RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Định nghĩa: Mệnh đề quan hệ là mệnh đề phụ được nối với mệnh đề chính bởi các đại
từ quan hệ (who, whom, whose, which, that ) hay các trạng từ quan hệ như (where, when,
why). Mệnh đề quan hệ đứng ngay đằng sau danh từ, đại từ trong mệnh đề chính để bổ sung
ý nghĩa cho danh từ, đại từ ấy,phân biệt danh từ đại từ ấy với các danh từ đại từ khác. Chức
năng của nó giống như một tính từ do vậy nó còn được gọi là mệnh đề tính ngữ.
II. CÁC ĐẠI TỪ QUAN HỆ:
1. Who: -Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm chủ ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm chủ
ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó Theo sau who là một động từ
Eg: The man who is sitting by the fire is my father. ->That is the boy who helped me to
find your house.
2. Whom: -Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người làm tân ngữ, đứng sau tiền ngữ chỉ người để làm
tân ngữ cho động từ đứng sau nó Theo sau whom là một chủ ngữ
Eg: The woman whom you saw yesterday is my aunt >The boy whom we are looking
for is Tom.
3. Which:Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ vật, làm chủ ngữ hoặc tân ngữ cho động từ sau nó. -Theo
sau which có thể là một động từ hoặc một chủ ngữ.
Eg: This is the book. I like it best.=> This is the book which I like best.
The hat is red. It is mine.=> The hat which is red is mine.
-Khi which làm tân ngữ, ta có thể lược bỏ which
Eg: This is the book I like best . .The dress (which) I bought yesterday is very beautiful.
4. That: Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ cả người lẫn vật, có thể được dùng thay cho Who, Whom,
Which trong mệnh đề quan hệ thuộc loại Restricted Clause (Mệnh đề xác định)
Eg: That is the book that I like best.=>That is the bicycle that belongs to Tom.
My father is the person that I admire most.
I can see the girl and her dog that are running in the park.
5. Whose:Là đại từ quan hệ chỉ người, thay cho tính từ sở hữu. Whose cũng được
dùng cho of which.
-Theo sau Whose luôn là 1 danh từ
Eg: The boy is Tom. You borrowed his bicycle yesterday.
=> The boy whose bicycle you borrowed yesterday is Tom.

This girl, whom you met yesterday, is my daughter.
3. Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ nối tiếp dùng để giải thích cả một câu, trường hợp này chỉ dùng đại từ
quan hệ which và dùng dấu phẩy để tách hai mệnh đề. Mệnh đề này luôn đứng ở cuối câu.
Eg He admires Mr Brown, which surprises me.
Mary tore Tom’s letter, which made him sad.
V.DẠNG RÚT GỌN CỦA MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ:
1.Using participle phrases (sử dụng hiện tại phân từ)
- Present participle: Dùng cho các động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể chủ động. Ta dùng
present participle phrase thay cho mệnh đề đó (bỏ đại từ quan hệ và trợ động từ, đưa động
từ chính về nguyên mẫu rồi thêm –ing)
The man who is sitting next to you is my uncle.
The man sitting to you is my uncle.
Do you know the boy who broke the windows last night?
Do you know the boy breaking the windows last night?
2.Using past participle:
- Past participle: Dùng cho các động từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ ở thể bị động (Bỏ đại từ
quan hệ, trợ động từ và bắt đầu cụm từ bằng past participle)
Eg1The books which were written by To Hoai are interesting.
The books written by To Hoai are interesting.
Eg2 The students who were punished by the teacher are lazy.
The students punished by the teacher are lazy.
Eg3 The house which is being built now belongs to Mr. Pike.
The house built now belongs to Mr. Pike.
3. Using “to infinitive” or “infinitive phrase” (for sb to do):
Bỏ đại từ quan hệ, bỏ chủ ngữ và trợ động từ, bắt đầu cụm từ bằng “infinitive”
a. Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các chữ sau đây bổ nghĩa : THE FIRST, THE
SECOND,…., THE LAST, THE NEXT, THE ONLY , DẠNG SO SÁNH NHẤT,
PURPOSE Bỏ who, which,that ,chủ từ (nếu có ) và modal verb như can ,will thêm to
trước động từ

