Chircmg
1: TONG QUAN TAI LIEU
1.1.
Tinh hinh
bao che,
sir
dung
du'9'c
lieu
v^
nhiem doc kim loai nang trong
du-oc
lieu
6'
Viet Nam hien nay
Theo Tir
di^n Ti^ng
Viet (nam
1996),
dugc lieu la nhung nguyen lieu
dk
ch^
b\in
thuoc ph6ng va
chira
benh. Theo
djnh
nghTa nay, nuoc ta hien nay da thong ka dugc
3.830 loai thuoc 296 dugc lieu. Moi nam Viet nam co khoang
gin
50.000

nSng na
nhu dau bung, ta, tan mau, viam gan nhiam doc va trieu chung khac.
[ 18]
TS Pham Due, Giam doc Trung tam chong doc Benh vien Bach Mai (Ha Noi),
cho biat hang
nSm
trung tam tiap nhan rat nhiau truong hgp ngg doc dong dugc, trong
do khong it benh nhan da tu vong do doc chat tu vi thuoc gay
nan.
Co vi thuoc
chira
dong kinh
hoSc
vian thuoc
"ta"
cua thay lang khi dem xet nghiem, kat qua cho thay
trong do co chua
dan
3 kim loai nang asen, thuy ngan, chi [20]. Vi vay, chat lugng
thuoc dong dugc bi tha noi se gay nguy hiam khon lu6ng toi nguai benh.
Nhung nam gan day 6 mian Bac nuoc ta hinh thanh mot so lang ngha trong va
cha
bian
thuoc Dong y, nhung quy trinh cha bian van theo kinh nghiem, chua co mot
quy trinh chuan nao
ciia
Bg Y
Ta va
cha
bian

da
bao quan va so
cha nhung nguoi
tian
hanh lai dung lugng co tha qua nhiau gay ra ham lugng Ion cac
dugc lieu va tung phuang phap bao cha, san
xuk
va tr6ng trgt mang tinh cong nghiep,
hudrng
toi mot
nan
y hgc co truyan phat trian, phat huy dugc hat nhung
tiam
nang v6n
CO
phong phu cua nguon dugc lieu nuoc nha, nhung kinh nghiem quy bau cua cha ong
ta
da
lai da dugc kiem chung hieu qua qua nhiau
thori
ky.
Xu huong dieu tri bang y hgc co truyan
tran
tha gioi ngay cang tang nhung nhiau
nguori benh
lo
lang vi chat lugng
ciia
cac vi thu6c nay. Nguyan nhan chinh dan
dan

Miii
luu huynh lam cho ta co cam giac nhuc dau, chong mat.
nau
ngg
doc lau
ngiiy
co the dan den ung thu. lac dung cua
luu hu>nh
la diet sau bg. nam moc
va cung lam cho dong dugc co the chat dco. mem mai khong kho cung va lam dugc
lieu
trang sang, dep hon.
* Danh bong bang chi : tam that la dugc lieu thuang dugc danh bong bang
chi
cho dep
va ban vori ^ia
cao
h^m
loai
thu6n^.
Nhunu
khi sac thuoc uong chi se khuech tan vao
MO
DAU
Hien nay, cung vai su phat
triln
cua khoa hgc cong nghe,
nhi§u
thanh tuu khoa
hgc hien dai dugc van dung trong y hgc, gop

tha dan toi nhung anh huong nghiem trgng doi voi co tha.
Mot trong cac
yau
to gay anh huong co hai
dan
co tha nguoi khi su dung thudc
dong dugc trong thoi gian dai la ham lugng kim loai nang
tran miic
cho phep. Khi vao
CO
the, lugng
lo'n
kim loai nang tich tu trong cac mo,
o
cac co quan: gan, than, nao
Co the cung co co cha tu dao thai, nhung toe do tich tu
\(m
hon gap nhieu
Ian.
Vi vay,
kim loai nang co the gay ngg doc cap tinh, tu vong nhanh nhu nhiam doc cap tinh
asen,
chi nhung
chu
yau
do su tich luy dan kim loai nang trong co tha gay doc man
tinh, nhieu
can
benh nguy hiem xuat hien, dac biet la benh ung thu.
Voi nguoi benh, khi benh c6n nhe thuang tu tim thuoc va diau tri

