6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
1
CHƯƠNG I
KHÁI QUÁT VỀ SINH THÁI HỌC
1. ĐỊNH NGHĨA
7KXұWQJӳVLQKWKiLKӑF(FRORJ\EҳWQJXӗQWӯWLӃQJ+\/ҥS2LNRVYjORJRVRLNRVOj
QKjKD\QѫLӣYjORJRVOjNKRDKӑFKD\KӑFWKXұW1ӃXKLӇXPӝWFiFKÿѫQJLҧQWKuVLQKWKiL
KӑFOjNKRDKӑFQJKLrQFӭXYӅ³QKj´³QѫLӣ´FӫDVLQKYұW+LӇXUӝQJKѫQVLQKWKiLKӑFOj
NKRDKӑFQJKLrQFӭXPӕLTXDQKӋJLӳDVLQKYұWKRһFPӝWQKyPKD\QKLӅXQKyPVLQKYұWYӟL
P{LWUѭӡQJ[XQJTXDQK
7KXұWQJӳVLQKWKiLKӑF[XҩWKLӋQWӯJLӳDWKӃNӹ;,;0ӝWÿӏQKQJKƭDFKXQJOҫQÿҫX
WLrQYӅVLQKWKiLKӑFÿѭӧFQKjNKRDKӑFQJѭӡLĈӭFOj+DHFNHO(QrXUDYjRQăP7KHR
{QJ³&K~QJWDÿDQJKLӇXYӅWәQJJLiWUӏNLQKWӃFӫDWӵQKLrQQJKLrQFӭXWәKӧSFiFPӕL
WѭѫQJWiFFӫDFRQYұWYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJFӫDQyYjWUѭӟFWLrQOjPӕLTXDQKӋ³EҥQEq´YjWKÿӏFK
YӟLPӝWQKyPÿӝQJWKӵFYұWPjFRQYұWÿyWLӃS[~FWUӵFWLӃSKRһFJLiQWLӃS´1yLWyPOҥL
VLQKWKiLKӑFOjP{QKӑFQJKLrQFӭXWҩWFҧFiFPӕLTXDQKӋWѭѫQJWiFSKӭFWҥSPj&'DUZLQ
JӑLOjFiFÿLӅXNLӋQVӕQJ[XҩWKLӋQWURQJFXӝFÿҩXWUDQKVLQKWӗQ
0ӝWÿӏQKQJKƭDNKiFYӅVLQKWKiLKӑF6LQKWKiLKӑFOjPӝWWURQJQKӳQJP{QKӑFFѫVӣ
FӫD6LQKKӑFQJKLrQFӭXYӅPӕLTXDQKӋWѭѫQJWiFJLӳDVLQKYұWYӟLVLQKYұWYjVLQKYұWYӟL
P{LWUѭӡQJӣPӑLPӭFWәFKӭFNKiFQKDXWӯFiWKӇTXҫQWKӇÿӃQTXҫQ[mYjKӋVLQKWKiL
6LQKWKiLKӑFOjPӝWQJjQKNKRDKӑFWUҿVRQJQKӡNӃWKӯDWKjQKWӵXFӫDFiFOƭQKYӵF
NKRDKӑFVLQKKӑFFNJQJQKѭFiFQJjQKNKRDKӑFNKiFQyWUӣWKjQKF{QJFөÿӇFRQQJѭӡL
NKiPSKiWӵQKLrQVӕQJKjLKzDYӟLWӵQKLrQ
2. SỰ RA ĐỜI VÀ PHÁT TRIỂN CỦA SINH THÁI HỌC
.KLFRQQJѭӡLUDÿӡLWUѭӟFKӃWKӑELӃWWuPQѫLӣFKӛNLӃPăQWUiQKWK~GӳYjFiF
ÿLӅXNLӋQEҩWOӧLFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJ1KӳQJÿLӅXÿyÿmJҳQEyFRQQJѭӡLYӟLWӵQKLrQYjÿmGҥ\
FKRFRQQJѭӡLQKӳQJKLӇXELӃWYӅWӵQKLrQYӅPӕLTXDQKӋFӫDWKӵFYұWÿӝQJYұWYӟLQKDXYj
YӟLP{LWUѭӡQJ&KҷQJKҥQKӑSKҧLSKkQELӋWJLӳDFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWFyWKӇăQÿѭӧFYӟLQKӳQJ
ORjLFyÿӝFELӃWÿѭӧFWKӡLJLDQ[XҩWKLӋQFӫDPӝWORjLÿӝQJYұWQjRÿyÿӇVăQEҳQ« 1Kѭ
Yұ\QKӳQJNLӃQWKӭFPjWDJӑL OjNLӃQWKӭFVLQKWKiLKӑFÿmWUӣWKjQKQKXFҫXKLӇXELӃWFӫD

- 1JKLrQFӭXÿһFÿLӇPFӫDFiFQKkQWӕP{LWUѭӡQJҧQKKѭӣQJ ÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJFӫDFiF
VLQKYұWYjWKtFKQJKLFӫDFK~QJYӟLFiFÿLӅXNLӋQQJRҥLFҧQKNKiFQKDX
- 1JKLrQFӭXQKӏSÿLӋXVӕQJFӫDFѫWKӇOLrQTXDQÿӃQFiFFKXNǤQJj\ÿrPvà các chu
NǤÿӏDOêFӫDTXҧÿҩWYjVӵWKtFKӭQJFӫDFiFVLQKYұW
- 1JKLrQFӭXÿLӅXNLӋQKuQKWKjQKTXҫQWKӇQKӳQJÿһFÿLӇPFѫEҧQYjPӕLTXDQKӋQӝL
EӝWURQJTXҫQWKӇSKkQEӕPұWÿӝVLQKWUѭӣQJVLQKVҧQWӱYRQJ«JLӳDTXҫQWKӇYӟLP{L
WUѭӡQJWKӇKLӋQWURQJVӵELӃQÿӝQJYjÿLӅXFKӍQKVӕOѭӧQJFiWKӇ
- 1JKLrQFӭXÿһFÿLӇPFҩXWU~FFӫD TXҫQ[mPӕLTXDQKӋJLӳDFiFORjLFiFTXҫQWKӇNKiF
QKDXTXiWUuQKELӃQÿәLFӫDTXҫQ[mWKHRNK{QJJLDQYjWKӡLJLDQTXDFiF ORҥLKuQKGLӉQWKӃ
- 1JKLrQFӭXVӵFKX\ӇQKRiYұWFKҩWYjQăQJOѭӧQJWURQJTXҫQ[mJLӳDTXҫQ[mYj
QJRҥLFҧQKWKӇKLӋQWURQJFiFFKXӛLYjOѭӟLWKӭFăQFiFEұFGLQKGѭӥQJYjVӵKuQKWKjQK
QKӳQJWKiSVLQKWKiLYӅVӕOѭӧQJYjQăQJOѭӧQJ
- 1JKLrQFӭXQKkQWӕY{FѫFҫQWKLӃWFKRVLQKYұWWKDPJLDYjRFKXWUuQKVLQKÿӏDKRi
WURQJWKLrQQKLrQWӯÿy[iFÿӏQKWѭӧQJTXDQWURQJKӋVLQK WKiLYӅQJKLrQFӭXQăQJVXҩWVLQK
KӑFFӫDFiFKӋVLQKWKiLNKiFQKDX
- 1JKLrQFӭXFҩXWU~FVLQKTX\ӇQJӗPQKӳQJYQJÿӏDOêVLQKYұWOӟQWUrQWUiLÿҩW
FXQJFҩSQKӳQJKLӇXELӃWWѭѫQJÿӕLÿҫ\ÿӫYӅWKӃJLӟLFK~QJWD
- ӬQJGөQJFiFNLӃQWKӭFYӅVLQKWKiLKӑFYjYLӋFWuPKLӇXWjLQJX\rQWKLrQQKLrQ
SKkQWtFKQKӳQJVDLOҫPFӫDFRQQJѭӡLWURQJYLӋFVӱGөQJSKXQJSKtWjLQJX\rQOjP{QKLӉP
P{LWUѭӡQJYjQKӳQJKLӋXTXҧWDLKҥLWӯÿyFyFiFELӋQSKiSSKөFKӗLWjLQJX\rQVLQKYұW
EҧRYӋP{LWUѭӡQJÿiSӭQJQKX FҫXFҫQWKLrWFKRVҧQ[XҩWVLQKKRҥWWKҭPPƭQJKӍQJѫL«
YjJLӳFkQEҵQJVLQKWKiL
- 7K{QJTXDFiFNLӃQWKӭFYӅVLQKWKiLKӑFÿyQJJySWtFKFӵFYjRF{QJYLӋFJLiRGөF
GkQVӕ

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
3
4. MỐI QUAN HỆ GIỮA SINH THÁI HỌC VỚI CÁC MÔN HỌC KHÁC
6LQKWKiLKӑFOjP{QNKRDKӑFFѫEҧQWURQJVLQKYұWKӑFQyFXQJFҩSQKӳQJQJX\rQ

