Thời gian làm bài : 90 phút
!"
Cho: hằng số Plăng h = 6,625.10
-34
J.s, tốc độ ánh sáng trong chân không c = 3.10
8
m/s;
!"#
$% &'$( )
*
+
=
độ lớn điện tích nguyên tố e = 1,6.10
-19
C; số A-vô-ga-đrô N
A
= 6,023.10
23
mol
-1
.
#$#, /-0%1 +23,++4+-56/'7839/ ++4+-56/':π;78
*
<=->7
-?%3,+23,+$(7839@A/- /A/B39=->79/?C %-DE3,+2/ +
π
= +
÷
=->7
+C->7-b% 3UV+2 /A/6/@A/R?*:$P39*:$(R?RScR9 %d
(.
$*:e&
Pf
).
$*:f(
Pf
.
$::e
$*
*.
$*:e&
*P
%!&!' +2>/g99E"*++S %
+,- .!&! /012.32'
h5J:a
:
:
'
'
*
*
A
−
*
*
A
*:$P
*
M
*:$(
*
M
*:$Z
*
M
hi
j j
d t
=
a
* *
$ $ *
j j j * *
* * *
d t t
A
w kA kx x= + = ⇒ = ⇒ = ±
H+2* V/7.+%ikl+2PR? /A/6/@A/#a3,EW`ST/``/g31/
V1 l+R?-099R0i0BT2S/+ @+P;.+m P<3\7n+-+a7
t T s
T
= + = =
+,- .!&! /0-4. 5-6 7 '
h#UVW-2
*
O O 9
*
d t
l x A= = ±
H*3UV9E-IQ/ %b% #G +2>b% p79
9ER9a7=->7R?Q*:$P3,++#G7.ig/
*
*
L A=
h3\R?Q*:$Pa
*:$P
(:'
P
=
S* +2
*:$( *
(:'t t T= +
"a3la
Hq9/+2
* *:$P
e e $*:e& $*:e&
(:'
Z f *P *P *P Pf
= −
@=/ 8Z
wV/=/ 8Z-2+C->7E-v
* ';
=
V ST/
Vx30R5-y/
* ';
=
w#UV+m *3,Sa3l
Ng/++/t *3,R9
( ) ( )
* *
' * ' $(<
= + =
+7
=*
;R?'<
;R?*<
;R?$<
A−
O
A
x
*
*
A
*
*
A
J
*
JM∆RJR;w<
N+2-pVS=/R4++n/R3,}Jh~
-
JM/
J/h
N-2}
$
J*π
hd
g
l•∆
39J}
*
J*π
hd
g
l
JM
T
T
$
•
J
l
l•∆
J
l
*
:$
*
α
≈7
$
/R
$
*
:$
*
α
O
*
J7
*
/R
*
;$Y+α
:*
<J7
*
/R
*
*
*
:*
*
#$>' ->7/!39 /-0%1 VVn+]I;/+]R93UV+D6/+m +y/<3\
`ST/VaR?RScR9I
$J
( +;P h 8*<+7)I
*
J$:+;P h 8'<+7Ng/+++4+-5/t
->7/R9
F( +7Gf(+7(+7H$(e+7
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 2 1
1 2
+ Chó ý víi bµi to¸n t×m kho¶ng c¸ch hay thêi gian gÆp nhau th× ta tÝnh hoÆc .
+ Quay l¹i bµi to¸n: 5cos 4 5
max x
x x x x x x
x x x t cm d A cm
π
∆
∆ = − ∆ = −
∆ = − = ⇒ = =
#$?'!.+R_+R1IV"z/-Q/-?%S\+m R1IV"7.3,B+2iRSc/7v3UV+D
6/]i‚3,z/-Q/I%/S\-@3UVGVxgir/3,+ -?%!R97.3UV67
V]G=/ /_C->3,-vG-@!39v]-@!/C` R? %G@+ V%/a+m
3,V++b%|/-S=/9E+Rp+ %Z:+78+ +4+-5+m 3,+2/VUIC`I•6/
$
J%
*
J +;$::π<;77<FGJ$'+77.->7V7^+CRB/++->7G7.ig/GJ$'+739
c`3\FG7./2+$*:
:
+ V%E02/V7^+CRB/R9$78V+5F+2->7 /
3\ +4+-5R9
F$$ G$' & H$:
GS\+2/
cm
f
v
*
(:
$::
===
λ
‡‚->7 +2
eZP
*
$''$'
$*
=
−
=
−
=
−
λλ
8 P
$*
B M
B M O M
B M O M
B M
T
t
t t
t t T
T
t
−
− −
− −
−
=
=
⇒
+ =
=
−
= =
⇒ = ⇒
= =
⇒ =
⇒ = = =
F G
#$'VcDE+2 ->7!39i2/+S R V%E0aR9V%/->7+m -5!N
2/V%E0v!-@3\ ir/-†a39=->7
$
!39R9 ->7/? %C79++
`?ƒ5-2+2R ST/Q/R9YZ77hZ7739=->7i@@`/?C
*
J
$
h:e(aR +m
++`?ƒ5!39-0%R9h*(77+ /+m `?ƒ39`=->7
$
+2/VU/?-y/
C
(+P+78 )+*f+78 +$P+78 *+f+78
N v A mm s cm s
ω
= = ≈