Ban
canh
vice
them asen vao thuoc dong y
da
dieu tri benh \'a gay
ngu\
hiem
cho
bcMih
nhan thi ban than thudc dong dugc
o
Viet Nam hien nay
dau
khong ro nguon
g6c va chat lugng.
Huioc dirge
thu mua
ciia
dan
tu
trong hoac thu hai tren
rung,
loan
bg qua trinh san xuat dong dugc nhu trong, cham soc, thu hai, che bien chu \eu thuc
hien bang phuang phap thu cong,
kcMii
theo kinh nghiem thuc te tru>en mieng chu
khong theo mot tieu
chu^n

tra,
vice
phat hien thuong
xuyan
cac loai chat doc dac biet la kim
loai
nang
trong thuoc dong dugc c6n rat kho khan.
De gop phan giai qu\ct
hue xiic va
an toan kim loai nang trong Dong dugc hien
dang dugc su dung rgng
rSi
duai dang thuoc bo hoac thuoc
diau
tri. trong de tai nay
chiing
toi
tien
hanh cac nghian cuu
na\
nham xay dung qui trinh phan tich, danh gia
muc
d()
6 nhiem cac kim loai nang trong mot so loai thuoc dong dugc dang luu hanh
tren thi truong Viet Nam hien
na>.
hang
c^c
phuang phap phan tich nhanh, hien dai

truyen 6 nhiem tu dat vao cac bg phan cua cay dung lam thuoc nhu re.
than, la, qua, hat va danh gia
Ian truxin
du lugng kim loai nang theo thoi gian
da
xa\
dung khuyen cao vc lugng kim loai nang co mat trong thuoc dong dugc diing
lam
nguyen lieu dua tren dieu kien tho nhuong, trong, cham soc va thu hai, bao quan tu do
CO
bien phap kiam soat chat lugng thuoc mot
each
hieu qua.
Chircyng
1: TONG QUAN TAI LIEU
I.l.
Tinh hinh
b^o
che,
sir
dung duoc lieu
v^
nhiem doc kim loai nang trong
du-oc
lieu
6 Vift
Nam hien nay
Theo Tir dien Tieng Viet (nam
1996),
dugc lieu la

cho biat hang nam trung tam tiap nhan rat nhiau truong hgp ngg doc dong dugc, trong
d6 khong it benh nhan da tu vong do doc chat tu vi thuoc gay
nan.
Co vi thuoc chiia
dong kinh hoac vian thuoc "ta" cua thay lang khi dem xet nghiem, kat qua cho thay
trong do co chiia
dan
3 kim loai nang asen,
thiiy
ngan, chi [20]. Vi vay, chat lugng
thuoc dong dugc bi tha noi se gay nguy hiam khon
lu67ig
toi nguoi benh.
Nhung nam gan day 6 mien Bac nude ta hinh thanh mot so lang nghe trdng va
che bian thudc Ddng y, nhung quy trinh cha bien van theo kinh nghiem, chua cd mot
quy trinh chuan nao cua Bg Y
Ta va
cha bien thudc Ddng dugc. Cac lang ngha trdng
nhieu loai cay nhung chua toi dugc nguoi
tiau
diing tai dia phuong do. ma chu
yau
thucyng
xuat di nhung noi khac de dugc gia cao
cdn o
khu vuc quanh do lai diing thudc
ciia
Trung
Qude
ngudn gdc khdng ro rang

vi
pham an toan thuc phim.
[18].
Sii
nhiam ban vao thudc Ddng y
chii
yeu la d khau cha bian va trdng trot nhung
chiing ta lai khdng quan ly dugc ca 2 khau quan trgng dd trong viec hinh thanh mot vi
thudc. Vi vay dan
dan
nhung vi du
va
ngg doc thudc Ddng y, gay
nan
tam ly coi
thuong tac dung chiia benh
ciia
cac vi thudc Ddng y.
Trong cha bian ddng dugc, khau thu hai va cha bian cay dugc lieu hien nay
van
rat
da
nhiam ban, nhat la nhiem bin cac kim loai nang. Cay thudc thu hai
va
dugc
cat
rua bang nude giang khoan chua rat nhiau kim
loai
nang trong dd cd nhiau sat va asen.j
Sau khi rua, cay thudc dugc phoi khd tu nhian sau dd dem say voi diam sinh