PүXWjLOLӋXFӫDQKӳQJNKҧRViWQj\ÿѭӧFFKtQK[iFKRiEҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiSWKӕQJNr
- 1JKLrQFӭXWKӵFQJKLӋPÿѭӧFWLӃQKjQKWURQJSKzQJWKtQJKLӋPKD\EiQWӵQKLrQ
QKҵPWuPKLӇXQKӳQJNKtDFҥQKYӅFiFFKӍWLrXKRҥWÿӝQJFKӭFQăQJFӫDFѫWKӇKD\WұSWtQK
FӫDVLQKYұWGѭӟLWiFÿӝQJFӫDPӝWKD\PӝWVӕ\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJPӝWFiFKWѭѫQJÿӕLELӋWOұS
- 7ҩWFҧQKӳQJNӃWTXҧFӫDSKѭѫQJSKiSQJKLrQFӭXWUrQOjFѫVӣFKRSKѭѫQJSKiS
P{SKӓQJKD\P{KuQKKRiGӵDWUrQF{QJFөOjWRiQKӑFYjWK{QJWLQÿѭӧF[ӱOê.KLQJKLrQ
FӭXPӝWÿӕLWѭӧQJKD\PӝWSKӭFKӧSFiFÿӕLWѭӧQJFiFQKjVLQKWKiLWKѭӡQJVӱGөQJQKLӅX
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
4
SKѭѫQJSKiSYjQKLӅXF{QJFөPӝWFiFKFyFKӑQOӑFQKҵPWҥRQrQQKӳQJNӃWTXҧWLQFұ\
SKҧQҧQKÿ~QJEҧQFKҩWFӫDÿӕLWѭӧQJKD\FӫDSKӭFKӧSÿӕLWѭӧQJÿѭӧFQJKLrQFӭX
6. Ý NGHĨA VÀ VAI TRÒ CỦA SINH THÁI HỌC
&NJQJQKѭFiFQJjQKNKRDKӑFNKiFQKӳQJNLӃQWKӭFYӅVLQKWKiLKӑFÿmYjÿDQJÿyQJ
JySWROӟQFKRQӅQYăQPLQKFӫDQKkQORҥLWUrQFҧKDLNKtDFҥQKOêOXұQYjWKӵFWLӉQ
6LQKWKiLKӑFJL~SFK~QJWDQJj\FjQJKLӇXELӃWVkXYӅEҧQFKҩWFӫDVӵVӕQJWURQJPӕL
WѭѫQJWiFYӟLFiF\ӃXWӕFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJFҧKLӋQWҥLYjTXiNKӭWURQJÿyEDRJӗPFXӝFVӕQJ
và VӵWLӃQKyDFӫDFRQQJѭӡL+ѫQQӳDVLQKWKiLKӑFFzQWҥRQrQQKӳQJQJX\rQWҳFYjÿӏQK
KѭӟQJFKRFiFKRҥWÿӝQJFӫDFRQQJѭӡLÿӕLYӟLWӵQKLrQÿӇSKiWWULӇQQӅQYăQPLQKQJj\PӝW
FDRWKHRÿ~QJQJKƭDKLӋQÿҥLFӫDQyWӭFOjNK{QJOjPKӫ\KRҥLÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJFӫDVLQKJLӟLYj
FKҩWOѭӧQJFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJ
7URQJFXӝFVӕQJVLQKWKiLKӑFÿmFyQKӳQJWKjQKWӵXWROӟQÿѭӧFFRQQJѭӡLӭQJGөQJ
YjRQKLӅXOƭQKYӵFKRҥWÿӝQJFӫDPuQKQKѭ
- 1kQJFDRQăQJVXҩWYұWQX{LYjFk\WUӗQJWUrQFѫVӣFҧLWҥRQKӳQJÿLӅXNLӋQVӕQJFӫa
chúng.
- +ҥQFKӃYjWLrXGLӋWFiFGӏFKKҥLEҧRYӋÿӡLVӕQJFKRYұWQX{LFk\WUӗQJYjÿӡLVӕQJ
FӫDFҧFRQQJѭӡL
- 7KXҫQKyDFiFORjLVLQKYұW
- .KDLWKiFKӧSOêWjLQJX\rQWKLrQQKLrQGX\WUuÿDGҥQJVLQKKӑFYjSKiWWULӇQWjL
QJX\rQFKRVӵNKDLWKiFEӅQYӳQJ

0
/
00
ÿӝS+ ҩX
WUQJFNJQJVӕQJӣELӇQQKѭQJVDQJJLDL ÿRҥQVDXҩXWUQJ WKuFK~QJFKӍVӕQJӣQKӳQJ QѫLFy
QӗQJÿӝPXӕLWKҩS- 25
0
/
00
QѭӟFOӧFKRÿӃQNKLÿҥWNtFKWKѭӟFWUѭӣQJWKjQKPӟLGL
FKX\ӇQÿӃQQѫLFyQӗQJÿӝPXӕLFDR
7.3. Quy luật tác động qua lại giữa sinh vật với môi trường
7URQJPӕLTXDQKӋTXDOҥLJLӳDFiFTXҫQWKӇTXҫQ[mVLQKYұWYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJNK{QJ
QKӳQJP{LWUѭӡQJWiFÿӝQJOrQFK~QJPjFiFVLQKYұWFNJQJҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQFiFQKkQWӕFӫD
P{LWUѭӡQJYjFyWKӇOjPWKD\ÿәLWtQKFKҩWFӫDQKkQWӕÿy
7.4. Quy luật giới hạn của các nhân tố sinh thái
7iFÿӝQJFӫDFiFQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLOrQFѫWKӇNK{QJFKӍSKөWKXӝFYjRWtQKFKҩWFӫD
FiFQKkQWӕPjFzQSKөWKXӝFYjRFҧFѭӡQJÿӝFӫDFK~QJ6ӵWăQJKD\JLҧPFѭӡQJÿӝWiF
ÿӝQJFӫDFiFQKkQWӕUDQJRjLJLӟLKҥQWKtFKKӧSFӫDFѫWKӇVӁOjPJLҧPNKҧQăQJVӕQJ.KL
FѭӡQJÿӝWiFÿӝQJWӟLQJѭӥQJFDRQKҩWKRһF[XӕQJTXiWKҩSYӟLNKҧQăQJFKӏXÿӵQJFӫDFѫ
WKӇWKuVLQKYұWNK{QJWӗQWҥLYjSKiWWULӇQÿѭӧF
*LӟLKҥQFKӏXÿӵQJFӫDFѫWKӇYӟLPӝWQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLQKҩWÿӏQKJӑLOjJLӟLKҥQVLQK
WKiL&zQPӭFÿӝWiFÿӝQJFyOӧLQKҩWFӫDQKkQWӕÿyÿӃQFѫ WKӇVLQKYұWJӑLOjÿLӇPFӵF
WKXұQ&jQJOӋFK[DYQJQj\WKuFjQJEҩWOӧLFKRFѫWKӇ1KӳQJORjLNKiFQKDXFyJLӟLKҥQ
VLQKWKiLYjÿLӇPFӵFWKXұQNKiFQKDX&yORjLJLӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLUӝQJFNJQJFyORjLJLӟLKҥQ
VLQKWKiLKҽS9tGө/RjLFKXӝWFiWӣÿjLQJX\rQFKӏXGDRÿӝQJQKLӋWÿӝÿӃQ
0
&Wӯ
0
C

