email 109 empty
email
email /imel/, e-mail /i mel/
noun
1.
a system of sending messages from one
computer to another, using telephone
lines
ć You can contact me by phone or
email if you want.
ć I’ll give you my
email address.
2. a message sent by
email
ć I had two emails from him this
morning.
í
verb
to send a message to
someone using email
ć I emailed him
about the meeting.
embarrass
embarrass /m

brəs/
verb
to make
someone feel uncomfortable in front of
other people, e.g. by talking about
something that they would prefer other

md/
verb
1. to come into
existence as something
ć It was only af-
ter the election that he emerged as party
leader.
2. to become known ć It soon
emerged that the Prime Minister knew
nothing about what was happening.
emergency
emergency /

mdənsi/
noun
a dan-
gerous situation such as a fire or an ac-
cident, where decisions have to be taken
quickly
ć Phone for an ambulance –
this is an emergency!
emotion
emotion /

məυʃ(ə)n/
noun
a strong
feeling
ć Hatred and love are two of the
most powerful emotions.

(NOTE: The plural is emphases.)
emphasise
emphasise /emfəsaz/, emphasize
verb
to show how important you feel
something is, by saying it more loudly
or slowly
ć Please emphasise that the
meeting must start on time.
ć He em-
phasised the importance of everyone
working together.
ć She kept on empha-
sising the same point over and over
again.
empire
empire /empaə/
noun
several separate
countries ruled by a central government
ć We’re studying the history of the Brit-
ish Empire.
ć The Soviet empire cov-
ered a huge area from the Pacific Ocean
to the middle of Europe.
employ
employ /m

plɔ/
verb

a person or
organisation that gives work to people
and pays them
ć Her employer was a
Hong Kong businessman.
ć The car fac-
tory is the biggest employer in the area.
employment
employment /m

plɔmənt/
noun
reg-
ular paid work
empty
empty /empti/
adjective
with nothing
inside, or with no people present
ć
When we opened it, the box was empty.
ć Take an empty pot and fill it with soil.
ć The fridge is empty – we’ll have to go
out to eat.
ć The ski resorts are empty
because there is no snow.
(NOTE: empti-
er – emptiest)
í
verb


kləυz/
verb
1. to put some-
thing inside an envelope with a letter
ć
I am enclosing a copy of our current
catalogue.
ć Please find our cheque en-
closed herewith.
2. to put a wall or fence
round an area of land
ć The garden is
enclosed by high brick walls.
enclosed
enclosed /n

kləυzd/
adjective
sur-
rounded on all sides
ć an enclosed
space
encounter
encounter /n

kaυntə/
verb
to meet
someone or something

human knowledge, usually presented in
alphabetical order
2. a reference book
containing articles on a single subject,
arranged usually in alphabetical order
ć
a gardening encyclopedia ć the ency-
clopedia of sport
end
end /end/
noun
1. the last part of some-
thing
ć She tied the two ends of the rib-
bon together.
ć The telephone rang and
I missed the end of the TV programme.
ć Go down to the end of the road and
then turn right.
˽ to come to an end to
be finished
ć The work should come to
an end next month.
2. the final part of a
period of time
ć Can you wait until the
end of the week?
í
verb
when some-

hard to do something
(
formal
) ć He en-
deavoured to contact her by both phone
and fax.
(NOTE: The US spelling is en-
deavor.)
ending
ending /endŋ/
noun
the way a story
finishes
ć I like films which have a hap-
py ending.
ć He told us so much of the
story that we could guess the ending.
enemy
enemy /enəmi/
noun
a person or coun-
try that is not on friendly terms with an-
other, and may try to harm them
ć Did
your husband have many enemies?
(NOTE: The plural is enemies.)
energetic
energetic /enə

detk/

was powered by steam engines.
2. a ve-
hicle which pulls a train
ć The engine
broke down and the train was stuck in
the tunnel.
engineer
engineer /end

nə/
noun
1. a person
who looks after and repairs technical
equipment
ć There are not enough tele-
phone engineers in the area.
ć The pho-
tocopier’s broken down again – we’ll
have to call the engineer.
2. a person
whose job is to design mechanical, elec-
trical or industrial equipment
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engineering 111 entertain
engineering
engineering /end

