Định nghĩa, vị trí và chức năng của giới từ
1. Định nghĩa:
– Giới từ là từ dùng để nối danh từ hay đại từ với từ đứng trước nó.
2. Vị trí:
– Giới từ thường đặt trước danh từ hoặc đại từ.
Ví dụ: She went to school at the age of six
He usually visits me on Sundays.
– Giới từ cũng có thể đứng sau động từ (trừ sau “but” và “except”) và động
từ phải để ở dạng V-ing.
Ví dụ: They succeeded in escaping.
– Trong những trường hợp dưới đây (dùng đại từ quan hệ), giới từ có thể
đặt trước đại từ hoặc đặt ở cuối câu:
To whom were you talking to?
Who were you talking to?
The people with whom I was travelling
The people I was travelling with
– Giới từ có thể là một từ riêng lẻ như: at, after, before, during, until, in, on,
to,by,
– Giới từ cũng có thể là một cụm từ như: in spite of, on account of, in front
of, for the sake of….
Chú ý: lược bỏ “to” và “for” trước tân ngữ gián tiếp. So sánh 2 câu dưới
đây.
I gave the book to Tom.
I gave Tom the book.
→ Tân ngữ gián tiếp có thể đặt trước và giới từ “to” bị lược bỏ.
→ Chúng ta có thể sử dụng cấu trúc này với các động từ sau: bring, give,
hand, leave, lend, offer, pay, promise, send, show, sing, take…
I showed the map to Bill = I showed Bill the map
They sent $5 to Mr Smith = They sent Mr Smith $5.
→ Tương tự, chúng ta cũng có thể lược bỏ “for”. Cấu trúc này có thể được
sử dụng với các động từ sau: build, buy, cook, fetch, find, get, keep, leave,

By the end of July, I’ll have read all those books.
Before signing this contract, he had to consider a lot.
Most people work from 9 to 5.
Bake it for two hours.
– Giới từ chỉ nơi chốn: in, on, at, above, under, below…
Ví dụ:
They arrived in Spain.
You can do this sort of work at home.
She put the letter under her pillow.
We camped beside a lake.
– Giới từ chỉ nguyên nhân: for, from, by, on, of…
The streets are lighted by mistakes.
Thank you very much for your help.
He trembled from fear.
He died of tuberculosis many years ago.
– Giới từ chỉ mục đích: for, to, at…
What do you want the paper for?
I’ve sent a letter to you.
– Giới từ chỉ thể cách: by, with, …
We can learn English by listening to the radio.
She cut the bread with a sharp knife.
– Giới từ chỉ phương tiện: by, in…
He goes to school by bus.
She goes to work in her own car.
– Giới từ chỉ sự tương quan: by, next to, on, under, below…
They live below us.
Tom is in front of Mary.
My house is next to a cinema.
B. Nghĩa của một số giới từ thông dụng
About

4. một hoạt động: at work; at school; at play
5. hướng tới, hướng vào: Look at someone; wave at someone
Before
1. trước khi, trước: before two o'clock; before Christmas
2. đứng trước: S comes before T in the alphabet.
Behind
1. đằng sau, phía sau: The little girl hid behind her mother.
2. muộn: I am behind in my work.
3. nguyên nhân, nguồn gốc: Who was behind that idea?
Below
1. bên dưới, thấp hơn: below freezing; below sea level
2. phía dưới: Footnotes are provided below the text.
Beside
1. bên cạnh: I sit beside her in class.
Besides
1. ngoài: We study other languages besides English.
Between
1. Giữa hai điểm trong không gian: Toronto lies between Montreal and
Vancouver.
2. Giữa hai điểm thời gian: between Christmas and New Year's Day
3. trong một nhóm hai người: The money was shared between two people.
Beyond
1. trên: The mountains lie beyond the horizon.
2. vượt quá: That was beyond my expectations.
But
1. trừ: I have read all but the last chapter.
Note: But thường được sử dụng như một liên từ hơn như một giới từ.
By
1. gần: a house by the sea
2. vượt qua: He waved as he drove by the house.