QKkQWӕVLQKWKiLNKiF
- &iFVLQKYұWFyJLӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLUӝQJÿӕLYӟLWҩW FҧFiFQKkQWӕVLQKWKѭӡQJFyYQJ
SKkQEӕUӝQJ
- .KLPӝWQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLQjRÿyNK{QJWKtFKKӧSFKRORjLWKuJLӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLÿӕL
YӟLQKӳQJQKkQWӕNKiFFyWKӇEӏWKXKҽS
- *LӟLKҥQVLQKWKiLÿӕLYӟLFiFFiWKӇÿDQJӣJLDLÿRҥQVLQKVҧQWKѭӡQJKҽSKѫQVRYӟL
JLDLÿRҥQWUѭӣQJWKjQKNK{QJVLQKVҧQ
8. PHẢN ỨNG CỦA SINH VẬT LÊN CÁC TÁC ĐỘNG CỦA MÔI TRƯỜNG
6LQK YұW SKҧQ ӭQJ OrQ QKӳQJ WiFÿӝQJ FӫD ÿLӅX NLӋQ P{L WUѭӡQJ [ҧ\ UD EҵQJ KDL
SKѭѫQJWKӭFKRһFOjFKҥ\WUӕQÿӇWUiQKQKӳQJWDLKӑDFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJQJRjLSKѭѫQJWKӭF
Qj\FKӫ\ӃXӣÿӝQJYұWKRһFOjWҥRNKҧQăQJWKtFKQJKL7KtFKQJKLOjNKҧQăQJFӫDFiFVLQK
YұWFiFFѫWKӇVӕQJSKҧQӭQJKӧSOêOrQQKӳQJWiFÿӝQJWKD\ÿәLFӫDFiF\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJ
ErQQJRjLÿӇWӗQWҥLYjSKiWWULӇQ
6ӵWKtFKQJKLFӫDFiFFѫWKӇVLQKYұWÿӃQWiFÿӝQJFӫDFiF\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJFyWKӇFy
KDLNKҧQăQJWKtFKQJKLKuQKWKiLYjWKtFKQJKLVLQKOê
3KҧQӭQJWKtFKQJKL[ҧ\UDWURQJVXӕWWKӡLJLDQVӕQJFӫDFѫWKӇVLQKYұWGѭӟLWiFÿӝQJ
WKD\ÿәLFӫDFiF\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJQKѭiQKViQJQKLӋWÿӝ9tGөQKѭVӵGLFKX\ӇQFӫDOөF
OҥSWURQJWӃEjRWKӵFYұWUDWKjQKWӃEjRNKLFyWiFÿӝQJFӫDVӵFKLӃXViQJPҥQKKD\WăQJTXi
WUuQKWKRiWKѫLQѭӟFEҵQJFiFKWăQJVӕOѭӧQJYjKRҥWÿӝQJFӫDNKtNKәQJGѭӟLWiFÿӝQJFӫD
QKLӋWÿӝFDR&i WKӡQEѫQFyPjXVҳFErQQJRjLQKѭPjXVҳFFӫDÿҩWQѫLFK~QJFѭWU~ÿҩW
WUҳQJFK~QJFyPjXWUҳQJVDQJFKӛÿҩWOӕPÿӕPEӣLQKӳQJKzQÿiFXӝLÿHQWUҳQJWKuFiWKӡQ
EѫQWKD\ÿәLPjXVҳFWKjQKOӕPÿӕP6ӵWKD\ÿәLPjXGDOjPӝWSKҧQӭQJSKҧQ[ҥSKӭFWҥS
EҳWÿҫXEҵQJWKӏJLiFFӫDFiYjVDXFQJVӵSKkQSKӕLOҥLFiFKҥWPjXWURQJWӃEjRGD1KӳQJ
FRQFiWKӡQEѫQPNK{QJFyNKҧQăQJQj\1KѭYұ\WKtFKQJKLKuQKWKiL[ҧ\UDGRVӵWKD\
ÿәLFӫDFiF\ӃXWӕP{LWUѭӡQJWiFÿӝQJFiFVLQKYұWSKҧLSKҧQӭQJPӝWFiFKnhanh chóng lên
FiFWiFÿӝQJÿy


2. ẢNH HƯỞNG CỦA CÁC NHÂN TỐ VÔ SINH LÊN SINH VẬT
7URQJQKyPFiF\ӃXWӕVLQKWKiLY{VLQKFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJWKuQKyP\ӃXWӕNKtKұXOj
TXDQWUӑQJQKҩW 7UrQEӅPһWWUiLÿҩWNKtKұXÿDGҥQJSKөWKXӝFYjRKDL\ӃXWӕFKӫÿҥRYƭÿӝ
ÿӏDOêYjÿӝOөFÿӏD9ƭÿӝÿӏDOêOLrQTXDQFKһWFKӁYӟLFKӃÿӝQKLӋW&iFYQJӣJҫQ[tFKÿҥR
QyQJKѫQFiFYQJӣ[D[tFKÿҥR1KӳQJ YQJӣTXDQKKDLFӵFOjQKӳQJYQJOҥQKQKҩWĈӝ
OөFÿӏD[iFÿӏQKFKӃÿӝQѭӟFFKӃÿӝҭPFiFYQJJҫQELӇQҭPKѫQFjQJVkXYjRWURQJOөF
ÿӏDFjQJNK{KѫQ7X\QKLrQÿһFWUѭQJQKLӋWÿӝYjSKkQEӕOѭӧQJPѭDWURQJQăPFzQÿѭӧF
[iFÿӏQKEӣLPӝWORҥWFiF\ӃXWӕNKiF&iF\ӃXWӕNKtKұXFyê QJKƭDVLQKWKiLTXDQWUӑQJ là
iQKViQJQKLӋWÿӝYjÿӝҭP
2.1. Ảnh hưởng của ánh sáng lên sinh vật
* Ý nghĩa của ánh sáng
ÈQKViQJOjPӝW\ӃXWӕVLQKWKiLiQKViQJFyYDLWUzTXDQWUӑQJÿӕLYӟLFiFFѫWKӇ
VӕQJÈQKViQJOjQJXӗQFXQJFҩSQăQJOѭӧQJFKRWKӵFYұWWLӃQKjQKTXDQJKӧS0ӝWVӕYL
VLQKYұWGӏGѭӥQJQҩPYLNKXҭQWURQJTXiWUuQKVLQKWUѭӣQJYjSKiWWULӇQFNJQJVӱGөQJPӝW
SKҫQiQKViQJÈQKViQJÿLӅXNKLӇQFKXNǤVӕQJFӫDVLQKYұW
7\WKHRFѭӡQJÿӝYjFKҩWOѭӧQJFӫDiQKViQJPjQyҧQKKѭӣQJQKLӅXKD\tWÿӃQTXi
WUuQKWUDRÿәLFKҩWYjQăQJOѭӧQJFQJQKLӅXTXiWUuQKVLQKOêFӫDFiFFѫWKӇVӕQJ1JRjLUD
iQKViQJFzQҧQKKѭӣQJQKLӅXÿӃQQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLNKiFQKѭQKLӋWÿӝÿӝҭPNK{QJNKtÿҩW
YjÿӏDKuQK

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
8
* Sự phân bố và thành phần quang phổ của ánh sáng
7ҩWFҧVӵVӕQJWUrQEӅPһW7UiLĈҩWWӗQWҥLÿѭӧFOjQKӡQăQJOѭӧQJFKLӃXViQJFӫD0һW
7UӡLYjRVLQKTX\ӇQ%ӭF[ҥPһWWUӡLOjPӝWGҥQJSKyQJ[ҥÿLӋQWӯYӟLPӝWELrQÿӝFiFEѭӟF
VyQJUӝQJOӟQ%ӭF[ҥPһWWUӡLNKL[X\rQTXDNKtTX\ӇQÿmEӏFiFFKҩWWURQJNKtTX\ӇQQKѭ
O
2
, O
+uQK6ӵSKkQEӕFӫDiQKViQJWUrQWUiLÿҩW
+uQK3KәÿLӋQWӯWURQJNK{QJNKt
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
9
- &KPWLD ViQJQKuQWKҩ\ cȜcWUӵFWLӃSWKDPJLD YjRTXiWUuQK
TXDQJKӧSTX\ӃWÿӏQKÿӃQWKjQKSKҫQFҩXWU~FFӫDKӋVҳFWӕYjSKkQEӕFӫDFiFORjLWKӵFYұW
- 7LDKӗQJQJRҥLFyȜ!cPҳWWKѭӡQJNK{QJQKuQWKҩ\ÿѭӧF7LDQj\NK{QJFy
tác GөQJ[~FWLӃQVLQKWUѭӣQJFKRVLQKYұWQKѭQJVҧQUDQKLӋWQrQFyWiFGөQJÿӃQFiFFѫ
TXDQFҧPJLiFYjWUXQJWkPÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWFӫDKӋWKҫQNLQKÿӝQJYұWYjFiFKRҥWÿӝQJVLQKOt
FӫDWKӵFYұW.
* Ảnh hưởng của ánh sáng lên thực vật
ĈӝGjLEѭӟFVyQJFyêQJKƭDVLQKWKiLY{FQJTXDQWUӑQJÿӕLYӟLVLQKYұWQyLFKXQJ
YjÿӕLYӟLÿӝQJYұWWKӵFYұWQyLULrQJÈQKViQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQWRjQEӝÿӡLVӕQJFӫDWKӵF
YұWWӯNKLKҥWQҧ\PҫPVLQKWUѭӣQJSKiWWULӇQFKRÿӃQNKLFk\UDKRDNӃWWUiLUӗLFKӃW
ÈQKViQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJNKiFQKDXÿӃQ VӵQҧ\PҫPFӫDFiFORҥLKҥW&yQKLӅXORҥLKҥW
Qҧ\PҫPWURQJÿҩWNK{QJFҫQiQKViQJQӃXFiFKҥWQj\EӏEӓUDQJRjLiQKViQJWKuVӵQҧ\
PҫPEӏӭFFKӃKRһFNK{QJQҧ\PҫPQKѭKҥWFjÿӝFGѭӧFKRһFKҥWFӫDPӝWVӕORjLWURQJKӑ
+jQK/LOLDFHDH7UiLOҥLFy PӝWVӕKҥWJLӕQJӣFKӛWӕLNK{QJQҧ\PҫPÿѭӧFWӕWQKѭKҥWFk\
SKLODRWKXӕFOiFjUӕWYjSKҫQOӟQFiFFk\WKXӝFKӑ/~D3RDFHDH
ÈQKViQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJQKҩWÿӏQKÿӃQKuQKWKiLYjFҩXWҥRFӫDFk\1KӳQJFk\PӑF
ULrQJOӁQJRjLUӯQJKD\QKӳQJFk\PӑFWURQJUӯQJFyWKkQSKiWWULӇQÿӅXWKҷQJFyWiQFkQ