ć the beautiful English coun-
tryside
ć Is the English weather really
as bad as it is made out to be?
ć I think
she is English, although she speaks with
an Australian accent.
(NOTE: English is
often used instead of British. This is a
mistake as England is only one part of
Great Britain. Do not say the English
Prime Minister, say the British Prime
Minister.)
í
noun
the English language
as a subject of study in school or univer-
sity
ć She’s good at maths but not so
good at English.
ć As well as teaching
English, he also teaches drama.
ć Mr
Smith is our English teacher.
ć She
gives English lessons at home in the
evenings.
ć There are twenty students in
my English class.
Englishman

ć Have you enjoyed the hol-
iday so far?
ć When he asked them if
they had enjoyed the film they all an-
swered ‘no’.
ć She doesn’t enjoy sailing
because it make her seasick.
enjoyable
enjoyable /n

dɔəb(ə)l/
adjective
giv-
ing pleasure
enjoyment
enjoyment /n

dɔmənt/
noun
pleas-
ure
enlarge
enlarge /n

lɑd/
verb
to make some-
thing bigger
ć Could you enlarge this
photograph?

í
pronoun
as much of some-
thing as is needed
ć I had £20 in my
purse to pay the taxi, but it wasn’t
enough.
ć Have you all had enough to
eat?
í
adverb
as much as is needed ć
This box isn’t big enough for all these
books.
ć He doesn’t work fast enough.
ensure
ensure /n

ʃυə/
verb
to make sure of
something
ć When taking a shower,
please ensure that the shower curtain is
inside the bath.
(NOTE: ensures – en-
suring – ensured)
enter
enter /entə/
verb

verb
1. to per-
form, e.g. by telling stories to people or
making them laugh
ć He entertained us
with stories of his life in the army.
ć The
tourists were entertained by the local
dance troupe.
2. to have someone as a
guest and offer them a meal and drinks,
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entertainer 112 equipment
and sometimes a place to sleep ć
They’re entertaining some Swedish
friends this evening.
entertainer
entertainer /entə

tenə/
noun
a person
who entertains people, especially as a
job
entertainment
entertainment /entə

ć The editor was very enthusiastic
about my book.
ć There were enthusias-
tic cheers at the end of the performance.
entire
entire /n

taə/
adjective
whole ć We
spent the entire day gardening.
ć The
entire cast came on the stage and bowed
to the audience.
entirely
entirely /n

taəli/
adverb
completely ć
I agree with you entirely. ć This is an
entirely separate problem.
entrance
entrance /entrəns/
noun
a door for go-
ing in
ć She was sitting at the entrance
to the museum.
ć Let’s meet at the side

per cover for sending letters in
ć She
wrote the address on the envelope and
sealed it.
ć She wrote down all the in-
formation on the back of an envelope.
envious
envious /enviəs/
adjective
feeling or
showing in an unhappy way that you
would like to have something that some-
one else has
environment
environment /n

varənmənt/
noun
the land, the water, the air and the build-
ings which are around us, and the condi-
tions in which we live
ć The environ-
ment in the office is not good for con-
centrated work.
ć The pollution
produced by the factory is causing long-
term damage to the environment.
environmental
environmental /n


duced by living cells which makes other
substances change, as when digestion
takes place
equal
equal /ikwəl/
adjective
having exactly
the same amount as something else
ć
His share is equal to mine. ć Male and
female employees must have equal pay.
ć The two sticks are of equal length or
are equal in length.
í
verb
1. to be ex-
actly the same as
ć His time for the 100
metres equals the existing record.
2. to
give a particular result
ć Two plus two
equals four.
ć Ten take away four equals
six.
(NOTE: equals – equalling –
equalled. The US spelling is equaling
– equaled.)
í
noun