1. ở một nơi nào đó: in London; in Europe
2. trong một địa điểm: in the room; in the building
3. vào tháng, năm: That happened in March, in 1992.
4. trong một khoảng thời gian nhất định: I will return in an hour.
5. bằng: write in pencil; speak in English
6. tình trạng, điều kiện: in doubt; in a hurry; in secret
7. thành viên của…: He is in the orchestra; in the navy
8. mặc: the boy in the blue shirt
9. về, có liên quan đến: lacking in ideas; rich in oil
Inside
1. bên trong: They are inside the house.
Into
1. vào bên trong We stepped into the room.
2. thay đổi tình trạng: The boy changed into a man.
Like
1. giống: That looks like him.
2. như thể: It looks like rain.
Near
1. gần: near the school; near the ocean
Of
1. vị trí: east of here; the middle of the road
2. sở hữu: a friend of mine; the sound of music
3. một phần của một nhóm: one of us; a member of the team
4. đo lường: a cup of milk; two meters of snow
Off
1. Not on; away from: Please keep off the grass.
2. At some distance from: There are islands off the coast.
On
1. trên (chạm vào nhau): on the table; on the wall
2. ngày xác định: That happened on Sunday, on the 6th of June.

Within
1. trong vòng: within twenty minutes; within one kilometer
Without
1. không có: Do not leave without your coat; without money
Danh từ đi với giới từ
• Noun + for…
A cheque for (a sum of money):
- They sent me a cheque for £75.
A demand for/a need for… :
- The firm closed down because there wasn’t enough demand for its
product
A reason for…:
- The train was late but nobody knew the reason for the delay.
• Noun + of…
An advantage/ a disadvantage of…:
- The advantage of living alone is that you can do what you like.
Nhưng chúng ta thường nói: “there is an advantage in doing something”
There are many advantages in living alone.
A cause of…:
- Nobody knows what the cause of the explosion was.
A photograph/ a picture/ a map/ a plan/ a drawing of…:
- She showed me some photographs of her family.
• Noun + in…
An increase/ a decrease/ a rise/ a fall in …:
- there has been an increase in the number of road accidents recently.
• Noun + to…
Damage to…:
- The accident was my fault, so I had to pay for the damage to the other
car.
An invitation to…(a party, a wedding):

demand…………………
9. In what way is your job different frommine? What is the
difference……………………….?
Bài tập 2: Hoàn thành câu sử dụng một trong các danh từ dưới đây và
một giới từ thích hợp
Cause, connection, invitation, map, reason, damage, contact, key, pictures,
reply
1. On the wall there were some pictures and a…………………the world.
2. Thank you for the………………………… your party next week.
3. Since she left home two years ago, she has had little
………………….her family.
4. I can’t open this door. Have you got a……………the other door?
5. The ……………….the fire at the hotel last night is still unknown.
6. I wrote to Jim last week, but I still haven’t received a
…………………….my letter.
7. The two companies are completely independent. There is
no……………………….them.
8. Jane showed me some old……………… the city as it looked 100 years.
9. Carol has decided to give up her job. I don’t know
her……………….doing this.
10. It wasn’t a bad accident. The………………… the car wasn’t serious.
Xem đáp án
Bài 1:
1. What caused the explosion? What was the cause of the explosion?
2. We’re trying to solve the problem. We’re trying to find a solution to the
problem.
3. Sue gets on well with her brother. Sue has a good relationship with her
brother.
4. Prices have gone up a lot. There has been a big increase in prices.
5. I don’t know how to answer your question. I can’t think of an answer to