ban trong dd cd ham lugng kim loai nang khdng nho
[21
J.
Mot sd kim loai can thiat
voi
CO
the con ngudi, sd khac thi khdng nhung khi ham lugng
ciia
chiing qua
Ion
rat de
gay ngg ddc cho co the khi chung dugc tich tu qua lau do thudc Ddng y thuong cd tac
dung rat cham va phai udng deu dan trong thoi gian dai mdi khdi benh. Dieu dd khien
lugng kim loai tich tu trong co tha la rat Ion
nau
thudc chua nhiau kim loai
nSng.
Qua
trinh dao thai kim loai nang
ciia
co tha con ngudi cham hon rat nhiau so voi qua trinh
tich
tu chiing trong co tha. Vi vay
nau
khdng kiam soat dugc chat lugng thudc thi rat
de gay nen nhung trudng hgp ngg ddc kim loai cap tinh hoac man tinh gay
nhiJng
hau
qua
daniz

the gioi nhu: artichaux Da Lat,
qua
Tra My, sam
Nggc
1
inh, hdi lang Son Cung voi viec dd phai cd nhung chinh sach
da
quan ly va
sir dunu
ngudn dugc lieu phong phu cua qude gia cho
phii
hgp va huu ich. Cung
nen
CO
nhuni:
nghien cuu xac dinh nhung
tiau
chuan chat lugng phu hgp vdi tung
loai
dugc lieu va tung phuang phap bao cha, san xuit va trdng trgt mang tinh cong nghiep,
huong tdi mot
nan
y hgc cd truyan phat trian, phat huy dugc hat
nhijng
tiam nang vdn
cd phong
phii ciia
ngudn dugc lieu nude nha, nhung kinh nghiem quy bau
ciia
cha dng

bao quan bang mot sd chat cd tha gay ddc nhu sau:
* Xdng luu huynh: nhieu nha thudc chdng mdi mgt, am mdc cho ddng dugc bang each
xdng luu huynh.
Miii
luu huynh lam cho ta cd cam giac nhuc dau, chdng mat.
nau
ngg
ddc lau
ngay
cd tha dan
dan
ung thu. Tac dung cua luu hu\nh la diet sau bg. nam mdc
va cung lam cho ddng dugc cd the chat deo,
mam
mai khdng khd cirng va lam dugc
lieu trang sang, dep hon.
* Danh bdng bang chi : tam thit la dugc lieu thuong dugc danh bdng bang chi cho dep
va
ban vdi gia cao hon loai thuong. Nhung khi sac thudc udng chi se khuech tan vao
trong nuoc thuoc va co
th^
gay nhilm doc. Tre em khi nhiem doc chi co
th^
cham Ion.
tri tue kem phat trien. Doi vai nguai Ion, chi gay tang
huy8t
ap, suy tim. Khi ton du
chi trong co the dat 0,5-0.6ppm thi chirc nang cua than bit
diu
bj rdi loan va

xiic
ddng va ro
loan tieu hda, rdi loan than kinh. chan tay run. Thiiy ngan lam gay nhiem sac tha
v;
ngan can su phan chia
ta
bao.
* Diing
luc
hda khd hoac nhdm phdt pho: theo
tian sT
Nguyen Viet Than, DH Dugc
H;
Ngi,
vien thudc mau \am
luc
ma ngudi dan dung bao quan ddng dugc cd cdng
tlun
hda hgc la
A\\\
gyi
la nhdm
photphua,
gSp
hoi
nude
se tao thanh pholphin (PH3), mo
chat
cue
ddc vdi ngudi.

Vien Dugc
lieu
30%
dugc pham dang dugc luu hanh chua nam mdc, nhat la aflatoxin.
* Chat lugng dugc lieu kem: qua qua trinh cha bien, cac loai hoat chat cua dugc lieu
do cdn ha\ mat la bao nhieu chung ta chua xac dinh dugc.
* Ngudi benh tu
>
su dung: khdng qua huong dan
ciia
y, bac sT, ddng y khdng phai v6
hai,
vi the can dugc chan doan chinh xac benh rdi mdi diing thudc. Ngudi gia, tre em.
phu nu
CO
thai can than trgng. Nhiau trudng hgp
tir
vong hoac dugc dua
dan
cip
ciru
trong
tinh
trang
ngu\
kich nhu
bu\
tim,
suy gan, su\ than, nhiem
triing