brought all his camera equipment with
him.
ć Do you really need all this equip-
ment for a short climb?
(NOTE: no plu-
ral: for one item say
a piece of equip-
ment
.)
error
error /erə/
noun
something that is
wrong, especially a mistake in writing
or speaking
ć There isn’t a single error
in the whole document.
ć The waiter
made an error in calculating the bill.
erupt
erupt /

rpt/
verb
(
of a volcano
) to
throw out fire and other very hot sub-
stances
ć The volcano last erupted in

essay /ese/
noun
a piece of writing on
a specific subject
ć a collection of the
writer’s most famous essays
ć For our
homework, we have to write an essay on
pollution.
essential
essential /

senʃəl/
adjective
which is
very important or which you must have
ć You can survive without food for some
time, but water is essential.
ć It is essen-
tial that we get the delivery on time.
í
noun
a thing which is very important or
which you cannot do without
ć Sun
cream is an essential in the desert.
ć
We’ve got all the basic essentials – food,
water and fuel.
essentially

sons are for resigning.
establishment
establishment /

stblʃmənt/
noun
1. the act of creating something ć She
helped them with the establishment of
the local drama society.
(NOTE: no plu-
ral in this sense) 2.
a business; an or-
ganisation
ć It’s an establishment which
imports radios from China.
ć He runs
an important teaching establishment.
Establishment, the
Establishment, the /

stblʃmənt/
noun
the most important people in soci-
ety, especially those who are in authori-
ty
ć He spent a lot of his life fighting
against the Establishment.
estate
estate /


verb
to calculate
or guess how much you think something
will cost or is worth
ć I estimate that it
will cost £100,000.
ć He estimated
costs at £50,000.
etc.
etc. /et

setərə/, etcetera
adverb
and so
on, and other things like this
ć Fruit
such as oranges, bananas, etc.
euro
euro /jυərəυ/
noun
the unit of money
used by most countries in the European
Union
ć Many articles are priced in eu-
ros.
ć What’s the exchange rate for the
euro?
(NOTE: written Ä before num-
bers:
Ä250:


vljuet/
verb
to make a
judgement about something after think-
ing carefully about it
ć The students
were asked to evaluate the usefulness of
the lessons.
evaluation
evaluation /

vlju

eʃ(ə)n/
noun
the
act of evaluating something, or the
judgement made in this way
(NOTE: no
plural)
evaporate
evaporate /

vpəret/
verb
(
of liquid
)
to turn into steam by being heated ć Wa-

We arrived in London at breakfast time,
having left New York the previous
evening.
ć We always go to a restaurant
on Sunday evenings.
ć They took an
evening flight to Madrid.
ć The evening
meal is served from 7.30 to 10.30.
evenly
evenly /iv(ə)nli/
adverb
in an equal
way
event
event /

vent/
noun
something important
which happens
ć the events leading up
to the war
ć A baby’s first birthday is
always a very happy event.
eventually
eventually /

ventʃuəli/
adverb

have a party every New Year’s Day.
ć
Every Wednesday, he goes for a swim in
the local pool.
ć Every house in the
street has a garden.
2. with a particular
amount of time or distance in between
ć
The medicine is to be taken every four
hours.
ć Have your car checked every
10,000 kilometres.
everybody
everybody /evribɒdi/
pronoun
same as
everyone
everyone
everyone /evriwn/
pronoun
all the
people involved in a particular situation
ć Everyone has to die some day. ć If
everybody is here, we can start.
ć Eve-
ryone must show their passport.
(NOTE:
everyone and everybody are fol-
lowed by they, their, themselves,