FKӭQJPLQKÿѭӧFUҵQJQKӳQJWLDViQJEӏGLӋSOөFKҩSWKөPӟLSKiWVLQKTXDQJKӧS&ѭӡQJ
ÿӝTXDQJKӧSOӟQQKҩWNKLFKLӃXWLDÿӓOjWLDPjGLӋSOөFKҩSWKөQKLӅXQKҩW.KҧQăQJTXDQJ
KӧSFӫDFiFORjLWKӵFYұW& Yj&NKiFQKDXUҩWÿiQJNӇӢWKӵFYұW&TXiWUuQKTXDQJKӧS
WLӃSWөFWăQJNKLFѭӡQJÿӝEӭF[ҥYѭӧWQJRjLFѭӡQJÿӝEuQKWKѭӡQJWURQJWKLrQQKLrQӢWKӵF
YұW&TXiWUuQKTXDQJKӧSWăQJNKLFѭӡQJÿӝFKLӃXViQJWKҩSQKҩWOjFiFFk\ѭDEyQJ
Liên quan ÿӃQFѭӡQJÿӝFKLӃXViQJWKӵFYұWÿѭӧFFKLDWKjQKFiFQKyPFk\ѭDViQJ
Fk\ѭDEyQJYjFk\FKӏXEyQJ&k\ѭDViQJWҥRQrQVҧQSKҭPTXDQJKӧSFDRNKLÿLӅXNLӋQ
FKLӃXViQJWăQJOrQQKѭQJQyLFKXQJVҧQSKҭPTXDQJKӧSÿҥWFӵFÿҥLNK{QJSKҧLWURQJÿLӅX
NLӋQ FKLӃX ViQJ FӵF ÿҥL Pj ӣ
FѭӡQJ ÿӝ YӯD SKҧL 1JѭӧF OҥL
Fk\ ѭD EyQJ FKR VҧQ SKҭP
TXDQJ KӧS FDR ӣ FѭӡQJ ÿӝ
FKLӃX ViQJ WKҩS 7UXQJ JLDQ
JLӳDQKyPWUrQOjQKyPFk\
FKӏX EyQJ hay cây trung tính
QKѭQJ QKӏS ÿLӋX TXDQJ KӧS
WăQJ NKL VӕQJ ӣ QKӳQJ QѫL
ÿѭӧF FKLӃX ViQJ ÿҫ\ ÿӫ ĈһF
ÿLӇPFҩXWҥRYӅKuQKWKiLJLҧL
SKүXYj KRҥWÿӝQJ VLQKOêFӫD
các nhóm cây này hoàn toàn
NKiF QKDX WKӇ KLӋQ ÿһF WtQK
WKtFK QJKL FӫD FK~QJ ÿӕL YӟL
FiFÿLӅXNLӋQP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJ
NKiFQKDX'RÿһFWtQKQj\PjWKӵFYұWFyKLӋQWѭӧQJSKkQWҫQJYjê QJKƭDVLQKKӑFUҩWOӟQ
ÈQKViQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJU}UӋWÿӃQTXiWUuQKVLQKVҧQFӫDWKӵFYұW7ѭѫQJTXDQJLӳD
WKӡLJLDQFKLӃXViQJYjFKHWӕLWURQJQJj\- ÿrPJӑLOjTXDQJFKXNǤ7ѭѫQJTXDQQj\NK{QJ
JLӕQJQKDXWURQJFiFWKӡLNǤNKiFQKDXWURQJQăPFNJQJQKѭ WUrQ FiFYƭWX\ӃQNKiFQKDX
4XDQJFKXNǤÿmÿѭӧF*DUQHUYj$OODQGSKiWKLӋQQăP/LrQTXDQÿӃQÿӝGjLFKLӃX
ViQJWKӵFYұWFzQÿѭӧFFKLDWKjQKQKyPFk\QJj\GjLYjFk\QJj\QJҳQ&k\QJj\GjLOjFk\

SKҷQJSKkQFӵFiQKViQJQrQ[iFÿӏQKÿѭӧFYӏWUtFӫDPuQKPjÿӏQKKѭӟQJÿѭӧFÿӏDSKѭѫQJ
WKұPFKtFҧNKL0һW7UӡLEӏPk\FKHOҩS
1KLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұWÿӏQKKѭӟQJQKӡWKӏJLiFWURQJWKӡLJLDQGLFѭĈһFELӋWQKҩWOj
FKLPQKӳQJORjLFKLPWU~ÿ{QJED\YѭӧWTXDKjQJngàn km ÿӃQQѫLFyNKtKұXҩPKѫQQKѭQJ
NK{QJEӏFKӋFKKѭӟQJ +uQKҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDiQKViQJÿӃQTXiWUuQKVLQKVҧQFӫDFiKӗL(Salvelinus fontinalles)

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
12
4XDQKLӅXF{QJWUuQKQJKLrQFӭXÿmFKӭQJPLQKUҵQJiQKViQJVDXNKLNtFKWKtFKFѫ
quDQWKӏJLiFWK{QJTXDWUXQJNKXWKҫQNLQKJk\QrQKRҥWÿӝQJQӝLWLӃWӣWX\ӃQQmRWK\Wӯÿy
ҧQKKѭӣQJWӟLVӵVLQKWUѭӣQJYjSKiWGөFӣÿӝQJYұW9tGөĈӇU~WQJҳQWKӡLJLDQSKiWWULӇQӣ
FiKӗLSalvelinus fontinallesQJѭӡLWDWăQJFѭӡQJÿӝFKLӃXViQJ+RһFQKѭFiFKpSQX{Lӣ
QKӳQJUXӝQJO~DYQJ4XӃ/kP7UXQJ4XӕFGRҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDiQKViQJPҥQKQKLӋWÿӝFDR
QrQWX\FѫWKӇFiFzQQKӓ-JDPQKѭQJÿmWKjQKWKөFVLQKGөFVӟPWXәL'ӵDYjR

QKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇSKөWKXӝFYjRQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJYjOX{QELӃQÿӝQJ1JѭӡLWDJӑLQKyPVLQK
YұWQj\OjVLQKYұWELӃQQKLӋWPoikilothermKD\QKyPQJRҥLQKLӋWEctotherm).
- &iFVLQKYұWFyWәFKӭFFDRQKѭFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWFKLPWK~QKӓVӵSKiWWULӇQKRjQ
FKӍQKFѫFKӃÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWÿӝYjVӵKuQKWKjQKWUXQJWkPÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWӣQmRÿmJL~SFK~QJ
+uQK6ӵSKkQEӕFӫDQKLӋWÿӝWUrQWUiLÿҩW
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
13
GX\WUuÿѭӧFQKLӋWÿӝFӵFWKXұQWKѭӡQJ[X\rQFӫDFѫWKӇNK{QJSKөWKXӝFYjRQKLӋWÿӝFӫD
P{LWUѭӡQJQJRjL1JѭӡLWDJӑLQKyPÿӝQJ YұWQj\OjÿӝQJYұWÿҷQJQKLӋWÿӝQJYұWPiX
nóng) (HomeothermKD\QKyPQӝLQKLӋWEndothermFK~QJÿLӅXKRjQKLӋWQKӡVӵVҧQVLQK
QKLӋWWӯErQWURQJFѫWKӇFӫDPuQK
- 7UXQJJLDQJLӳDKDLQKyPQj\FyQKyPWKӭEDFiFORjLVLQKYұWWKXӝFQKyPQày vào
WKӡLNǤNK{QJWKXұQOӧLFK~QJ QJӫKRһF QJӯQJ KRҥWÿӝQJQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇKҥWKҩS QKѭQJ
NK{QJEDRJLӡ[XӕQJGѭӟL- 13
0
&1KyPQj\JӗPPӝWVӕORjLJһPQKҳPQKѭVyFÿҩW
QKtPFKXӝWVyFFKLPpQGѫLFKLPK~WPұW
.KRҧQJGDRÿӝQJQKLӋWÿӝWUrQEӅPһWKjQKWLQKÿҥWWUrQ
0
&QKѭQJVӵVӕQJFKӍ
FyWKӇWӗQWҥLWURQJJLӟLKҥQWӯ- 200
0
&í 100
0
&3KҫQOӟQFiFORjLVLQKYұWVӕQJWURQJSKҥP
YLQKLӋWÿӝ- 50
0
&KD\FzQWKҩSKѫQ7URQJFiFVXӕLQѭӟFQyQJPӝWVӕYLNKXҭQFyWKӇVӕQJ
ӣ