#$'2/v/V7.cDE-9xFG3\ -?%R9y2/+25/EJ*
L
P
I+*::π+7
V/-2I6/+76/>7/?FC /3\ $+7++FR9
F$+7 G
P
'
+7
*
'
+7 H*+7
#$8' +2
cmf
P
*
=→=
λ
*
$
f
*
f
*
*$
77
==→=→==↔=
πππππ
B
A
B
M
N
P
M
N
P
hZYZ
2,5+
( )
1 2 1
0,75t t t s→ = +
u
v
#$' /%x2/
P
+2(->7 /+4+-5
a5
'
P
R9 /+4+- Q
Q+R9iJ[*
$
J
$
'
)
*
J
*
'
$
s
*
J*λJ*+7;w<
$
s
*
J*λJ*+7;w<
s
*
J'*
;ww<
v;w<39;ww<%EV
$
h
*
J$Z+7JM
$
J&+79 9
**
Z& −
98
(
-C+ =,D,
#$8' /%x`2/i@c`FG3\
$ZAB cm
=
V7^/+CRB/ /"`ST/
Va
( ;': < )
A
u c t mm
π
=
( ;': 8 *<
B
u c t mm
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 2
4
tiÓu nªn: 2 1 . 4 1,5
2 2
+ V× gÇn nhÊt nªn 0 2 1,5 5
+ V× M gÇn O nhÊt nªn 2 4 1,5 3,65 3 7,5
∆ = − = + + = +
= ⇒ ∆ = − = = ⇔ =
⇒ ∆ = − = = + < ⇔ < ⇒ = ⇒ =
J(::Ω
N‰
J‰
$
a
$
+,7` T%/2+
'
π
'
π
J
R
ZZ
CL $
−
J
'
JM‰
o
s‰
$
J
'
;w<
N‰
J‰
'
JME9
'
*
$C
Z
9
'
*::
9"F?Ω9"F"Ω
JM‰
o
J‰
$
h
'
J'::ΩJMoJ
π
$::
L
Z
J
π
'
;<
%!&!
+2‰+$J$::Љ+*J(::Š
#9 L8'J‰
o$
8J‰
#$"'^-p`I E+0%+2/VUp%n/ir/-†$(:#39-575+F!G/x7-5F!+•
+Q -pVW-575+!G+Q n-p+2-p%/7_+@`3\7.+%.+g7%?+2 4
+g7o E-†-Sc+G@ %i E-† 4+g7oa-p`p%n/ -?%75+!GA/*
*
R?
391/-pV/75+VS\+39 %i E-†Rp+` %π8*a7-p`+4+-5/t -?%75+
F!i+S E-†od
(+$::# )+$::
'
# +$::
*
# *+*::#
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i 1 2
2 1
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 2
=
=
= + − = +
= ⇒ + = ⇒ + = ⇔ + = ⇔ = +
⇔ = + − ⇔ = ⇔ = ⇔
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2
2
2 1
1
=
= + = + ⇒ =
+
= ⇒ = ⇒ = =
1 1
+ Đặt ta có: 2 , khảo sát hàm số
Khi rôto quay với tốc độ
x x
E NBS R NBS R
P I R
L
Z
R L
R L
C C
C
L
x f x R x L f
C C
n
= = = =+ +
+
ữ
ữ
b
n n P P f x x x x
a
x x x
n n
= =
= = + =
= + = + =
ữ
2 2
2
1 2
0
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2
2
1
=
n n
n
n n n
3
2
U
6
=
tức thời
P
B
3
2
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
0
0
tức thời
tức thời
+ Tại thời điểm
3
6
2
+ Công suất tức thời: cos cos 200 cos 200 cos
2
3 1
200
0 cos 200 cos 0 cos 200
2 6 6 600
u i u i
+ = + + + = + + = = = =
#$@'^7.-p`I E+0%-U+2/VUp%n/J$*:#39 -?%-575+@`
/x7-pVWn-p39+%.+g7%?o -?%+%.+g7+27_+7.i2 NNN7W1/-p
b% 75+R9JP +;$::Y 8Z<;F<7FiN-2/a1/-pb% 75+R9JP+;$::h 8$*<;F<
.4+g7o39-p%/+2/VU
F$8 39$8;' <7~G'8;$: <39$8;' <7~
'8 39$:YP8 ~H'8;$: <39$:YP8 ~
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
= = = + =
= = = + =
=
= =
2
2
1
1
2 2
2
2
2
2 2
= = =
ữ
+ = = =
1
2
mở cộng h ởng 120 2 cos 100
6 6
Khi đóng 30 30 dùng số phức 30 đúng chọn đáp án .
