PHAT
TRIEN
NGUON NHAN
LlTC
PHUC VU CONG NGHIEP HOA -
KINH
NGHIEM CUA MOT SO NEN
KINH
TE DANG PHAT TRIEN KHU
vac
CHAU A
Phgm
Thi
Hong Diep
Eg mon Kinh
te
- Khoa GDCT
Trudng
DHSP
-^DHQG
Ha Ngi
Tdc dd tang tmdng cao
ciia
mdt sd nude va
lanh
tbd chau A trong vai
thip
ky gin diy da
dugc tbd gidi nhin nhin nbu mdt "hien tugng thin ky". Di dat duge sy tang tmdng nhu
viy,
cac

hien bang chit
lugng cude
sdng. Co ehd ndi
lidn
bai vai trd la
viee
tra
luong
cho ngudi
lao
ddng
tham gia cic boat ddng kinh te va thu
nhip
dd diu tu trd
lai
nhdm ning cao
miie
sdng. Sy diu tu
cho con ngudi trong viee nang cao chit
lugng
cude sdng cua ttmg ci nhin tao nen vidn canh
ning cao chit lugng cude sdng cho ea xa hdi va ttr dd tao ra kha nang ning cao ning suit lao
ddng. Garry Becker, ngudi My duge giai tbudng Ndben vd kinh td nam 1962 da khdng djnh:
Khdng cd diu tu nio mang lai ngudn lye
Idn
nhu diu tu cho giao due. Bdi vi tmdc hdt, hang hoi
san xuit ra se cd gii trj cao.
Thii
bai, no lam cho san xuit tang nhanh, cudi ciing la lam giam
mure tang din sd.

cua cic nude Ddng A cao hon cic nude Ddng Nam A vi ty le diu tu cho giio due d Ddng A cao
hdn Ddng Nam A.
Kinh nghiem cua
nbthig
nude chiu A cho thiy, xuit phit diem ciia hg la
ntithig
nude
ngheo khd,
chi
cd lao ddng ddng va re. Mudn ning cao
miic
sdng, diy nhanh tdc dd ting tmdng
kinh td chi cd mdt con dudng la bien nude hg
thanh
mdt xa hdi cd bgc vin cao. Bang 1 se cho
59
thiy diu tu ngan sich cho giio due va sd hge sihb dai hge d cic nude li rit khic nhau, din ddn
tic ddng cua giio due ddi vdi tdc dd phit tridn d cic nude eung rit khic nhau.
Bang
1:
Ngdn sdch ddu
tif cho gido due
vd ty le
hge
sinh a nhdm tuoi 20-24
vdo dai hoc a
mot
sd
nudc
Chdu A

15,8
2,3
1980
18,1
19,4
8,4
20,1
16,9
16,2
16,8
14,6
2,5
16,2
1992
22,9
19,6
9,8
21,1
15,0
19,6
2,1
Ti le
hge sinh vao dai
hge
(%)
1970
8
4
4
13

nam 1992. Thii Lan ngin sich
danh cho giio due tang hen tuc ttr
19,9%
nam 1970 len 21,1% nam 1992. Cic nudc thudc khu
vyc Chiu A diu tu cho giio due thip la
An
Dd, Pakixtan chi d
miic
ttr 2% ddn 2,5%.
Xet chi tieu ty le hge sinh d do tudi ttr 20 - 24 vao dai hge ta thiy Han Qudc, Nbit Ban,
Thii Lan la
nbihig
nude cd
ty-le
cao. Ty le hge sinh vao dai hge cua Han Qude tang ttr 16%
nam
1970 ddn 40% nam 1992; Thii Lan tang
ty
12% ddn 16% trong ciing tbdi ky. Nbit Ban vin duy
tri d
miic
cao lien
Uic
vdi
ti
le
31%.
Pbilippin tmdc day da dat ty le khi cao
28%o
nam 1970