0
&WKuOi[ҿWKXǤVkXӣQKLӋWÿӝ- 18
0
C liNK{QJ[ҿ
WKXǤVkXQKѭQJPpSOiFyUăQJFѭDQKӓ1KӳQJWKtQJKLӋPÿӕLYӟLPӝWVӕFk\ăQTXҧYQJ{Q
ÿӟLQKѭWiROrFKRWKҩ\NKLQKLӋWÿӝ[XӕQJWKҩSWKuUӉFk\FyPjXWUҳQJtWKyDJӛP{VѫFҩS
SKkQKyDFKұPӣQKLӋWÿӝFӵFWKtFKUӉFyPjXWҫQJSKiWVLQKKRҥWÿӝQJPҥQKWҥRQKLӅXJӛ
EyPҥFKGjLӣQKLӋWÿӝFӵFKҥQFDRWKuUӉFyPjXJӛGj\FӭQJYjFk\FKӃWGҫQ
7\WKHRQѫLVӕQJFyQKLӋWÿӝFDRKD\WKҩSPjFk\KuQKWKjQKQrQQKӳQJEӝSKұQEҧR
YӋ&k\PӑFӣQѫLWUӕQJWUmLFѭӡQJÿӝiQKViQJPҥQKQKLӋWÿӝFDRWKuFk\FyYӓGj\PjX
QKҥWWҫQJEҫQSKiWWULӇQQKLӅXOӟSFyWiFGөQJFiFKQKLӋWOiQKӓFy WҫQJFXWLQGj\KҥQFKӃVӵ
EӕFKѫLQѭӟF1KӳQJFk\FyWKkQQJҫPGѭӟLÿҩWNKLFiFSKҫQWUrQPһWÿҩWEӏWәQWKѭѫQJEӏ
FKӃWWӯWKkQQJҫPPӑFOrQQKӳQJFKӗLPӟLYjFk\SKөFKӗL+RһFӣ QKӳQJYQJ{QÿӟL YӅ
PDÿ{QJFk\FyKLӋQWѭӧQJUөQJOiQKӡÿyKҥQFKӃGLӋQWtFKWLӃS[~FYӟLNK{QJNKtOҥQKFk\
hình thành FiFYҧ\EҧRYӋFKӗLFiFOӟSEҫQSKiWWULӇQÿӇFiFKQKLӋW

6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
14
ÿmҧQKKѭӣQJWUӵFWLӃSKD\JLiQWLӃSÿӃQVӵVӕQJVӵVLQKWUѭӣQJSKiWWULӇQWuQKWUҥQJVLQKOê
VӵVLQKVҧQGRÿyFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQVӵELӃQÿӝQJVӕOѭӧQJYjVӵSKkQEӕFӫDÿӝQJYұW
ҦQKKѭӣQJWUӵFWLӃSFӫDQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJÿӃQVӵFKX\ӇQKyDQăQJOѭӧQJFӫDFѫWKӇ
.KLQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJWKD\ÿәLӣPӝWFKӯQJPӵFQjRÿyVӁҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇ
.KLQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇYѭӧWUDNKӓLJLӟLKҥQWKtFKKӧSVӁOjPWăQJKD\JLҧPFѭӡQJÿӝFKX\ӇQKyD
YjJk\UӕLORҥQWURQJTXiWUuQKVLQKOêEuQKWKѭӡQJFӫDFѫWKӇ.KLQKLӋWÿӝKҥWKҩS[XӕQJWӟL
PӝWPӭFÿӝQjRÿyÿҫXWLrQOjOjPQJѭQJWUӋFKӭFQăQJWLrXKyDVDXÿyÿӃQFKӭFQăQJ YұQ
ÿӝQJUӗLÿӃQWXҫQKRjQYjVDXFQJOjK{KҩS7X\QKLrQӣPӝWVӕORjLÿӝQJYұWQKҩWOjÿӝQJ
+uQKĈһFÿLӇPKuQKWKiLFӫDFk\&{F[DJKLNKiFQKDXNKLVӕQJӣQKLӋWÿӝNKiFQKDX
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
15
YұWELӃQQKLӋWFyNKҧQăQJVӕQJWLӅPVLQKNKLQKLӋWÿӝ[XӕQJTXiWKҩSKRһFOrQTXiFDRWX\Yұ\
NKLFKӃÿӝQKLӋWWUӣOҥLEuQKWKѭӡQJWKuFiFTXiWUuQKVLQKOêFѫEҧQFӫDFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWQyL
WUrQVӟPWUӣOҥLWUҥQJWKiLKRҥWÿӝQJEuQKWKѭӡQJ
ҦQKKѭӣQJJLiQWLӃSOjQKLӋWÿӝFyWKӇWiFÿӝQJOrQÿӝQJYұWQKѭPӝWORҥLWtQKLӋXWtQ
KLӋXQKLӋWÿӝFyWKӇOjPWKD\ÿәLÿLӅXNLӋQSKiWWULӇQVLQKVҧQYjVӵKRҥWÿӝQJ FӫDÿӝQJYұW
.KLQJKLrQFӭXÿӝQJYұWWUrQFiFYQJNKiFQKDXFӫDWUiLÿҩWQJѭӡLWDQKұQWKҩ\ÿӝQJ
YұWFNJQJFyÿһFWUѭQJWKtFKQJKLKuQKWKiLÿӇEҧRYӋNKӓLVӵWiFÿӝQJFӫDQKLӋWÿӝNK{QJWKtFK
KӧS%ҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiSWKӕQJNrVLQKKӑFQJѭӡLWDÿѭDÿӃQPӝWVӕTXLOXұWTXDQKӋJLӳDQKLӋW
ÿӝYjWKtFKQJKLKuQKWKiLӣFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWFy[ѭѫQJVӕQJKҵQJQKLӋWÿҷQJQKLӋWJҫQJNJLYӅ
TXDQKӋSKkQORҥL
- 4X\OX̵W%HUJPDQ7URQJJLӟLKҥQFӫDORjLKD\QKyPFiFORjLJҫQJӫLÿӗQJQKҩWWKu
QKӳQJFiWKӇFyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQKѫQWKѭӡQJJһSӣQKӳQJYQJOҥQKKѫQKD\QKӳQJFiWKӇSKkQ
EӕӣPLӅQEҳFFyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQKѫQӣPLӅQQDPFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋWFiOѭӥQJ WKӇ
EzViWWKuӣYQJQyQJ FyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQKѫQӣPLӅQOҥQK4X\OXұWQj\SKKӧSYӟLTX\OXұW
QKLӋWÿӝQJKӑF%ӅPһWFѫWKӇÿӝQJYұWEuQKSKѭѫQJYӟLNtFKWKѭӟFFӫDQy7URQJO~FÿyNKӕL
OѭӧQJWӍOӋYӟLOұSSKѭѫQJNtFKWKѭӟF6ӵPҩWQKLӋWWӍOӋYӟLEӅPһWFѫWKӇYjQKѭYұ\WӍOӋÿy
FjQJFDRWӍOӋEӅPһWYӟLNKӕLOѭӧQJFjQJOӟQFyQJKƭDOjFѫWKӇÿӝQJYұWFjQJQKӓĈӝQJYұW
FjQJOӟQYjKuQKGҥQJFѫWKӇFjQJWKRQJӑQWKuFjQJGӉJLӳFKRQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇәQÿӏQKÿӝQJ

Hình 2.10. 6ӵWKD\ÿәLFiFEӝSKұQWKzUDQJRjLFӫD
FiFORjLWURQJJLӕQJWKӓ/HSXVNKLӣQKӳQJYQJFyQKLӋWÿӝNKiFQKDX
- 4X\OX̵WSKͯO{QJÿӝQJYұWFyY~ӣYQJOҥQKFy EӝO{QJGj\KѫQVRYӟLÿҥLGLӋQ
FQJOӟSÿyVӕQJӣYQJҩP9tGөKә6LEHULVRYӟLKәҨQĈӝKD\0DOD\VLDFyO{QJGj\Yj
OӟQKѫQQKLӅXĈLӅXQj\FNJQJSKKӧSYӟLTX\OXұW%HUJPDQ6ӵWKtFKQJKLQj\FNJQJPӝW
SKҫQQjRSKKӧSYӟLÿӝQJYұWFyY~VӕQJӣQKӳQJYQJUҩWNK{KҥQ%ӝO{QJGj\OjPJLҧP
VӵPҩWQѭӟFFӫDFѫWKӇEҵQJFRQÿѭӡQJEӕFKѫL
1KLӋWÿӝҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQFiFKRҥWÿӝQJVLQKOêFӫDÿӝQJYұW&KҷQJKҥQQKѭÿӕLYӟL
WӕFÿӝWLrXKyD1KLӋWÿӝFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQOѭӧQJWKӭFăQYjWӕFÿӝWLrXKyDFӫDҩXWUQJ PӑW
EӝWOӟQTenebrio molitorӣJLDLÿRҥQӣQKLӋWÿӝFDR
0
&ăQKӃWPP
2
lá khoai tây
QKѭQJQӃXӣQKLӋWÿӝKҥWKҩS[XӕQJ
0
&WKuFKӍăQKӃWPP
2
OiNKRDLWk\ӢQKLӋWÿӝ
25
0
&PӑWWUѭӣQJWKjQKăQQKLӅXQKҩWYjӣQKLӋWÿӝ
0
&PӑWQJӯQJăQ