=> That is the hotel to stay.
Here is the form that you must fill in.
=> Here is the form for you to fill in.
4. Using noun phrases:
mệnh đề quan hệ không xách định có thể được rút gọn bằng cách dùng cụm danh từ.
Dùng khi mệnh đề tình từ có dạng: S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI
TỪ
Cách làm:
Bỏ who ,which và be
Ex1: Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. ==‾潆潆潆
> Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health. ==> Football, a popular sport,
is very good for health.
Ex2: Do you like the book which is on the table? ==> Do you like the book on the table?
Ex3: George Washington, who was the first presidentof the United States, was a general in
the army.
George Washington, the first presidentof the United States, was a general in the army.
Ex4: We visited Barcelona, which is a city in northern Spain.
We visited Barcelona, a city in northern Spain.
5) Mệnh de tính từ có dạng be và tính từ/cụm tính từ: Có 2 công thức rút gọn:
Công thức 1: Bỏ who, which to be -> giữ nguyên tính từ phía sau.
Diều kiện 1: Nếu phía trước that là đại từ phiếm chỉ như something, anything,
anybody Ví dụ: There must be something that is wrong. ( There must be something wrong.
Diều kiện 2: Có dấu phẩy phía trước và phải có từ 2 tính từ trở lên Ví dụ: My
grandmother, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house. ( My grandmother, old and
sick, never goes out of the house.
Công thức 2: Những trường hợp còn lại ta đem tính từ lên trước danh từ
Ví dụ: My grandmother, who is sick, never goes out of the house.
( My sick grandmother never goes out of the house.)
I buy a hat which is very beautiful and fashionable. ( I buy a very beautiful and fashionable
hat.

Miss Brown, with whom we studied last year, is a very nice teacher.
Mr. Cater, to whom I spoke on the phone last night, is very interested in our plan.
Fortunately we had a map, without which we would have got lost.
3. Chú ý cách dùng của các cấu trúc mở đầu cho mệnh đề quan hệ: all, most, none,
neither, any, either, some, (a)few, both, half, each, one, two, several, many, much, + of
which/whom
- Tuyệt đối không được dùng đại từ nhân xưng tân ngữ: them, us trong trường hợp này.
Ex1: Their sons, both of whom (không
Ex1: Their sons, both of whom (không được nói both of them) are working abroad, ring her
up every week.
Ex2: The buses, most of which were full of passengers, began to pull out.
Ex2: The buses, most of which were full of passengers, began to pull out.
- What = the thing/ the things that có thÃḠlàm tân ngïḠcho mÇṮh
- What = the thing/ the things that có thể làm tân ngữ cho mệnh đề phụ cùng lúc làm chủ
ngữ cho mệnh đề chính/ hoặc làm chủ ngữ của cả 2 mệnh đề chính, phụ.
Ex1: What we have expected is the result of the test.
Ex1: What we have expected is the result of the test.
Ex2: What happened to him yesterday might happen to us tomorrow.
Ex: Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
I tried on three pairs of shoes, none of which fitted me.
He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
Two boys, neither of whom I had seen before, came into my class.
They have got two cars, one of which they seldom use.
There were a lot of people at the meeting, few of whom I had met before.
4. Các truong hợp sau đây thường phải dùng ‘that’
a. Khi cụm từ đứng trước vừa là danh từ chỉ người và vật
He told me about the places and people that he had seen in London
b. Sau các tính từ so sánh hơn nhất, the only, the first, the last
This is the most interesting film that I’ve ever seen. Moscow is the finest city that
she’s ever visited.