cii'u
ddc td la phai xac lap cho dugc mdi quan he
giira liau
lugng va tac
dung.
Diau
nay cho phep chiing ta du doan dugc tac dung gay ddc trong khoang thai
gian hap thu chat ddc dai ngin khac nhau. Van
da
lai cang quan trgng hon
nau
da sd
kim loai tdn tai trong thudc ddng y d ham lugng thap va udng thudc trong thoi gian
dai.
Bang
1:
Nguong
gidi han mgt sd kim loai nang vdi co tha
Kim loai
Nguang giai han
(mg/kg) cho
CO
the/ngay
Cu
0,05-0,5
Pb
0,05
Zn
0,3-1,0
Cd

vet kim loai nang trong
mau dat, tram tich.
Pham Luan va cac cong
su
[6] da
xir
ly mau dat bang phuang phap
\xa\
de xac dinh
cac kim loai Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn. Ni, Pb, Zn Mau phai dugc nghien thanh bgt.
trgn
d(^u,
can
l^y
5,000
gam mau vao binh
Kcndan.
tam uat bang nuoc cat. them 60ml
cuong
thuy va 5-8ml
H2S0498°b.
kic
d§u.
cam vao binh bang pheu
Igc
nho. dun nhe
cho mau phan huy
d^n
khi nao dugc dung dich trong khdng mau (khoang 8-9 gio).
I

vat
Cu, Mn, Co, Cr, Fe, Pb
trong
nude
tu nhian,
kat
qua cho tha> hieu suat pha mau dat 95
%.
[50] |
J. Sastreva mgt sd tac gia khac da xac dinh Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn trong mau mdi trudng.
cac
tac gia da su dung cac axit dac nhu
HNO3,
HF,
H2SO4 da
xir ly mau dat va
tram
tich, ket qua cho thay qua trinh xu
1>
mau dat
kat
qua tdt. [39]
Jian-Min
/HOlJa
va
cac
cong
sir
cung da Ia\ mau dat d
Dabaoshan,

da sir
dung cac
axit manh
nhu
III.
ll:0:,
HNO3,
HCIO4
de xu
1\
mau va thu dugc
kat
qua tdt.[35] j
1.2.2.
(dc phutrnii
phap phan huy mau xac dinh luong vet kim loai nang
tron^
mau thuc vai
M.C.C.Mamani va cac cong
sir
[49] xu li mau dugc lieu de phan tich Pb va Cd
theo
hai
plunrng phap khd \a
irdt
cho ket qua tdt. Vdi phuong phap xu li khd, khoang
Ig
man
duoc lieu
dugc cho vao chen

boldus.
GS.
Pham Luan [8] da xu li mau thuc vat bang phuang phap khd
dl
xac dinh cac
:im loai Na,
K,Ca,
Mg, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn. Can 5g
mlu
da
nghian
nin
vao trong chen thach anh, dem
s4y
khd tu tu cho
din
khi
mlu
khd den, rdi dem
:Ung
3
gidr
dau a nhiet do
450°C,
sau dd nang len
550°C,
cho
din
khi
hit

can phan tich cd do chinh xac ± 0,0001 gam cho vao
inh Kendal, tham vao mau 10ml HNO3 dac, 1ml
H2O2
30%. Dun
each
cat trong
2h,
au dd cd can. Hda tan can bang 5ml HCl 1: 1,
Igc
vao binh djnh
miic
50ml va dinh
nic
dan
vach bang nude cat.
Phd
mau wot trong binh Kendal
vo'i HNOj
va
H2SO^^
Can khoang 0,5g mau da
ugc nghian nhdn tren can phan tich cd do chinh xac ± 0,0001 gam, tham 9 ml HNO3
Se,
3ml
H2SO4
dac, dun trong 3h. Sau dd cho mau bay hoi
dan
khd, hoa can bang 5ml
>
\

vi sdng trong vdng 20-25
phiit.
Khi binh phan huy mau da ngudi
dan
nhiet do phdng, md
nap
binh, dung dich
mi
' ' '
iSu
tan hat, trong sudt, cd mau vang nhat. Cd can dung dich
dan
khd, hoa tan can
ing 5ml
1
ICI
I: I,
Igc vao binh dinh
miic
50ml va dinh
miic dan
vach bang nude cat.
3.
Phuong phap khdi pho plasma cao tan cam ung (ICP-MS) xac djnh luong vet
im loai nang
ICP-MS
la
mgt ky thuat phan tich hien dai nhit hien nay
da
phan tich dong thai