Han Qudc, md binh giio due dai hge theo md binh
ciia
My. Nam 1946, thanh lap
tmdng dai hge Seoul, ddn nay Han Qude da cd hon 250 tmdng dai hge. Di giio
due
phit buy vai
60
trd tfch eye cho sy nghiep cdng nghiep hoi,
cbi'nb phii
da dua ra cic bien phip cu tbd sau:
- Phit tridn giio due khoa hge va cdng nghe vi hg nhin thire duge ring nhin lye cd trinh
dd cao la ddng lyc rit quan trgng thiic day cdng nghiep hoi. Thyc td viee tuydn chgn sinh vien
vao cic
Ilnh
vyc khoi hge cdng nghe rit nghiem ngat.
Ben
canh dd ngudi ta eon tang eudng dua
sinh vien ra nude ngoai dio tao.
- Coi trgng giio due nang khidu va
lya
chgn tai nang. Giio due nang kbidu khdng don
thuin
chi
la giio due mdt sd ci nhin ma phai phit hien ra nbung ngudi cd kha nang tu duy va cd
kha nang thyc sy. Do dd Han Qudc da cd viee phit tridn nang khidu, ti le hge sinh nang khidu d
mire
3%.
- Phin cip rd rang trong td
chii'c
va quan

Nhiing nam 1980 eo ciu dao tao mit can ddi nghiem trgng. Cic ky su trong
llnh
vyc ky
thuit va trong nganh ndng nghiep khdng
dii
dip
ling
nhu ciu ngay cang tang cua dit nude,
chinh
phii da thanh lip them 6 tmdng dai hge nhdm dao tao them ddi ngu cin bd ehuyen nginh cdng
nghiep vat
lieu,
khoa bgc vd bidn, ky thuit van tai bidn, tu ddng hoi vi tin hge.
Luit phip
ciia
Inddnexia quy dinb phii cd mdt he thdng quan ly, kidm tra va phit tridn
giio
due
dai bgc cdng va tu. He thdng cic tmdng dai hge dat dudi sy kidm tra
ciia
nha nudc. Ndu
mdt tmdng dai bgc nio dd duge Hdi ddng thanh tra nha nude danh gii la tot 3 nam lien tuc thi
se dugc Nha nudc bd trg kinh phi.
Singgapo xuit phit la mdt nude ngheo khd va la thudc dja. Ngay sau ngay giinh ddc lip,
Thu
Wdng
Ly Quang
Dieu
da dd ra mue tieu bidn Singapo tbinh mdt xa hdi cd bgc vin cao, coi
giio due la cbia khoi dd ning cao ddi sdng va li ddng lye dd phit tridn. Quan didm vd giio

61
d
Thii Lan, giao
due
dai
hge
da
phiit irien
manh
ifr nhiTng
nam
1960.
Trong
Iberi
ky ttr
I960
ddn 1970, mdi nam
Ihcm mgl liirimg
dai bgc mdi.
Giiio
due dai hge trd thanh ddng
lire
quan trgng cho sy
phai
tridn
ciia
dat nudc. Nam
1969
Luat dai hge dugc ban
hanh

nguoi
ciia
Bd dai bgc.
d
cic nude Chiu A tien hanh cdng nghiep boa, sy phit tridn ngudn nhin lye tip tmng vao
bai loai trinh dd: Loai thu' nbit, phd cap giao due cho loan xa hdi mdt each toan dien (khoa hge
ty nhien, khoa hge xa hdi, nhan each dao dire, my hge va nhan van). Cic nude Ddng A tap tmng
diu
tumanh
cho phit tridn giao due tieu
hge
va tmng hge. Loai thir bai, phit tridn giao due hie
cao dd lam chii tri thire mdi
ciia ihdi
dai. Ddi vdi tbdi ky chuan bj cho giai doan cdng nghiep hoi
phai
chii
y ea bai loai
nhimg
lap tmng manh
hitn
vao loai
ihir
nha't. Trong giao due bae cao, cic
ndn kinh
tdedng
nghiep boa Chau A
im
tien cho giao due khoa
heic