receive a gift.
Eg: Whoever gets over 9 marks will receive a gift. = The person who gets over 9 marks will
receive a gift.
Eg: Whoever gets over 9 marks will receive a gift. = The person who gets over 9 marks will
receive a gift.
6. WHATEVER, WHICHEVER (Whatever có thể thay thế bằng what)
Whatever = the thing
g/things which/that
Eg: Whatever you say will be brought to court. = The things that you say will be brought to
court.
7. Whichever = the person/people/thing/things that
Eg: Whichever of the three girls come home first cooks dinner. = The girl that comes home
first cooks dinner.
You have pay $4 to whichever of the pens you buy. = You have pay $4 to the pen you buy.
EXERCISES ON RELATIVE CLAUSES.
I. Combine each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun or relative adverb
1. My father goes swimming everyday. You met him this morning. 2. The man is my father.
I respect his opinion most.
3. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me. 4. I saw a lot of people and
horses. They went to market.
5. Tom has three sisters. All of them are married. 6. I recently went back to Paris. I was
born in Paris nearly 50 years ago.
7 Do you know the music? It is being played on the radio.
8 You didn’t tell us the reason. We have to cut down our daily expenses for that reason.
9. The day was rainy. She left on that day. 10. I’ve sent him two letters. He has
received neither of them.
11. That man is an artist. I don’t remember the man’s name.
12. One of the elephants had only one tusk. We saw these elephants at the zoo.
13. You sent me a present. Thank you very much for it. 14. Is this the style of hair? Your
wife wants to have it.

IV. Reduce the following relative pronouns by using : VING, V3/VED, or TO-V
1. The man who teaches my son is my friend. 2. The computers which are used
here are very old.
3. John was the last person who left the room.
4. Do you know the woman who made a very interesting speech last night?
5. They’ve just delivered the goods that were ordered last week.
6. Mary was the second person who was rescued from the burning house.
7. The couples who live in the house next door are both college professors.
8. Our solar system is in a galaxy that is called the Milky Way. 9. She is the only person
who receives this scholarship.
10. They refused to carry out the plan which was worked out by the city council.
11. The people who were waiting for their children in the examination room looked
nervous.
12. My brother was the only man who realized the danger.
V. Choose one sentence that best rewrites the sentence given:
1. This man studies biology. What do you call him?
A. What do you call a man who studies biology? B. What do you call a man, who studies
biology?
C. What do you call a man studies biology? D. What do you call a man whom studies
biology?
2. Hemingway developed a very concise writing style. His name is well-known throughout
the world.
A. Hemingway, his name is well-known throughout the world, developed a very concise
writing style.
B. Hemingway, whose is name well-known throughout the world, developed a very concise
writing style.
C. Hemingway, whose name is well-known throughout the world, developed a very concise
writing style.
D. Hemingway, who developed a very concise writing style, his name is well-known
throughout the world.

D. One of the drivers bring by Steward came over to me.
VI. Choose the most suitable word to complete sentence.
1. My friend, Jack, (that, who, whose) parents live in Glasgow, invited me to spend
Christmas in Scotland.
2. Here’s the computer program (that, whom, whose) I told you about.
3. I don’t believe the story (that, who, whom) she told us.
4. Peter comes from Witney, (that, who, which) is near Oxford.
5. This is the gun with (that, whom, which) the murder was committed.
6. Is this the person ( whom, which, whose) you asked me about.
7. Have you received the parcel (whom, whose, which) we sent you?
8. That’s the girl (that, who, whose) brother sits next to me.
9. The meal,(that, which, whose) wasn’t very tasty, was expensive.
10. We didn’t enjoy the play ( that, who, whose) we went to see.
11. She gives her children everything (that, what, who) they want.
12. Tell me (what, that, which) you want and I’ll give it to you.
13.The reason (why, that, what) I phoned him was to invite him to party.
14. I don’t like people (who, whom, whose) never stops talking.
15. The day (which, that, when) they arrived was Sunday.
BÀI TẬP VỀ MỆNH ĐỀ QUAN HỆ
(RELATIVE CLAUSES)
Name: Phạm Viết Thắng
EXERCISE I : Write who, that, which, or nothing to complete these sentences :
1. Have you got the money ___________ I lent you yesterday ?
2.Peter, ___________ I had seen earlier, wasn’t at the party.
3. This is the machine ___________ cost half a million pounds.
4. Mary, ___________ had been listening to the conversation, looked angry.
5. Have you read the book ___________ I gave you ?
6. The hous, ___________ they bought three months ago, looks lovely.
7. Mrs.Jackson, ___________ had been very ill, died yesterday.
8. Is this the person ___________ stole your handbag ?