ciia tra
em va
ngudi trudng thanh.
Marcos
Perez-Ldpez
va cdng su [45] phan tich Pb, Cd, Zn va As cd trong thit mot
sd loai chim hoang da d vung Galicia (Tay Bic Tay Ban Nha) bang phuong phap ICP-
MS.
Ket qua cho thay ham lugng Zn trong khoang
1.47
-2,98ppm, ham lugng As trong
khoang 1,21
dan
6.8Xppm. Ham lugng Pb va Cd trong dd tuong ddi cao, cd mau
lan
tdi tren
18ppm
Pb, va ham lugng Cd cao nhat thu dugc
lan toi
39ppm.
lac
gia
Mohamed
Maanan [48]. trucmg dai hgc Nates. Phap da su dung phuong
phap
l(M^-MS
dc phan tich Hg va Pd trong cac ddng vat than mem d
viing
bian.
Kel

nuudn
thuc an.
Wenling
Hu.
Fei Zheng and Bin
llu
[58] tach va xac dinh ham lugng
ciia
As(lII).
As(V),
Cr{IlI). Cr(VI) trong nude tu nhian su dung ky thuat sol-gel va ICP-MS.
Gion
han phat hien cua phuong phap la 0,7 va
ISng.l
' voi As(V) va Cr(VI), 3,4 va
74ng.l' vdi
As(lll)
and
Cr(lin.
Do lech chuin la 3,1; 4,0; 2,8 va
3,9*^.0
(C= 1 ng.ml ') tucmg
ung voi As(V),
As(lII),
Cr(VI) va Cr(III). Vdi
nude
may
v2
nude
hd

rdng cao han
rk
nhieu so vai giai han cho phep,
kit
qua cao nhit len tai 626mg
Vs/kg va 4,9mg Hg/kg . Ham lugng cao
nhk
trong cay trdng la 33 mg As/kg va
1,8
mg Pb/kg (trong
cii
hanh), 0,87mg Cd/kg va 226mg
Zn/kg
(trong re rau
dilp),
6,3 mg Cu/kg (trong la cay vimg).
Dilu
nay dugc giai thich do cay trdng dugc trdng
ren viing
dk
bi d nhiem As va cac kim loai nang. Mat khac, ham lugng cao nhat cua
^s,
Cd va Zn dugc tim thay trong
nude
sudi- ngudn
nude
udng chu
ylu ciia
khu vuc
i^y-

16,0 din
6,1
mg.kg
. Cdn d khu vuc Wilkes Station ham lugng Pb dugc xac dinh trong
hoang
13-40
mg.kg '.
Sd lugng cac cdng trinh nghien
ciiu
su dung phuang phap ICP-MS de xac dinh
dng thai lugng
vat
va siau
vat
cac kim loai trong nhieu loai ddi tugng khac nhau cho
lay
phuong phap
nay
rat thich hgp
da
phan tich cac kim loai nang trong thudc ddng y.
Tuy nhian, tdng quan cac cdng trinh nghian
ciiu
cho thay, vdi thiat bi ICP-MS
hdng cd budng va cham phan
ling
thi khi phan tich
nan
mau cd
ham

su dung phuong phap ngi chuan vdi Au.
A.
Phan
tich
thdng ke da bien xac djnh nguon goc va
su
phan bd kim loai nang
Vdi tap sd lieu nhieu chiau nhu khi phan tich
ham
lugng
11
kim loai trong lugng
m mau thi lugng thdng tin thu dugc lai rat han cha, nhiau khi trai ngugc nhau
nau chi
sm
xet tren khia canh d nhiem hay khdng. Ndi each khac, viec giam kich thudc tap sd
• \
f
y y
'
h\
thuc nghiem de thu dugc thdng tin it chicu tu tap sd lieu da chieu la can thiet. Cac
nrong phap thuong dugc
sir
dung nhat hien nay la
phuo'ng
phap phan tich thanh phan
linh (PCA) va phuang phap phan tich nhdm
(CA).
11

