408
Weiter, E.
J.,
18, 533, 534
Welbourn,
D.
B.,
452
Welch, R.
E.,
406
Westmann, R.
A.,
53

O.,
20,
159, 160,
250,
308,
Wolfe,
P.,
53
Wright,
K.
H.,
337
Wu,
S.
M.,
118, 119
409
Xu,
K.,
486
Yeung, R.
S.,
406
Yoder,
M.,
486
Yokoi,
M.,
451
Yoshimura,

Index
Abrasive jets, 374
Abrasive wear, 332
Adhesion, 2, 4, 113
Adhesive wear, 3 12
Animal joints, 377
Arc evaporation, 455, 456
Asperity interaction, 141
Bearings:
automated design, 196
damping coefficients, 174
design criterion, 194
design graphs, 187
fixed geometry, 212
fluid film, 161
geometry, 162
hydrodynamic, 16
I
hydrostatic, I6
1
performance, 166
rolling elements, 349
short, 165
Sommerfeld, 162
stability, 170
stiffness coefficients, I72
thermohydrodynamic effects, 209
whirl, 170
Blistering, 3
10

545
546
Subject
Index
Creep, 507, 512
Dedendum wear, 348
Delamination wear, 33
1
Diffusivity, 33
1
Elastic foundation, beams on, 31
Elas tohydrodynamic film thickness,
Electron beam gun evaporation, 456
Erosive wear, 335
150
Flaking, 31
1
Fretting corrosion, 333
Friction:
in boundary lubrication, 4, 7
coating effects, 276, 280
domains of, 260
in elastohydrodynamic lubrication,
empirical formulas, 270
experimental evaluation, 264
in fluid film lubrication, 9
historical overview,
1
laws, 4, 5
layered surfaces, 30

thermal shock, 347
wear avoidance, 343
Heat partition, 135, 142, 158
Heat penetration, 123, 124
Hydrodynamic equations, 16
1
Hydrodynamic lubrication, rigid
Hysteresis, 61, 418
cylinders 252
Impulsive loading, 497
Intergranular cracks, 533
Isoviscous analysis, 223
Kinetic coefficient of friction, 504
Layered contacts, 135, 153
Layered solids, 135
LIGA process, 41
1
Lubrication:
boundary, 7, 8, 9
elastohydrodynamic, 14
fluid film, 9
thermohydrodynamic, 12, 13
Microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS), 41
1
Microcracks,
1
17
Microcutting,
1

temperature rise, 395
wear, 400
Reciprocating slider bearings,
5
15
Reciprocating sliding motion, 441
Residual compound, 520
Rock cutting, 376
Rolling element bearings, 349
contact stress, 351
fatigue life, 353
hollow rollers, 354
lightly loaded, 354
minimum film thickness, 351
laws
of,
251
coating thickness factor, 279
elastohydrodynamic, 253
hydrodynamic, 252
film thickness, 252, 254,
255
Rolling friction, 25
1
Rolling/sliding, 25
1
Scoring, 329, 339
Self-excited vibrations, 437
Shear zone, 232
empirical formula, 235

1
14
Synchronous whirl, 18
1
Temperature, distribution 124
Thermal cracks, 533
Thermal environment, 12
1
Thermal properties, 265
Thermal shock, 527
Thermal wear, 3 12
Thermohydrodynamic:
analysis with thermal expansion, 230
effects,
209
empirical analysis, 226
arbitrary geometry, 62
center
of,
80
circular contact, 57
different materials, 68
direction
of,
86-88, 94-97
elliptical contact, 62
force and moment, 90
square area, 73
twisting moment, 76
Traction distribution:

due to surface fatigue, 317
erosive,
333
frictional,
3
12
IBM
zero wear, 319
in animal joints, 377
of the harder material, 314
Whirl orbits, 176
Yield in shear, 320, 321