1. There’s the lady. Her dog was killed.
……………………………………………………………………
2. That’s the man. He’s going to buy the company.
…………………………………………………….….
3. He’s the person. His car was stolen.
…………………………………………………………………….
4. She’s the new doctor.The doctor’s coming to the hospital next week.
………………………………
5. She’s the journalist. Her article was on the front page of The Times.
…………………………………
6. They’re the people. Their shop burned down last week.
………………………………………………
7. That’s the boy. He’s just got a place at university.
………………………………………………………
EXERCISE IV : Join each pair of sentences using relative pronouns :
1.The man didn’t come back again. I shouted at him.
……………………………………………………….
2. The television never worked again. I dropped it.
……………………………………………………….
3. The machine was broken. I hired it.
………………………………………………………………
4. The clothes were beautiful. She bought some clothes.
………………………………………………….
5. The wall fell down after three weeks. They built the wall.
……………………………………………….
6. The policeman wasn’t very helpful. I asked him.
…………………………………………………………
7. I didn’t really like the car. We bought it.
…………………………………………………………
8. I lost the money. I borrowed it from John.

5. The cat sat on the wall ___________ it had a good view of the birds.
6. They arrived in the evening, at a time ___________ we were all out.
7. I couldn’t understand the reason ___________ they were so rude.
8. I met him in the cafe ___________ he was working as a waiter.
9. I listen to music late at night, ___________ the children have gone to bed.
10. I bought them in August, ___________ I was in France.
11. Let me see all the letters _______ you have written.
12. Is there any one ________ can help me do this?
13. Mr. Brown, _________ is only 34, is the director of this company.
14. I know a place __________ roses grow in abundance.
15. It was the nurse ________ told me to come in.
16. The teacher with ________, we studied last year no longer teaches in our school.
17. They showed me the hospital ________ buildings had been destroyed by US
bombings.
18. We saw many soldiers and tanks ______ were moving to the front.
19. Dr. Fleming, _______ discovered penicillin, was awarded the Nobel Prize for
medicine in 1945.
20. He joined the political party _______ was in power.
21. Love, ________ is a wonderful feeling, comes to everyone at some time in his
life.
22. Freedom is something for _______ millions have given their lives.
23. It is easy to find faults in people ________ we dislike.
24. The really happy people are those _______ enjoy their daily work.
25. We must find a time _______ we can meet and a place _______ we can talk.
EXERCISE VI: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:
1) The book ____ I bought at the bookstore yesterday is expensive.
A. who B. whose C. that D. B & C are correct
2) What’s the name of the blonde girl ____ just came in?
A. whoB. whose C. whom D. A & B are correct
3) I don’t like people ____ lose their tempers easily.