cac bian tdi uu. Khi dd, mot tap hgp cac bian lien quan vdi nhau ban dau dugc
chuyer
thanh tap
hcrp
cac bian khdng lien quan va dugc sip
xap
theo thu tu giam do bian
thier
hay phuang sai. Nhung bian khdng lian quan nay la
sir kat
hgp
tuyan
tinh cac bien bar
dau. Dua tren phu(mg sai do mdi bian mdi gay ra cd tha loai bd bdt cac bian phia
cuoi
day
ma chi mat it nhat thdng tin ve cac sd lieu thuc ban dau. Bang each nay se
giaiti
dugc kich thudc cua tap sd lieu trong khi van cd the giu nguyen thdng tin.
Vice
quay
cac true
tdn tai trong tap sd lieu ban dau
dan cac
vi tri mdi trong
khdng gian dugc dinh nghTa boi cac bien ban dau. Qua trinh nay cd
tan
ggi la
^'vanmcix
rotatt()n^\

PCA cd tha tdm
luoc
duoc cau
triic ddnu phuonL
sai vdi tap sd lieu cd kich thudc nhd hon.
• Phan tich nhom (CA) la
k\
thuat phan tich da bien nham phan loai sd lieu thanh
cac nhdm nho hon cd tinh chat gidng nhau ( cdn ggi la cac cum) (cluster).
Hai loai phan tich nhom thuong dugc su dung la nhdm theo bac (hierarchica
clustering) va nhom k-
irungbinh
(k-mean clustering).
- Nhom
theo
bac nham tim ra cac nhom trong tap sd lieu bang
each
tao ra ca}
phan nhom (cluster tree).
Ihco phuiTiig
phap
na\,
tap sd
lieu Ion
dugc chia thanh cac
tap sd
livii
nho hon nua cho
den
khi mdi tap sd lieu nhd chi cdn mgt phan tir. Cay phar

da nghien
ciiu
Dhuomg
phap phan tich thdng ke da bien danh gia ngudn gdc va su phan bd ham lugng
kim loai nang tai mgt sd bai thu gom va xu ly rac thai dien, dien tu. Thuy ngan xac
3inh
theo phuang phap CV-AAS su dung
chk
khu la
SnCl2
do tren may quang phd
lap
thu nguyen tu AAS-6800 ghep ndi he thdng
HVG-1,
den catdt rong
ciia
thuy ngan
/a
cuvet thach anh. Tdng ham lugng cac kim loai: Cr, Mn. Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, As,
^b
dugc xac dinh theo phuang phap ICP-MS tren
thilt
bi
ciia
hang Perkin- Elmer Elan
?000
ICP - MS. Bang phan tich thdng ke da bien cd the danh gia dugc ngudn goc phat
an kim loai gay d nhiem va su phan bd ham
lugng
cua chiing. Hai phuang phap thdng

i
mau gelatin
Ign
theo phuong phap sac ky
Idng
cao ap dao pha. Sac dd phan tich mdi
;elatin gdm 20 pic
ciia
cac amino axit thu dugc. Phan tich PCA cho biat, tir 20 pic
da
ihan
biet su khac nhau chi can xet
6
pic
da
danh gia.
Phuang phap thdng ke da bien nhu phan tich nhdm, va phan tich thanh phan chinh
ung da dugc diing
da
phan loai va khang dinh ngudn gdc
ciia
rugu
tao
cua Phap va
irgu
tao viing Basque dua tren kat qua phan tich tdng ham lugng cac polyphenol bang
ludc
thu
Folin-
Ciocalteu

sdng. [46]
Trong mgt cdng trinh khac. Gautam Samanta va cac cdng su da phan tich
han*.
lugng cua 10 nguyen td gdm As, Se, Hg, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Mn, Cu, va Fe trong
toe
mdng tay va vay da cua cac benh nhan nhiam ddc asen. PCA dugc diing
da
giai thich
anh huong cua cac nguyan td trong tdc va mdng tay. Nghian ciru nay cung chi ra
rans
nhCrng
viing d nhiam asen thudc Tay Bengal, An Do can kiem soat ca ham lucmg cac
nguyen td ddc khac trong nude udng va thuc pham
da
danh gia d nhiam asen. [53]
Ngoai ra PCA con dugc dung trong mgt sd
ITnh
vuc khac nhu phd hdng ngoai
chuyen hda
POuried
danh gia
sir
thay ddi dac tinh hda hgc
giiJa
cac loai gd khac nhau
[421
^^^^^^ hr^.^ng
hda mau sac trong cdng nghe \u
1\
hinh