ć There were papers lying about
everywhere.
ć We’ve looked everywhere
for the key and can’t find it.
evidence
evidence /evd(ə)ns/
noun
a fact which
proves that something really exists or
has happened
ć The bloodstains on his
coat were clear evidence of the crime.
ć
Scientists are looking for evidence of
life on Mars.
ć There is no evidence that
he was ever there.
evident
evident /evd(ə)nt/
adjective
obvious
evil
evil /iv(ə)l/
adjective
morally very bad
ć She’s considered to be an evil woman.
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adverb
not more, not
less
ć That comes to exactly ten dollars
and fifty cents.
ć The time is exactly
16.24.
exaggerate
exaggerate /

zdəret/
verb
to
make things seem, e.g. worse, better,
bigger than they really are
ć The wide
black belt exaggerates her small waist.
ć She exaggerated the importance of my
contribution.
exam
exam /

zm/
noun
same as examina-
tion
ć The exam was very difficult –
half the students failed.
ć She passed all
her exams.

verb
1. to look
carefully at something to see what is in
it, or what it is like
ć The doctor exam-
ined her throat.
ć We will have to exam-
ine the shop’s scales to see if they show
the correct weight.
ć The customs offi-
cials wanted to examine the inside of the
car.
ć The water samples were exam-
ined in the laboratory.
2. to test a stu-
dent
ć They examined everyone in
mathematics and computer skills.
examiner
examiner /

zmnə/
noun
a person
who conducts an exam
example
example /

zɑmpəl/
noun

Did the UN troops exceed their man-
date?
excellent
excellent /eksələnt/
adjective
very
good
ć We had an excellent meal in a
Chinese restaurant.
ć Her handwriting
is excellent – it is much clearer than
mine.
except
except /k

sept/
preposition
not includ-
ing
ć She’s allowed to eat anything ex-
cept milk products.
ć Everyone was sick
on the boat, except (for) me.
ć VAT is
levied on all goods except books, news-
papers, food and children’s clothes.
í
conjunction
other than; apart from ć He
doesn’t do anything except sit and

verb
to give
one thing and to get another thing back
ć The footballers from the two teams ex-
changed shirts at the end of the match.
í
noun
the act of giving one thing for
another
ć the exchange of rings during
the wedding ceremony
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excited 116 expectation
excited
excited /k

satd/
adjective
lively and
happy because you think something
good is going to happen
ć She’s excited
at or by the thought of going on holiday.
ć The children are excited because it’s
the Christmas holidays.
ć What’s every-

because you do not know what is going
to happen
ć I couldn’t sleep after
watching an exciting film on TV.
exclaim
exclaim /k

sklem/
verb
to say some-
thing loudly and suddenly
exclude
exclude /k

sklud/
verb
not to include
someone or something
ć Damage by
fire is excluded from the insurance poli-
cy.
ć Don’t exclude his name from your
list.
excuse
excuse
1
/k

skjus/
noun

the test, drivers are asked to execute an
emergency stop.
3. in computing, to car-
ry out instructions
ć Press ENTER to
execute the program.
exercise
exercise /eksəsaz/
noun
practice in
using physical or mental powers
ć She
does her piano exercises every morning.
˽ to take exercise to do physical move-
ments, like walking or running, in order
to keep fit
ć You should take some exer-
cise every day if you want to lose
weight.
exercise book
exercise book /eksəsaz bυk/
noun
a
notebook with lines on each page for
writing school work in
exhausted
exhausted /

zɔstd/
adjective

existence
existence /

zstəns/
noun
the state of
being a real thing; life
ć Is there any-
thing which proves the existence of life
on Mars?
ć They lived a miserable ex-
istence in a little coal mining town.
existing
existing /

zstŋ/
adjective
in opera-
tion at this moment
ć Can we modify
the existing structure in some way?
ć
Existing regulations do not allow the
sale of food in the street.
exit
exit /ezt/
noun
a way out of a building
ć The customers all rushed towards the
exits when the fire alarm rang.