16) The teacher ____ teaches us French is coming today.
A. whomB. who C. that D. B & C are correct
17) What’s the music to ____ you are listening?
A. whose B. which C. that D. B & C are
correct
18) I don’t like the stories ____ have unhappy endings.
A. who B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
19) The students ____ don’t have library cards can’t borrow books from the library.
A. who B. which C. whom D. A & C are
correct
20) Betty is the most intelligent girl ____ I have ever met.
A. who B. whom C. that D. All are correct
21) Do you know the music ____ is being played on the radio?
A. who B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
22) This channel often shows the cartoons of ____ the children are very fond.
A. whomB. which C. that D. B & C are correct
23) The dress ____ she bought last week doesn’t fit her well.
A. whomB. which C. whose D. B & C are correct
24) Do you know a shop ____ sells good coffee?
A. whichB. that C. whose D. A & B are correct
25) The teacher punished the student ____ was naughty.
A. whomB. who C. which D. A & B are correct
26) She fell in love with a man ____ was from another country.
A. who B. whom C. which D. whose
27) I like to write to friends ____ are living far away from me.
A. who B. whom C. that D. A & C are correct
28) I bought some pencils ____ are in different colours.
A. whoseB. which C. that D. B & C are correct
29) She ate an apple ____ was still green.
A. who B. which C. whose D. whom

A. that B. whose C. which D. A & C are correct
45) The problem in ____ we are very interested has been discussed in class.
A. that B. whom C. which D. A & C are correct
46) The boy ____ you made fun of yesterday is my cousin.
A. who B. whom C. that D. All are correct
47)Ann, ____ lives next door, is very friendly.
A. who B. whom C. that D. All are correct
48) We went to Sandra’s party, ____ we enjoyed very much.
A. whichB. whom C. that D. who
49) John, ____ I have known for a very long time, is one of my closest friends.
A. whoseB. whom C. that D. B & C are correct
50) Sheila, ____ job involves a lot of travelling, is away from home a lot.
A. whoseB. whom C. that D. which
51) This new stadium, ____ can hold 90,000 people, will be opened next month.
A. that B. whose C. which D. A & B are
correct
52) My brother, ____ lives in Houston, is a doctor.
A. who B. whom C.that D. A & B are correct
53) My office, ____ is on the second floor, is small.
A. whose B. which C. who. .D. A & B are correct
54) She told me her address ____ I wrote down on a piece of paper.
A. whichB. that C. whose D. A & B are correct
55) The sun, ____ is one of millions of stars in the universe, provides us with heat and
light.

A. which B. that C. who D. A & B are
correct
56) Tom made a number of suggestions, most of ____ were very helpful.
A. them B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
57) Mary has three brothers, all of ____ are married.

71) The reason ____ Jim has just lost his job is that he didn’t work hard enough.
A. why B. which C. that D. B & C are correct
72) They hid the money in a place ____ it was safe from robbers.
A. which B. where C. that D. All are correct
73 ) Please tell me the reason for ____ I should let you go.
A. that B. which C. why D. B & C are correct
74) I know a wood ____ you can find wild strawberries.
A. whereB. which C. that D. All are correct
75) Can you suggest a time at ____ it will be convenient to meet?
A. whichB. when C. why D. that
76) Is there any reason for ____ you should have a holiday?
A. why B. which C. that D. A & B are correct
77) Tell me the countries ____ the traffic moves on the left-hand side.
A. whereB. which C. that D. A & B are correct
78) We keep our bread in the bridge ____ it doesn’t go bad.
A. since B. so that C. although D. after
79) ____ these cars are cheap, they last a long time.
A. Because B. In order that C. Although
D. After
80) You should give the iron time to heat up ____ you iron your clothes.
A. because B. so that C. even though D. before
EXERCISE VII: Fill in the gap with: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, or WHOSE:
1. We talk about the party ____________Sarah wants to organize for my birthday.
2. Don is a friend with ____________ I stayed in Australia.
3. Mrs. Richmond, ____________is 42 years old, does morning exercise every
morning.
4. We cannot find the person____________car is blocking our driveway.
5. The film about____________they are talking is thrilling.
6. My uncle, ____________you met yesterday, is a famous lawyer in the town.
7. The police are questioning the woman____________purse was stolen outside the