tap sd lieu. CA
giiir
danh gia dugc muc do
lirong
ddng cua cac kim loai nang va chia cac nguyan td thanr
hai nhom chinh. Viec phan
tich
nhom giup xac dinh dugc mire do d nhiam va danh gia
ngudn gdc d nhiem. Vdi
kat
qua thu dugc cho thay d cac khu vuc dd thi cd mire
doc
nhiem
cao hon han so vdi viing ngoai d va khu vuc cdng vian la it d nhiam nhat.[34]
llakan.
Duran Karakas, Mithat Bakoglu da irng dung phuong phap phan tich
da
bien de danh gia ngudn gdc
cac
kim loai lugng
vat
trong mau nude
ba
mat. Khi phar
I
ich ham lugng cua
11
kim loai trong cac mau nude
ba
mat, cac tac gia da danh

nhau
ciia cac
nguyan td
va
danh gia mire do tuong ddng cua cac kim loai trong cac
mau bui d Thd NhT Ky.
Cac
tac gia
tran
da cac dinh dugc ngudn gdc
ciia
cac nguyan td
va phan chia cac kim loai phan tich thanh hai nhdm chinh la Mn , Pb (cd ngudn vd qua
dat va do cac phuong tien giao thdng) va Cu, Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Zn (cd ngudn gdc tir cac
khu cdng nghiep) [56].
Tir cac nghian ciru tran, cho thay viec nghian
ciiu
irng dung phuong phap phan tich
hien dai cd tha
xac
dinh lugng siau
vat cac
kim loai nang trong ddng dugc va thudc sac
la rat can thiat. Tir tap sd lieu thu dugc
va
ham lugng kim loai nang trong cay thudc va
dat trdng cay thudc, neu su dung phuong phap phan tich thdng ke da bian cd tha
xac
dinh ngudn gdc va
sir

va
siau
tinh khiat (Merck) va dugc pha cha bang nude cat
hai
lan.
+
Nude sach cap thudc thir (nude siau sach): Nude cat dugc cho qua he trao
doi
ion va cd trd khang nho hon
18MQ.
+
Dung dich chuan gdc chira cac ion kim loai can phan tich
Cu*^,
Zn'",
Fe
*
Mn'\
Co^',
Ni^\
?b^\
Cd^*,
Cr(VI),
Hg'*,
As(V)ndng do moi loai dung dich la 100(
ppm trong mdi trudng HNO3 1% va cac dung dich chuan hdn hgp.
cac
dung dich chuan cd ndng do nhd hon dugc pha
loang
tir dung dich chuan gd
trong mdi trudng

Dire.
+
Cdc teflon cd nap. dung
tich
50 ml.
-I-
Tu sa\ nhiet do dat 220 C, model UM400 cua hang Memmerm,
Dire.
-*-
Cac dunu cu thi
nuhiem
co ban khac: Bep dien, binh dinh mire
thuv
tinh loai
^
dung tich 25, 50,
100ml,
micropipet Dung cu dugc ngam rua bang hdn hgp rira,
sai
do trang rua bang
LD
TA truoc khi su dung.
+ He
thdng khdi phd cao
tAn
cam
irng
ICP - MS (Model ELAN 9000 - Perkir
1-Imer)
va

7.
Detector
2.2.
Lay mau
v^
bao quan mau
2.2.1.
Mau duoc lieu va thang thuoc dong y:
Cac mau dugc lieu va cac thang thudc ddng y dugc thu mua tai mot sd co sd dong
y d khu vuc Lan Ong (Hoan Kiam). Phd Tran
Phii
va khu Chg Ha Ddng (Ha Ndi). Cac
CO sd nay nhap dugc lieu tir nhiau ngudn khac nhau, hau hat
dau
dugc thu mua
tirtu
thuang. Mdi mau sau khi lay
dau
dugc ghi kem theo cac thdng tin
va
khu vuc lay
mai
va loai mau. Ddng thdi thu thap tham hd so mau
\c
kha nang sir dung va ddi tugng su
dung thudc. Tuy nhien, hau
hat
cac loai mau nay khdng kiam soat dugc ngudn goc
nhap
va.