- ӢÿӝQJYұWQӝLQKLӋWҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDQKLӋWÿӝOrQVӵSKiWWULӇQFӫDÿӝQJYұWQӝL
QKLӋWSKӭFWҥSKѫQQKLӅXVRYӟLÿӝQJYұW ELӃQQKLӋW1KLӋWÿӝWKҩSWX\OjPFKұPVӵWăQJ
WUѭӣQJQrQVӵWUѭӣQJWKjQKVLQKGөFFNJQJEӏFKұPOҥLYjYuWKӃNtFKWKѭӟFFѫWKӇFӫDFRQYұW
WăQJOrQ&KXӝWQKҳWYjFKXӝWFӕQJVӕQJWURQJWӫOҥQKWKtQJKLӋPFyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQKѫQӣ
WURQJQKjKD\QJRjLÿӗQJYjFyFѭӡQJÿӝVLQKVҧQFDRFөWKӇWURQJWӫOҥQKӣQKLӋWÿ{-5
0
C,
FKXӝWFӕQJRattus norvegicusFyNtFKWKѭӟFOӟQKѫQFKLӅXGjLWUXQJEuQKPPQһQJ
KѫQJYjFyWӕFÿӝVLQKVҧQFDRKѫQWUXQJEuQKVӕSK{LӣFiWKӇFiLOj&zQFKXӝW
FӕQJWURQJÿLӅXNLӋQQKLӋWÿӝ- 15
0
&FyFKLӅXGjLWUXQJEuQKPPQһQJJYjVӕSK{L
WUXQJEuQKӣFiWKӇFiLOj
KKLQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJOrQTXiFDRKRһF[XӕQJTXiWKҩSVӁJk\WUҥQJWKiLQJӫKq
QJӫÿ{QJ&iFÿӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋWWLӃQKjQKQJӫKqNKLQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJTXiFDRYjÿӝҭP
[XӕQJWKҩSSKәELӃQӣPӝWVӕF{QWUQJYjӃFKQKiL7UҥQJWKiLQJӫÿ{QJ[XҩWKLӋQNKLQKLӋW
ÿӝFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJKҥWKҩSWѭѫQJÿӕLÿuQKFKӍVӵSKiWWULӇQFӫDÿӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋW1KLӋWÿӝ
QJӫÿ{QJFӫDPӝWVӕORjLÿӝQJYұWQKLӋWÿӟLWѭѫQJÿӕLFDRYtGөQKѭPӑWE{QJOj
0
&6ӵ
QJӫÿ{QJFyWKӇ[ҧ\UDӣWҩWFҧFiFFiWKӇYjFiFJLDLÿRҥQSKiWWULӇQFiWKӇSKәELӃQӣFKӗQ
VyFVyFED\JҩX
ҦQKKѭӣQJFӫDQKLӋWÿӝÿӃQVӵVLQKVҧQFӫDÿӝQJYұW6ӵVLQKVҧQFӫDQKLӅXORjLÿӝQJ
YұWFKӍWLӃQKjQKWURQJPӝWSKҥPYLQKLӋWÿӝWKtFKKӧSQKҩWÿӏQK1ӃXQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJ
NK{QJWKtFKKӧSFDRKRһF WKҩSVRYӟLQKLӋWÿӝFҫQWKLӃWVӁOjPJLҧPFѭӡQJÿӝVLQKVҧQKRһF
OjPFKRTXiWUuQKVLQKVҧQÿuQKWUӋOjYuQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJÿmҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQFKӭFQăQJFӫD
FѫTXDQVLQKVҧQ1KLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJOҥQKTXiKRһFQyQJTXiFyWKӇOjPJLҧPTXiWUuQKVLQK
tiQKYjVLQKWUӭQJӣÿӝQJYұW9tGөFiFKpSFKӍÿҿNKLQKLӋWÿӝQѭӟFNK{QJWKҩSKѫQ
0
C.

- +uQKWKjQKFiFWұSWtQKÿӇJLӳWKăQJEҵQJQKLӋW7URQJTXiWUuQKVӕQJÿӝQJYұWÿm
KuQKWKjQKQKӳQJWұSWtQKJLӳFkQEҵQJQKLӋWFyKLӋXTXҧQKҩWÿӇWKtFKQJKLYӟLQKLӋWÿӝFӫD
P{LWUѭӡQJ&iFÿӝQJYұWELӃQQKLӋWWuPNLӃPQKӳQJP{LWUѭӡQJ WKtFKKӧSEҵQJFiFKÿjR
KDQJ[k\WәÿӇWҥRUDQѫLӣFyNKtKұXWKXұQOӧLFKRFK~QJKRһFWUiQKFiFÿLӅXNLӋQNKҳF
QJKLӋWFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJQKѭÿӝFKLӃXViQJQKLӋWÿӝÿӝҭP+RһFQKӡWKD\ÿәLWѭWKӃÿӝQJ
YұWFyWKӇOjPWăQJKRһFJLҧPVӵÿӕWQyQJFѫWKӇGREӭF[ҥPһWWUӡLÿyFKtQKOjQKӳQJÿһF
WtQKFӫDFK~QJ+LӋQWѭӧQJQj\JһSUҩWQKLӅXӣPӝWVӕVkXEӑEzViWFi1JRjLUDWұSWtQK
FӫDPӝWVӕORjLF{QWUQJVӕQJWKjQK[mKӝLQKѭNLӃQPӕLRQJSKӭFWҥSKѫQ&K~QJ[k\
GӵQJWәYjFyFiFKRҥWÿӝQJÿӇÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWWURQJWә9tGөQKѭRQJNKLQKLӋWÿӝWURQJWә
WKҩSKѫQQKLӋWÿӝP{LWUѭӡQJQJRjLÿӇFkQEҵQJQKLӋWFK~QJFQJORҥWFQJÿұSFiQKWURQJ
PӝWWKӡLJLDQ
ӢÿӝQJYұWÿҷQJQKLӋWQKӡVӵSKiWWULӇQYjKRjQFKӍQKFѫFKӃÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWYjVӵ
hìQKWKjQKWUXQJWkPÿLӅXNKLӇQQKLӋWӣQmREӝYjJLӳFKRQKLӋWÿӝFѫWKӇәQÿӏQKtWSKө
WKXӝFYjRP{LWUѭӡQJQJRjLĈyOjÿһFÿLӇPWLӃQKyDFӫDÿӝQJYұW1JRjLUDPӝWÿһFÿLӇP
WKtFKQJKLNKiÿӝFÿiRÿӇÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWÿӝӣÿӝQJYұWÿҷQJQKLӋWOjWұSWtQKWөKӧSOҥLWKjQK
ÿiP9tGөFKLPFiQKFөWӣYQJJLyYjEҧRWX\ӃWÿmELӃWWұSWUXQJOҥLWKjQKPӝWNKӕLGj\
ÿһF1KӳQJFRQFKLPÿӭQJӣYzQJQJRjLFQJVDXPӝWWKӡLJLDQFKӏXUpWÿmFKXLYjRJLӳD
ÿiPYjFҧÿjQFKX\ӇQÿӝQJFKұPFKҥSYzQJTXDQKGRÿyӣQJRjLP{LWUѭӡQJQKLӋWÿӝUҩW
WKҩSQKѭQJQKLӋWÿӝErQWURQJÿiPÿ{QJYүQJLӳÿѭӧF
0
C.
1KӡVӵNӃWKӧSFiFSKѭѫQJWKӭFÿLӅXKzDQKLӋWKyDKӑFYұWOêYjWұSWtQKPjÿӝQJYұW
FyNKҧQăQJWKtFKQJKLYӟLVӵWKD\ÿәLQKLӋWÿӝӣFiFYQJWUrQWUiLÿҩW
2.3. Ảnh hưởng của nước và độ ẩm đối với đời sống sinh vật
* Ý nghĩa của nước đối với sinh vật
6DXQKkQWӕQKLӋWÿӝQѭӟFÿӝҭPOjPӝWQKkQWӕVLQKWKiLY{FQJTXDQWUӑQJ7URQJ
OӏFKVӱSKiWWULӇQFӫDVLQKJLӟLWUrQEӅPһWWUiLÿҩWOX{QOX{QJҳQOLӅQYӟLP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟF
&iFVLQKYұWÿҫXWLrQ[XҩWKLӋQWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟF4XiWUuQKÿҩXWUDQKOrQVӕQJӣFҥQ
FK~QJFNJQJNK{QJWiFKNKӓLP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟFQѭӟFFҫQWKLӃWFKRTXiWUuQKVLQKVҧQ6ӵNӃW
KӧSFӫDFiFJLDRWӱKҫXKӃWÿѭӧFWKӵFKLӋQWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟFQѭӟFFҫQWKLӃWFKRTXi