Hiin Que'fc
dirge danh gia la eo lay nghd cao
xi'p xi
Hoa Ky
trong mdt sd nganh nhu dien
li'r,
che tao may.
Thyc td cho thiy, chi phf giao due
ciia
cac
nue'(c
va lanh thd Han Qude, Dai Loan,
Singgapo
khe^ng
cao hon chi
|ihf ciia
cac nueic cdng nghiep phit tridn
nbimg
hg biet tap tmng vao
trinh dd tieu hge va tmng bgc eld binh
ihanh
de)i ngu cdng nhan
hmb
nghd phue vu cdng nghiep
hoi.
Tbap ky 1980, Han Qudc da gianh cho giao due phd thdng khoang
80%.
ngin sach giio
due.
Cho ddn gin day (thap ky

khai img dung nd. Rd rang cac
nude Chiu A ddu nhan manh den trinh do giio due ehuyen nghiep va coi dd la eon
diremg
di ddn
phit tridn va binh thanh ddi ngu cdng nhan lanh nghd.
62
Con dudng phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc phue vu cdng nghiep hoi cua cac nude dang phit
tridn Chiu A ddu dang
chii
y ea bai binh dien. Tbiir nbit la md rdng qui md dao tao, thii' bai la
ning cao chit lugng. Ndu khdng dat duge cic mue tieu dd diu tu cho giio due se ling
phi.
Trong kd hoach 5 nam
lin thur
siu 1991 - 1995, Malaixia da gianh 2,6 ty Ringgit cho giao due
dai bgc va 580 trieu Ringgit ebo giao due lao ddng phue vu yeu ciu
eiia
eae nganh cdng nghiep,
ciing vdi Malaixia, Thii Lan eung rit quan tam ddn giao
due
dai hge va do dd hg tang ngan sich
cho cic tmdng vi cic eo quan nghien eiru. Trong bon 3 thip ky giio due dai bgc md rdng khdng
ngtmg, sd sinh vien tang len dang kd, hang
loat
eo sd dao tao ra ddi. Nhin vd the ky XXI, xu thd
tang vd lugng vin tidp tuc dugc duy tri va phit tridn.
Sy chuydn budng giio due da di ttr ndn giio due chii ydu phue vu thieu sd sang ndn giao
due dai chiing, ttr chidu siu sang
chidu
rdng, tap tmng nang cao dan tri va dao tao nhin tai phue

ngudn vdn va hinb thire giao due - dao tao. Ngoai he thdng
ciia
Nha
nudc se khuydn khfch
phai
Irien eae khu vyc tu nhan,
do<uib
nghiep, cdng ddng, td
chtre
phi
chinh phii trong
ITnh
vyc giao due - dao tao. Khu vyc Nha nude ebu ydu se bio dim cho viee
phit tridn giao
due
phd thdng, nbit la trong phd cap giio due tidu hge d mdt
mtirc
dd nbit djnh,
cho viee phit tridn dao tao dai bgc, cdn viee dao tao nghd phai ebu ydu dya vio cic doanh
nghiep, khu
vire
tu nhan, ban than ngudi lao ddng. Cai thien thd ehd va ehfnh sich theo budng
tren
vtra
dam bao tang kinh phf cho phit tridn ngudn nhin lye, vira tao ra dugc he thdng dao tao
mdm, nhanh chdng thfeb nghi va
thoa
man nbu ciu nganh nghd dang thay ddi nhanh.
Thir bai, cai tidn cdng tie kd hoach hoi phit tridn ngudn nhan lye: ein xay dyng kd hoach
tdng hgp phit tridn ngudn nhin lyc cho ea nude va cic don vj lanh thd. Kd hoach nay cd y

Tdi
lieu
tham
klido
1.
Bd Kd hoach va Diu tu - Vien chidn luge phit tridn: Cdng nghiep boa va chidn
luge
tang tmdng dya tren xuit khiu. NXB Chi'nb trj qude gia, H., 1997.
2.
D6
Dire Djnh
(chii
bien): Cdng nghiep hoi phit buy
Igi
thd so sinh: Kinh nghiem ciia
mdt sd ndn kinh td dang phit tridn Chau A, NXB Chi'nb trj qude gia, H.,
1998.
3.
Tap chf pbat tridn kinh td sd 76
(1997).
SUMMARY
Human resource development on industrilization Some experiences from Asian
developing economies
It is recognized that human resource development constitutes a strategic factor responsible
for rapid growth in some Asean developing economies. Primary, secondary and technical
education, on the job training, and motivational incentives constituted the elements of human
resource development. It this not just the large share of GDP to be devoted for human resource
development but the areas in which this expenditure is incurred and the constant monitoring of
the effectiveness of this
expendimre