In (for longer periods)
In October, in 1986, in the 19th century, in winter, in the past, in the 1970s,
in future…
Chú ý: Chúng ta nói “in the morning(s), in the afternoon(s), in the
evening(s)” nhưng chúng ta nói “on Friday morning(s), on Sunday
afternoon(s)…”
• At/on/in (chỉ địa điểm) + noun
+ in: ở trong. Ví dụ: in a room, in a building, in a garden, in a country, in a
line, in a picture, in the sky, in the world, in a book/newspaper, in bed…
+ on: ở trên. Ví dụ: on the floor, on the chair, on the beach, on the wall, on
the ceiling, on a farm, on a map, on the menu, on the way to……
+ at: ở. Ví dụ: at the bus stop, at the window, at home, at university, at a
party,at the station, at the airport …
Ví dụ: There’s no one in the room.
When I go to the cinema, I prefer to sit in the front row.
Who is that man standing at the bus stop?
Write your name at the top of the page.
I sat on the beach.
There is a label on the bottle.
So sánh các trường hợp sau:
- In the corner of
the room…
Ví dụ: The
television is in the
corner of the room
- At the corner of the
street
Ví dụ: There is a
public telephone at
the corner of the

concert, there was
great applause.
- In the end = finally
Jim couldn’t decide
where to go for his
holidays. In the end,
he didn’t go
anywhere.
- On a bus/on a
train/on a
plane/on a ship/
on a bicycle/on a
horse/on a
motorbike
The bus was very
full. There were
too many people
on it.
- In a car/ in a taxi
(chúng ta dùng “in”
cho “car” và “taxi”)
George arrived in a
taxi.
- By bus/by car/by
bicycle (bằng
phương tiện gì)
I go to school by
bus
• On/at/in + noun (other uses)
On holiday/on business/on a trip/on a tour/on a cruise…

4. I wouldn’t like to go…………a cruise. I think I’d get bored.
5. I mustn’t eat too much. I’m supposed to be ………….a diet.
6. Ann thought the restaurant was OK, but ……….my opinion, it wasn’t
very good.
7. I won’t be here next week. I’ll be……… holiday.
8. I didn’t see you ……… the party on Saturday. Where were you?
9. Shall we travel ………….your car or mine?
10. We stayed ………….a very nice hotel when we were
………….Amsterdam.
Xem đáp án
Đáp án:
1. It’s difficult to contact Sarah because she is not on the phone.
2. I feel lazy this evening. Is there anything worth watching on TV?
3. Can you turn the light, please? I don’t want to sit in the dark.
4. I wouldn’t like to go on a cruise. I think I’d get bored.
5. I mustn’t eat too much. I’m supposed to be on a diet.
6. Ann thought the restaurant was OK, but in my opinion, it wasn’t very
good.
7. I won’t be here next week. I’ll be on holiday.
8. I didn’t see you at the party on Saturday. Where were you?
9. Shall we travel in your car or mine?
10. We stayed at a very nice hotel when we were in Amsterdam.
Động từ đi với giới từ
• Verb + at
Look/have a look/stare/ glance at…: nhìn vào/nhìn chắm chằm vào
- why are you looking at me like that?
Laugh/smile at…:cười vào ai
- Everyone will laugh at my haircut.
Aim/point (something) at….: nhằm vào, chỉ vào
- Don’t point that knife at me. It’s dangerous.

- He’s selfish. He doesn’t care about other people.
• Verb + for…
Apply for (a job)….xin việc
- I think this job would suit you. Why don’t you apply for it?
Wait for….chờ đợi
- Don’t wait for me. I’ll join you later.
Search (a person/aplac/a thing) for…tìm kiếm
- I’ve searched (the house) for the key but I still can’t find it.
Leave (a place) for another place.:
- I haven’t seen her since she left for work this morning.
Look for: tìm kiếm
- I’ve lost my keys. Can you help me to look for them?
• Verb + about, of…
Dream about…:
- I dream about you last night.
Dream of being something/doing something (=imagine):
- I often dream of being rich.
Hear about … (được nói cho biết về…)
- Did you hear about the fight in the club on Saturday night?
Hear of (biết rằng ai đó/cái gì còn tồn tại)
- “Who is Tom madely?” - “I’ve no idea. I’ve never heard of him.
Hear from… (nhận được thư hoặc điện thoại của ai)
- “Have you heard from Jane recently?”
Remind somebody of…
- This house reminds me of the one I lived in when I was a child.
Complain (to somebody) about …
- We complained to the manager of the restaurant about the food.
• Verb + of…
Accuse somebody of…buộc tội ai
- Sue accused me of being selfish.