expectation
expectation /ekspek

teʃ(ə)n/
noun
hope; a feeling that something will hap-
pen
ć She lived up to all our expecta-
tions.
ć We thought our team would do
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expected 117 export
well, but in the end they exceeded all our
expectations.
expected
expected /k

spektd/
adjective
1.
which you think or hope will happen 2.
due to arrive ć Our guests are expected
at 10 o’clock.
expedition
expedition /eksp


experience
experience /k

spəriəns/
noun
1.
knowledge obtained by working or liv-
ing in various situations
ć I have no ex-
perience of travelling in the desert.
ć
You must write down the full details of
your past experience in your CV.
ć
Some experience of selling is required
for this job.
(NOTE: no plural in this
sense) 2.
something that happens to
you
ć Going to the top of the Eiffel Tow-
er was a wonderful experience.
ć He
wrote a book about his experiences in
the desert.
í
verb
to live through some-
thing
ć I’m surprised she’s so cheerful

ć to carry out scientif-
ic experiments
ć We’re offering our cus-
tomers free samples as an experiment.
experiment
experiment
2
/k

sperment/
verb
to
carry out a scientific test
ć They are ex-
perimenting with a new treatment for
asthma.
ć The laboratory does not ex-
periment on live animals.
expert
expert /ekspt/
adjective
1. knowing a
lot about a subject
ć They can give you
expert advice on DIY.
2. ˽ expert at do-
ing something very good at doing
something ć I’m not very expert at mak-
ing pastry.
í

watch.
explanation
explanation /eksplə

neʃ(ə)n/
noun
a
reason for something
ć The police offic-
er asked him for an explanation of why
the stolen car was in his garage.
ć The
company has given no explanation for
the change of plan.
explode
explode /k

spləυd/
verb
(
of bombs,
etc.
) to blow up ć A bomb exploded in a
crowded train.
explore
explore /k

splɔ/
verb
to travel and dis-

ć Police ex-
plosives experts defused the bomb.
export
export
1
/ekspɔt/
noun
the business of
selling products in other countries
ć
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export 118 eye
They make cars for export. ć There is a
big export trade in wine.
í a product
sent to a foreign country to be sold
ć
The country’s major export is tea. ć Ex-
ports to Africa have increased by 25%.
export
export
2
/k

spɔt/
verb

ć ‘Until the
cows come home’ is an expression
which means ‘for a very long time’.
2. a
look on a person’s face which shows a
feeling
ć His expression showed how
miserable he was.
ć Everyone noticed
the expression of surprise on her face.
3.
the act of expressing thoughts and feel-
ings
extend
extend /k

stend/
verb
1. to stretch
something out
ć She extended both
arms in welcome.
2. to cover a particular
are area of land
ć The grounds of the
house extend over two hectares.
3. to
make something longer or bigger
ć We
are planning to extend our garden.

extent /k

stent/
noun
the degree, size or
area of something
ć The extent of the
earthquake damage was only revealed
later.
ć He opened up the map to its full
extent.
external
external /k

stn(ə)l/
adjective
on the
outside
ć The external walls of the
house are quite solid.
ć Her injuries
were all external.
extinct
extinct /k

stŋkt/
adjective
1. (
of a type
of animal or plant

extraordinary
extraordinary /k

strɔd(ə)n(ə)ri/
ad-
jective
1. wonderful ć Seeing her again
gave him an extraordinary thrill.
ć A
peacock’s feathers are quite extraordi-
nary.
2. very unusual ć It’s extraordi-
nary weather for June.
extreme
extreme /k

strim/
adjective
1. very
great
ć The device is made to withstand
extreme cold.
ć He showed extreme re-
luctance to get involved.
2. considered
unreasonable by some people
ć He
holds extreme views.
extremely
extremely /k

door.
ȣ to keep an eye on someone
or
something to watch someone or
something carefully to see that it is safe
ć Can you keep an eye on the house
while we are away?
ȣ to keep an eye
out for someone
or
something to
Basic.fm Page 118 Friday, January 16, 2004 3:10 PM
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