C. He likes the dress who Huong is wearing
D. He likes the dress Huong is wearing
12. Most of the classmates couldn't come. He invited them to the birthday party
A. Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
B. Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
C. Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come.
D. Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
13. What was the name of the man? You met and talked to him this morning.
A. What was the name of the man who you met and talked to him this morning?
B. What was the name of the man you met and talked to this morning?
C. What was the name of the man you met and talked to whom this morning?
D. What was the name of the man whose you met and talked to this morning?
14. The church is over 500 years old. Our class visited it last summer.
A. The church which our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
B. The church that our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
C. The church which our class visited last summer is over 500 years old.
D. The church our class visit last summer is over 500 years old.
15. The song says about the love of two young stdents. She is singing the song.
A. The song which she is singing it says about the love of two young stdents.
B. The song she is singing says about the love of two young stdents.
C. The song says about the love of two young stdents which she is singing.
D. The song says about the love of two young stdents that she is singing it.
KEY:
1. B. 2. A. 3. D 4. C. 5. B. 6. B. 7. B. 8. B 9. C. 10. B.
11. D. 12. A. 13. B. 14. C. 15. B.
EXERCISE IX: Choose the best answer
1. I have two sisters ________________are doctors.
A. both of which B. who both C. both of whom D. whom both
2. Do you remember the day ? I first met you on that day.
A. Do you remember the day where I first met you ?

A. talks to the lady over there C. was talking to the lady over there
B. is talking to the lady over there D. talking to the lady over there
14. My computer, _________ mouse doesn't work, cannot be used now.
A. while B. because C. whose D. which
15. What’s the name of the man_________car you borrowed?
A. who B. which C. that
D. whose
16. The young woman who lives next door is very kind to my family.
A.The young woman to live next door is very kind to my family.
B.The young woman he lives next door is very kind to my family.
C.The young woman living next door is very kind to my family.
D.The young woman lived next door is very kind to my family.
17. She didn’t tell me the reason _______ she came late.
A. when B. for which C. why D.both
B and C
18. This is the best play ________ I have ever seen.
A. which B. what C. whom D. that
19. I know a nearby restaurant _____ has seafood.
A. that B. who C. where
D. whose
20. Taj Mahal, _____ by Shah Janhan for his wife, is thought to be one of the great
architectural wonders of the world.
A. being built B. was built C.which was built D.been
built
21. Mr.Jones, ______I was working, was generous about overtime payments.
A. he B. for whom C. for him D. whom
22. Is this the address to ____________ you want the package sent ?
A. where B. which C. that D.
whom
23. London is the city ________I have visited several times.

34. August is the month______I always give my birthday parties.
A. which B. in which C. what D. why
35. The people to_______she was speaking didn't know German.
A. who B. whose C. that
D. whom
36. Sunday is the day _________ most of the Christians usually go to church.
A. in which B. when C. that D. at
which
37. Joyce Bews,________ was born and grew up in Portsmouth on the south coast of
England, ________she still lives, was 100 last year.
A. that / in which B. who / where C. that / where D. whom / where
38. According to the research, the time at______ most road accidents happen is early
evening.
A. when B. which C. whose D. that
39. The girls and the flowers _____he painted were vivid.
A. who B. which C. whose D. that
40. We go to school regularly,__________________ .
A. that makes our teacher happy B. which makes our teacher happily
C.it makes our teacher happy D. which makes our teacher happy
41. The letter _________ grandma was kept carefully in a box.
A. you wrote B. which you wrote to
C. to whom wrote D. which wrote
42. Sue lives in the house. The house is opposite my house.
A.Sue lives in the house which is opposite my house.
B.Sue lives in the house who is opposite my house.
C.Sue lives in the house where is opposite my house.
D.Sue lives in the house and which is opposite my house
43. Computers cannot operate without the programmes,________ are often called software.
A. which B. that C. in which
D. with which