- Don’t look out the window. Concentrate on your work.
Insist on…: khăng khăng làm gì
- I wanted to go alone but they insisted on coming with me.
Spend (money) on…: tiêu tiền cho cái gì, việc gì
- How much money do you spend on food each week.
• Verb + in…
Believe in …: tin vào
- Do you believe in God?
Specialise in….:
- Helen is a lawyer. She specialises in company law.
Succeed in…
- I hope you succeed in finding the job you want.
• Verb + into…
Break into…: đột nhập
- Our house was broken into a few days ago but nothing was stolen.
Crash/drive/bump/run into…
- He lost control of the car and crashed into the wall.
Divide/split something into…
- The book is divided into 3 parts.
Translate (a book…) (from one language) into the other.
- George Orwell’s book have been translated into many languages.
• Verb + with…
Collide with….: đâm vào, va chạm
- There was an accident this morning. A bus collided with a car.
Fill something with ….
- Take this saucepan and fill it with water.
Provide/supply somebody with….
- The school provides all its students with books.
Bài tập: Điền giới từ thích hợp để hoàn thành câu (nếu cần thiết).
1. I’m not going out yet. I’m waiting ………… the rain to stop.

9. I love this music. It reminds me of a warm day in spring.
10. Janet warned me of the water. She said it wasn’t safe to drink.
11. Our neighbors complained to us about the noise we made last night.
12. She accused me of being selfish.
13. I congratulated her on winning the tournament.
14. He has a bodyguard to protect him from enemies.
15. His parents don’t approve of what he does but they can’t stop him.
16. I didn’t have enough money to pay the bill.
Tính từ đi với giới từ
• Adj + of…
Nice/kind/good/polite/silly/stupid… of somebody (to do something)
- Thank you. It was nice of you to help me.
- It is stupid of her to go out without a coat in such cold weather.
Nhưng: nice/ kind/good/polite/silly/stupid/unfriendly … to somebody
- They have always been very nice to me.
• Adj + about/with…
Angry/annoy/furious about something
- It’s stupid to get angry about things that don’t matter.
Angry/annoy/furious with somebody for doing something
- Are you annoyed with me for being late?
Excited/worried/ upset/ nervous/happy about something
- Are you excited about going on holiday next week?
Delighted/pleased/ satisfied/ disappointed with something
- I was delighted with the present you gave me.
• Adj + at/by/with…
Surprised/shocked/ amazed/astonished at/by something
- Everybody was surprised at/by the news.
- I hope you weren’t shocked by/at what I said.
Impressed with/by somebody/something
- I’m very impressed with/by her English. It’s very good.

Different from…:
- The film was different from what I’d expected.
Interested in…:
- Are you interested in art?
Keen on…:
- I’m keen on listening to music.
Dependent on….
- I don’t want to be dependent on anybody.
Famous for….
- Hanoi is famous for places of interest.
Responsible for….
- Who was responsible for all that noise last night?
Bài tập 1: Hoàn thành câu thứ hai sao cho nghĩa giống câu thứ nhất.
1. There were lots of tourists in the city centre. The city centre was
crowded …………….
2. There was a lot of furniture in the room. The room was
full………………….
3. I don’t like sport very much. I’m not very keen…………………………
4. We haven’t got enough time. We’re a bit short…………………
5. I’m not a very good tennis player. I’m not very good …………………
6. Catherine’s husband is Russian. Catherine is
married……………………….
7. I don’t trust Robert. I’m suspicious ……………………………
8. My problem is not the same as yours. My problem is
different……………….
Bài tập 2: Điền giới từ thích hợp vào chỗ trống.
1. Our house is similar ……… yours. Perhaps yours is a bit larger.
2. I’m tired……………doing the same things every day. I need a change.
3. John has no money of his own. He’s totally dependent …………his
parents.