GjLQKѭQJOѭӧQJQѭӟFOӟQ7X\FXQJFҩSUҩWQKLӅXQѭӟFQKѭQJPѭDUjRFNJQJJk\QKLӅXWKLӋW
KҥLQKѭFiFFKӗLQRQFӫDFk\EӏKѭWKӕLQJăQFKһQVӵQҧ\PҫPFӫDKҥWJLӕQJYjFiFFKӗL
PҫPGѭӟLÿҩWGRPѭDOӟQOjPOӟSÿҩWPһWEӏQpQFKһW+RҥWÿӝQJFӫDKӋÿӝQJYұWYjYL sinh
YұWӣWURQJÿҩWEӏ[iRWUӝQQѫLӣFӫDQKLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұWEӏSKiKӫ\KDQJә1JRjLUDPѭD
OӟQFzQJk\UDQҥQ[yLPzQYjUӱDWU{LOӟSÿҩWPһWYjÿҩWEӏWKRiLKyDWKjQKÿҩWODWHULWLF
0ѭDÿiWKѭӡQJ[XҩWKLӋQYjRPDQyQJJk\WiFKҥLÿӕLYӟLWKӵFYұWQKҩWOj
Fk\WUӗQJYjÿӝQJYұW
0ѭDSKQFXQJFҩSPӝWOѭӧQJQѭӟFtWFKRFk\QKѭQJNpRGjLQKLӅXQJj\
QrQGX\WUuÿѭӧFÿӝҭPKҥQFKӃÿѭӧFVӵWKRiWKѫLQѭӟFFӫDWKӵFYұW
- 7X\ӃWӣYQJ{QÿӟLOӟSWX\ӃWSKӫWUrQPһWÿҩWFyWiFGөQJQKLӅXPһWÿyOjWҩP
WKҧP[ӕSFiFKQKLӋWEҧRYӋFKRFiFFKӗLFk\WUrQPһWÿҩWYjÿӝQJYұWQKӓ
- ĈӝҭPNK{QJNKtPӝWWURQJQKӳQJGҥQJQѭӟFFyWiFGөQJÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJVLQKYұWĈӝ
ҭPNK{QJNKtFyҧQKKѭӣQJQKLӅXÿӃQFiFVLQKYұWQKҩWOjFiFVLQKYұWӣWUrQFҥQ0ӝWVӕORjL
VLQKYұWÿӇÿҧPEҧRFKRKRҥWÿӝQJVӕQJEuQKWKѭӡQJFҫQÿӝҭPWѭѫQJÿӕL 6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
20
* Các đặc điểm cơ bản của môi trường nước và sự thích nghi của sinh vật
- 1KL͏WGXQJ QѭӟFFyQKLӋWGXQJOӟQEҵQJQrQNKҧQăQJGүQQKLӋWNpPWtQKәQ
ÿӏQKQKLӋWFDRQѭӟF QJX\rQFKҩWV{Lӣ
0
&ÿyQJEăQJӣ
0
&WUӑQJOѭӧQJULrQJOӟQQKҩWӣ
4
0
&NKLÿyQJEăQJKRһFNKLWDQEăQJQѭӟFWKҧLUDKRһFKҩSWKөPӝWQăQJOѭӧQJWѭѫQJӭQJOj
FDOJDPNKLEӕFKѫLQѭӟFFҫQFDOJDPFzQNKLWKăQJKRDFҫQFDORJDP

OѭӧQJ2
2
KzDWDQWURQJQѭӟFSKөWKXӝFYjRQKLӋWÿӝYjVӵYұQÿӝQJFӫDQѭӟF+jPOѭӧQJNKt
O
2
ÿmWUӣWKjQK\ӃXWӕVLQKWKiLJLӟLKҥQWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJQѭӟFӢELӇQWҫQJÿi\VkXWKLӃX
O
2
, nguyên nhân là khí O
2
ÿѭӧFFiFYLVLQKYұWVӕQJӣÿk\VӱGөQJWURQJFiFSKҧQӭQJR[\-
KyDNKӱ7\WKHR\rXFҫXYӅKjPOѭӧQJ2
2
KzDWDQWURQJQѭӟFWDFKLDVLQKYұWUDFiFQKyP
VLQKWKiL1KyPѭDKjPOѭӧQJ2
2
cao (trên 7cm
3
/lít)QKyPѭDKjPOѭӧQJ2
2
YӯDWUrQ-
7cm
3
OtW QKyP ѭD KjP OѭӧQJ 2
2
WKҩS  FP
3
/lít). Lòai Daphnia obtusa VӕQJ WURQJ P{L
WUѭӡQJ QѭӟF QJKqR 2
2

OѭӧQJPXӕLÿҥWJOtW1ѭӟFOӧFyÿһFWUѭQJOjJLDRÿӝQJOӟQTXDOҥLFiFPDWURQJQăPYj
KjPOѭӧQJPXӕLOj- JOtW3KҫQOӟQFiFVLQKYұWӣQѭӟFFyiSVXҩWWKҭPWKҩXSKөWKXӝF
YjR QӗQJ ÿӝPXӕL FӫD P{LWUѭӡQJ QѭӟF [XQJ TXDQKĈӇJLӳ FkQEҵQJ PXӕL FK~QJ WUiQK
QKӳQJQѫLFyQӗQJÿӝPXӕLNK{QJWKtFKKӧS1JRjLUDFyQKӳQJÿӝQJYұWPjiSVXҩWWKҭP
WKҩXWURQJFѫWKӇNK{QJSKөWKXӝFYjRQӗQJÿӝPXӕLFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJQJRjLÿҷQJWKҭPWKҩX-
KRPRLRVPRWLFQKѭFiJLiS[iFFDRVkXEӑӣQѭӟF7URQJQѭӟFFyLRQ&D&DOFLXPÿyQJ
vai trò quaQWUӑQJÿӕLYӟLVLQKYұWVӕQJWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJQj\7DSKkQELӋWQѭӟFFӭQJOjQѭӟF
JLjX&DWUrQPJOtWYjQѭӟFPӅPOjQѭӟFQJKqR&DGѭӟLPJOtW+jPOѭӧQJ&DӣWURQJ
QѭӟFҧQKKѭӣQJOӟQÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJÿӝQJYұWWKkQPӅPJLiS[iFFi+jPOѭӧQJ&DWUong
QѭӟFFNJQJFyҧQKKѭӣQJÿӃQÿӡLVӕQJWKӵFYұW7\WKHRNKҧQăQJFKӏXÿӵQJÿѭӧFVӵELӃQ
ÿәLFӫDQӗQJÿӝPXӕLYjQJѭӡLWDFKLDVLQK YұWӣQѭӟFWKjQK KDLQKyPQKyPUӝQJPXӕL
(XU\KDOLQHYjQKyPKҽSPXӕL6WHQRKDOLQHӢFiFYQJFӱDVӕQJQѫLFyKjPOѭӧQJPXӕL
JLDRÿӝQJOӟQQKӳQJVLQKYұWVӕQJӣYQJQj\OjQKӳQJORjLFKӏXPXӕLUӝQJ
- &K͇ÿ͡QKL͏WͧWURQJQ˱ͣFtWWKD\ÿәLKѫQWUrQFҥQWtQKFKҩWQj\FyOLrQTXDQÿӃQ
WtQKFKҩWYұWOêFӫDQѭӟF%LrQÿӝJLDRÿӝQJQKLӋWӣFiFOӟSQѭӟFNK{QJTXi- 15
0
C, ӣFiF
YӵFQѭӟFQӝLÿӏDGѭӟL
0
&1KLӋWÿӝәQÿӏQKӣFiFOӟSQѭӟFVkX'RVӕQJWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJ
FyQKLӋWÿӝWѭѫQJÿӕLәQÿӏQKQrQFiFVLQKYұWWKӫ\VLQKOjQKӳQJVLQKYұWFKӏXQKLӋWKҽSFKӍ
JһSFiFORjLFKӏXQKLӋWUӝQJӣFiFYӵFQѭӟFQKӓQӝLÿӏD
- Ch͇ÿ͡iQKViQJWURQJQ˱ͣF 1ăQJOѭӧQJiQKViQJÿLYjRQѭӟFVӁ\ӃXÿLQKLӅXYu
FiFWLDViQJEӏSKҧQFKLӃX1KӳQJWLDViQJFyÿӝGjLVyQJNKiFQKDXÿѭӧFQѭӟFKҩSWKөNK{QJ
QKѭQKDX7LDViQJÿӓEӏKҩSWKөQJD\WҫQJQѭӟFWUrQFQJUӗLÿӃQFiFWLDViQJGDFDPvàng,
OөFODPYj[XӕQJVkXQKҩWOjWLD[DQKWtP&KtQKVӵSKkQEӕNK{QJÿӗQJÿӅXFӫDFiFWLD
ViQJOjQJX\rQQKkQJk\UDVӵSKkQEӕNKiFQKDXWKHRFKLӅXVkXFӫDFiFORjLWKӵFYұWӣQѭӟF
3KҫQOӟQWKӵFYұWFyKRDYjWҧROөFSKkQEӕUҩWQ{QJYuFK~QJKҩS WKөWLDÿӓ7ҧRQkXSKkQEӕ
VkXWӯÿӝVkX-PQKӡFK~QJFyVҳFWӕSKөPjXQkXSK\WR[DQWKLQHWҧRÿӓSKkQEӕVkX
KѫQ Fy WKӇ Wӯ  - P Yu FK~QJ Fy VҳF Wӕ PjX ÿӓ SK\FRHU\WKULQH Yj PjX ODP