UN.05
HN.06
UN.07
HN.08
UN.09
Ten dugc lieu
Sinh dia
Thien mdn ddng
Dinh lang
Hoai son
Hiing
chanh
Mach ddng
Dinh lang
Kinh
giai
Cau
k\
tu
Phan sir dung
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
L^
Cu
Than, La
Than. La
Qua
Ngay lay mau

29
30
31
32
Ki hieu mau
HN.IO
HN.ll
HN.12
HN.13
HN.I4
HN.21
HN.22
IIN.23
HN.24
HN.25
llD.Ol
HD.02
HD.03
HD.04
HD.05
1ID.06
HD.07
HD.08
HD.09
HD.IO
HD.ll
HD.21
HD.22
Ten dugc lieu
Hanh nhan

Thang thudc
Thang thudc
Thang thudc
rhang thudc
1
hang thudc
Cu
Cu
Re,
cii
Qua
Than
Hat
La
Than, la
Qua, hat
Than, la
Than, la
Thang thudc
Thang thudc
Ngay lay mau
15/1/2008
15/1/2008
1/4/2008
1/4/2008
1/4/2008
10/1/2008
10/1/2008
12/1/2008
12/1/2008

Phan su dung Ngay lay
mau
Thang thudc
11/3/2008
Thang thudc
Thang thudc
11/3/2008
11/3/2008
Dudi day la thanh phan mgt sd bai thudc da dugc chiing tdi sir dung
da
phan
tich
Mau
HN.21
Bai thuoc chira ho cd dom:
Ban ha
'Iran bi
Thd phuc linh
Chi thuc
:12g
:12g
: 16g
: 12g
Triic
nhu
Cam thao day
Sinh
khuong
:12g
:8g

1
loang cam
Dai hoang
:30
:9g
: 12
;9g
:9g
:6g
Bach truat
sai
hd
Duong quy
Thang ma
Mdc thdng
9g
lOg
9g
12g
12g
Man
MN.24.
Hai
tluioc
chua cam
Kinh moi :6g
Phong phong :6g
20
Sai hd :6g Tian hd :8g
Cat

Tat
ca
tan
bdt, trgn mat lam
hoan
9g.
Ngay
udng 3 lan, mdi lan mgt
vian
Miu HD21. Bai thuoc chua mun nhot
Thd phuc
I in
Xich thuge
Ke:
Ciic
hoa
Lien
kieu
ih:
:12g
:12g
:12g
:8g
: 12g
Kinh gidi
Cat canh
Ngan hoa
Bd cdng anh
:8g
:16g

:6g
:6g
:4g
:6g
:6g
Phdng phong
Tien hd
Lian kieu
1hanh
bi
Phuc linh
:6
lat
Bac ha
:6g
:8g
:8g
:6g
:6g
:3g
Mau
III).24.
Bai (hudc chua mat sua
Vuong bat luu hanh :
Idg
Hoang ky
^ lOg
Ihdng
thao
YdT

b
Duong qu\
DiTTi
sam
:l2g
:12g
2g
I2^
;I5
•>->
Bach linh
Cam thao
Ldc nhung
15g
3g
3g
Dang sam
:12g
Dam duong hoac:5g
Chi chu:
+
Mau
CO
ki hieu bat dau bang HN la mau lay tai Ha noi, HD la
mdu Idy
tai Ha
Dong
' ' /
+ Cdc bdi thuoc
chU'a

Ha
Ndi
(rdng
cac
loai coy Diep
ca.
Mo tam the ;
La Idt
;
La
don do ;
La
dinh lang ; cay co
thom
; Rau
ma
; Xich ddng ; Cd xudc.
- Cdch lay mdu :
Mau dat dugc lay theo TCVN
5297-1995.
Mdi diem tren dia diam A dugc
lay
2
Ian: lan 1 lay dat
tran ba
mat, diing xeng inox dao dat
tran ba
mat, lay
tran
manh vudn

la\
mau
luong tu nhu dia diem
A.So
dd lay mau tai 2 dia diem dugc the hien o cac hinh: 5, 6.
Sau khi thu dugc mau dat tuoi, dem
va
phoi khd tu nhien trong vdng khoang 2-3
ngay, nhat
cac rac
thai trong dat rdi dem
nghicMi
nho bang cdi sir (da dugc ngam axit
1:1
mgt ngay, trang
nude
cat 2 Ian roi dem
sa\
khd trong
tii
say). Sau khi nghien nho
cho vao
tiii
nilon sach cd mieng kin
da
bao quan diing lam mau phan tich.[5J
23