increase… pay.
23. Bill and I used to be good friends but I don’t have much contact
……….him now.
24. I wrote to Jim last week, but I still haven’t received a reply…… my
letter.
25. Do you know any songs ………the Beatles?
26. There was panic when people realized the building was …….fire.
27. The shop assistant wouldn’t accept my cheque and insisted that I paid
…….cash
28. When I was 14, I went ……….a trip to France organized by my school.
29. We hadn’t arranged to meet. We met … chance.
30. It’s very nice ……you to let me use your car. Thank you very much.
31. I can’t understand people who are crucial ……….animals.
32. Why do you always get so annoyed ……….little things?
33. The people next door are annoyed …….us……making so much noise
last night.
34. We enjoyed our holiday but we were rather disappointed…… the
hotel.
35. I was surprised …….the way he behaved. It was quite out of character.
36. Did you know that Linda is engaged …….a friend of mine?
37. These days everyone is aware ……the dangers of smoking.
38. Ann is fond…….her younger brother.
39. Britain certainly isn’t famous ………its food.
40. That man is very honst. He isn’t capable …….telling a lie.
41. Do you know anyone who might be interested ……….buying an old
car?
42. The police are responsible ……….maintaining law and order.
43. I’m sorry ………the smell in this room. It’s just been painted.
44. She hasn’t got a job. She depends ……… her parents for money.
45. Are you going to apologise ……….what you did?

4. Mozart was born in Salzburg in 1756.
5. Are you doing anything special at the weekend?
6. I haven’t seen Ann for a few days. I last saw her on Tuesday.
7. I’ll phone you on Tuesday morning at 10 o’clock, okay?
8. Tom’s grandmother died in 1977 at the age of 79.
9. The price of electricity is going up in October.
10. There are usually a lot of parties on New Year’s Eve.
11. I like walking round the town at night.
12. The telephone and the doorbell rang at the same time.
13. I waited for you for half an hour and then decided that you weren’t
coming.
14. Production at the factory was seriously affected during the strike.
15. It can be dangerous when children play football in the street.
16. I’ll meet you at the corner (of the street) at 10 o’clock.
17. Tom’s ill. He wasn’t at work today. He was at home in bed.
18. Paul is a student at London University.
19. I’ve just received an invitation to a wedding next week.
20. The cause of the fire in the hotel last night is still unknown.
21. Money isn’t the solution to every problem.
22. The company has rejected the workers’ demands for an increase in
pay.
23. Bill and I used to be good friends but I don’t have much contact with
him now.
24. I wrote to Jim last week, but I still haven’t received a reply to my letter.
25. Do you know any songs by the Beatles?
26. There was panic when people realized the building was on fire.
27. The shop assistant wouldn’t accept my cheque and insisted that I paid
in cash
28. When I was 14, I went on a trip to France organized by my school.
29. We hadn’t arranged to meet. We met by chance.

• In your ear
• Under your hat
– Ví dụ:
The flying saucer appeared above the lake before it disappeared into
space.
Christine discovered a pile of books hidden under the staircase.
Alix walk down the ramp to the beach.
– Bạn có thể nối hai hoặc nhiều cụm giới từ với nhau bằng liên từ kết hợp.
Ví dụ:
• The resort is beside the mountain and by the lake.
• You can usually find Macho Marvin in the steam room, on the exercise
bike, or under the barbells.
– Chức năng của ngữ giới từ:
• Đóng vai trò như tính từ bổ nghĩa cho danh từ
Look at the boat with the blue sail.
Please hand me the pen next to the telephone.
Park the car beside the fence.
• Đóng vai trò như phó từ bổ nghĩa cho động từ
The coyote runs after the rabbit.
The car stalled despite the tune-up.
The team won without the starting quarterback.
• Đóng vai trò như danh từ:
The park is next to the hospital.
The student is between an A and a B.
The fight scene is before the second act.