TXҫQ[mUӯQJQJұSQѭӟFPһQQѭӟFOӧÿӏQKNǤ- JӑLOjUӯQJQJұSPһQCác loài cây này có
QKLӅXÿһFÿLӇPWKtFKQJKLYӅFҩXWU~FYjFKӭFQăQJÿӇVӕQJWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJOҫ\PһQWKLӃX
R[\&өWKӇOjFK~QJFyUӉK{KҩSKRһFFiFOӛYӓFyUӉFKӕQJKRһFUӉEҥQKFyWX\ӃQWLӃWPXӕL
YjYӅVLQKVҧQFyKLӋQWѭӧQJ³WKDLVLQK´Fk\FRQ VLQKUDWUrQFk\PҽFiFFk\WKXӝFKӑĈѭӟF-
Rhizophoraceae).
- 1KyPFk\̱PVLQKEDRJӗPQKӳQJFk\VӕQJWUrQÿҩWҭPEӡUXӝQJEӡDREӡVXӕL
WURQJUӯQJҭP0{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJFӫDFK~QJEmRKzDKѫLQѭӟFGRYұ\FK~QJNK{QJFyQKӳQJ
EӝSKұQEҧRYӋVӵED\WKRiWKѫLQѭӟF1KyPFk\Qj\SKkQELӋWKDLQKyPQKӓQKyPFk\ѭD
ҭPFKӏXEyQJYjQKyPFk\ѭDҭPѭDViQJӢKDLQKyPFk\Qj\FyFiFÿһFÿLӇPKuQKWKiLJLҧL
SKҭXYjQѫLVӕQJNKiFQKDX
1KyPFk\ѭDҭPFKӏXEyQJEDRJӗPSKҫQOӟQOjQKӳQJFk\VӕQJӣGѭӟLWiQ
UӯQJҭPYHQVXӕLӢPһWOiFyOӛNKtQKѭQJtWOӛNKtOX{QOX{QPӣQKLӅXNKLFyFiFOӛ
QѭӟFWKXӹNKәQJӣPpSOiOiUӝQJPӓQJPjXOөFÿұPGRFyKҥWGLӋSOөFOӟQEӅPһWOiFy
WҫQJFXWLQPӓQJP{JLұXNpPKRһFNK{QJSKiWWULӇQ.KLPҩWQѭӟFFk\EӏKpRUҩWQKDQK
1KyPFk\ѭDҭPѭDViQJFiFORjLFk\Qj\FyPӝWVӕWtQKFKҩWFӫDFk\ѭD
ViQJQKѭFyOiQKӓFӭQJGj\tWGLӋSOөFQKѭQJNK{QJFKӏXÿѭӧFKҥQ&K~QJWKѭӡQJSKkQEӕ
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
23
YHQKӗYHQEӡUXӝQJQKѭFk\UDXEӧQѭӟFMarsilea quadrifoliaPӝWVӕORjLWKXӝFKӑ&yL
(Cyperaceae).
- 1KyPFk\K̩QVLQKOjQKӳQJORjLWKӵFYұWVӕQJÿѭӧFWURQJQKӳQJÿLӅXNLӋQNK{KҥQ
QJKLrPWUӑQJYjNpRGjLO~FÿyTXiWUuQKWUDRÿәLFKҩWFӫDFK~QJ\ӃXQKѭQJNK{QJÿuQKFKӍ
&K~QJSKkQEӕӣVDPҥFYjEiQVDPҥFWKҧRQJX\rQVDYDQYjYQJÿҩWFiWYHQELӇQӢYQJ
QKLӋWÿӟLÿLӅXNLӋQNK{KҥQWKѭӡQJJҳQOLӅQYӟLFѭӡQJÿӝFKLӃXViQJPҥQKQKLӋWÿӝFDRQrQ
QKӳQJFk\FKӏXKҥQFNJQJOjQKӳQJFk\ѭDViQJYjFKӏXQyQJ&k\FKӏXKҥQÿѭӧFFKLDOjPKDL
GҥQJFKӫ\ӃXGҥQJFk\PӑQJQѭӟFYjGҥQJFk\OiFӭQJ
'ҥQJFk\PӑQJQѭӟFEDRJӗPFiFFk\WKkQWKҧRFk\QKӓWURQJFiFKӑ7KҫX
GҫX(XSKRUELDFHDHKӑ;ѭѫQJUӗQJ&DFWDFHDHKӑ5DXPXӕL&KHQRSRGLDFHDHKӑ'ӭD
%URPHOLDFHDH Kӑ7KXӕF EӓQJ &UDVVXODFHDH Kӑ +jQK /LOLDFHDH Chúng VӕQJ ӣ FiF

ÿӝQJYұWWKjQKFiFQKyPVDX
6LQKWKiLK͕FF˯E̫Q
Th.s 1JX\͍Q7KDQK7QJ
24
- Ĉ͡QJY̵W̱PVLQK˱D̱PJӗPQKӳQJÿӝQJYұWFy\rXFҫXYӅÿӝҭPKD\OѭӧQJQѭӟF
WURQJWKӭFăQFDRFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWFKӍVӕQJÿѭӧFӣP{LWUѭӡQJFҥQFyÿӝҭPFDRKRһFNK{QJ
NKtEmRKzDKD\JҫQEmRKzDKѫLQѭӟc. .KLÿӝҭPTXiWKҩSFK~QJNK{QJWKӇVӕQJÿѭӧFYu
WURQJFѫWKӇFӫDFK~QJWKLӃXFѫFKӃGӵWUӳYjJLӳDQѭӟF+ҫXKӃWӃFKQKiLWUѭӣQJWKjQKJLXQtW
WѫPӝWVӕÿӝQJYұWӣÿҩWӣKDQJWKXӝFQKyPQj\
- Ĉ͡QJY̵WK̩QVLQK˱DNK{FiFÿӝQJYұWVӕQJWURQJP{LWUѭӡQJWKLӃXQѭӟFQKѭVD
PҥFQ~LÿiY{LÿҩWFiWYHQELӇQFK~QJFyNKҧQăQJFKӏXÿӝҭPWKҩSWKLӃXQѭӟFOkXGjL
.KҧQăQJWKtFKQJKLFӫDÿӝQJYұWÿӕLYӟLÿLӅXNLӋQNK{KҥQUҩWÿDGҥQJQKҩWOjQKӳQJWұS
WtQKVLQKOêVLQKWKiL&iFÿӝQJYұWQj\QKӡFyFѫFKӃWtFKWUӳQѭӟFYjEҧRYӋQѭӟFFKӕQJEӕF
KѫLVӱGөQJWKӭFăQNK{+RһFӣFK~QJFyYӓEӑFNK{QJWKҩPQѭӟFQKLӅXORjLJұPQKҳP
VѫQGѭѫQJVӕQJӣKRDQJPҥFFyFiFWX\ӃQPӗK{LNpPSKiWWULӇQ&K~QJFyQKXFҫXQѭӟF
WKҩSOҩ\QѭӟFWӯWKӭFăQWKҧLSKkQNK{EjLWLӃWtWQѭӟFWLӇXPӝWVӕOҥFÿjVӱGөQJFҧQѭӟF
QӝLEjR{[\KRiPӥGӵWUӳ1JRjLUDFzQFyQKLӅXORjLÿӝQJYұWWUiQKNK{QyQJEҵQJFiFKQJӫ
KqKD\ÿjRKDQJWURQJÿҩW6rQHelix desertorumFyWKӇVӕQJQăPOLӅQEҵQJFiFKQJӫKqNKi
NKtKұXTXiNK{
- Ĉ͡QJY̵WWUXQJVLQK EDRJӗPFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWWUXQJJLDQJLӳDKDLQKyPWUrQFy
\rXFҫXYӯDSKҧLYӅQѭӟFKRһFÿӝҭP1KyPQj\FyÿһFWtQKOjFKӏXÿѭӧFVӵWKD\ÿәLOXkQ
SKLrQFӫDÿӝҭPJLӳDPDPѭDYjPDNK{3KҫQOӟQFiFORjLÿӝQJYұWӣYQJ{QÿӟLYj
QKLӋWÿӟLJLyPDWKXӝFQKyPQj\



Hình 3.1. 0ӝWVӕTXҫQWKӇ
$4XҫQWKӇFKLPFiQKFөWӣ1DPFӵF%7әRQJWUrQPiLQKj&5ӯQJWK{QJWUrQÿӗL
4XiWUuQKKuQKWKjQKPӝWTXҫQWKӇWKѭӡQJFKX\ӇQTXDFiFJLDLÿRҥQFKӫ\ӃXVDXÿҫX
WLrQPӝWVӕFiWKӇFQJORjLSKiWWiQWӟLP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJPӟL1KӳQJFiWKӇQjRNK{QJWKtFK
QJKLÿѭӧFYӟLÿLӅXNLӋQVӕQJPӟLFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJVӁEӏWLrXGLӋWKRһFSKҧLGLFѭÿӃQQѫLNKiF
1KӳQJFiWKӇFzQOҥLWKtFKQJKLGҫQYӟLÿLӅXNLӋQVӕQJ*LӳDFiFFiWKӇFQJORjLJҳQEyFKһW
FKӁYӟLQKDXWK{QJTXDFiFPӕLTXDQKӋVLQKWKiLYjGҫQGҫQWUӣWKjQKTXҫQWKӇәQÿӏQKWKtFK
QJKLYӟLÿLӅXNLӋQQJRҥLFҧQK4XҫQWKӇSKkQEӕWURQJPӝWSKҥPYLQKҩWÿӏQKJӑLOjQѫLVӕQJ
FӫDTXҫQWKӇ
1.2. Phân loại quần thể
4XҫQWKӇOjKuQKWKӭFWӗQWҥLFӫDORjLWURQJÿLӅXNLӋQFөWKӇFӫDP{LWUѭӡQJVӕQJ0ӝW
loài có tKӇEDRJӗPUҩWQKLӅXTXҫQWKӇKD\QyFiFKNKiFPӝWORjLEDRJӗPPӝWWәKӧSSKӭF
WҥSQKӳQJWұSKӧSPDQJWtQKFKҩWOmQKWKәYjVLQKWKiLÿһFWUѭQJ
A
B
C