u i
C
K u t V
u
K Z i Z B
i
#$A'pA/-Sc+V%E0vT`[email protected]%D+S6/-S=/DE7.` 3\-pA/
`V-S=/DER9$:G@p%%CV%E0g-pA/R\Tf:@%+r/%Cn/-p+m
i%D+S9EA/*:39/t/%E-p`WT`a-pA/ `V+-S=/DE-2R9
(+$P* )+$:f +e* *+$*'
P P
H H H
H P P H
P
H H H P H
= =
=
= + =
=
= = = =
#$'!. /+T-pI E+0%7.` +2-p`p%n/-U7Q+6/&:#p+r/%C+m /+T
6/:f39+r/%C%n-p-U7Q++m 26/f:O> /+T+2>5 /aS=/WRS\-p
I E+0%+2-p`p%n/$$:#/S= 7_+@` /+T9E3\7.-pVW%?Vx7\7_+39
RS\-ppVW+2/VU. I3\/VU9 %-DEd
(+*(Š )+$&Š +**Š *+*ZŠ
#$'!.7E@@+231/+%.T+C`/C`$:R?+%.Q+C` -?%+%.T+C`7_+39
k
N
U V
U V
U
r
r
R
= + +
=
⇔ = + + = ⇔ =
=
=
= Ω
= Ω
#$'-575+@`"Q4/x7-pVW%?n+2%/i/
β
♦ +2
( )
0
180 cos cos 0,8
10
cos 80 90. .0,8
9
P UI I I A
β α β α
α
+ = ⇒ = − = −
= ⇔ = ⇔ =
♦ "-UR+V/ 7/+FG +2
( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 . cos
110 90 2 .90. 0,8 23,833
R R R
AB AC BC AC BC
U U U V
β
= + −
⇔ = + − − ⇔ =
*
(
*
+
*
* * P *
+ −
÷
+ −
α = = =
( )
o
(
+ $
P *
− = α =
o
( ( '
*
P * P * P *
⇒ = − = − =
( )
* *
*
* *
*a +m +S=/ 1/b% +%.DER9
F*;7F< Gf;7F< :f;7F<
*+:(;7F<
%!&!'
J*π
LC
JMoJ
*
*
P
π
T
G +ST/ 1/-Ry+-?%
*
*
:
LI
J
C
Q
*
*
:
JM•
:
*
J
LC
Q
*
I
9"C(+,D,*
#$ 75+ /RSW/o
$
$
39o
*
*
3\
$
J
*
J:$Ž~o
$
Jo
*
J$ŽG -?%+-p
+n
$
-@p%-p@Z#39n
*
-@p%-p@$*#Vx+75+ /=/ /_Ci>
vi 75+ /_-?% /ap%-p@V*n
$
39
*
+Rp+ %'#d
ZZ
$:$:$:
−−
J
$:
$:*
Z−
π
J*$:
YZ
G>%Q+-p`/t ++g+4++m n-p
%
$
J$*+ω;#<)%
*
JZ+ω;#<
%
$
s%
*
J$*+ωYZ+ω;#<JZ+ω
%
$
s%
*
JZ+ωJ[';#<YYYYM+ωJ[:(JM+
T
π
*
• AO
J
*
•
α
OO
YYYYM
*
α
J
AO
OO
•
•
$'(
:
J:Z&Z
YYYYMαJff*(
:
YYYYYYMϕJ'Z:
:
s*e:
:
sff*(
:
ϕJ$e(
:
J$e(Z:'$:
n
λ
*+
:
8; $<n n
λ
+
%!&!λ
:
J*π+
::
CL
λJ*π+
CL
:
#\J
:
h
n
C
:
J
n
nC <$;
:
+
YYYYYM
λJ*π+
CL
]}
F
α
]β
!
( )
2
A t
q
i
( )
2
B t
( )
1
A t
( )
1
B t
B
+ Tô ®ang tÝch ®iÖn cã 0 ®ang t¨ng nh h×nh vÏ.
+ Tô tÝch ®iÖn 0.
0
+ Trªn vßng trßn: chiÒu i tõ
0
A A
B
A
B
'
S\/2+\JZ:
:
>79%+m *+{7 R2//p %a V./+m +{7\+2/VUR\C6/
FP;
(
'
Y
'
$
<77G(;
(
'
Y
'
$
<77P;
e
'
Y
'
$
<77HP;
(
f
Y
'
$
<77
:
<YYYM V
$
J
(
'
V
*
J
*
n
i
J
'
Z:
:
J
*
$
;V
*
J':
:
<YYYYM V
*
J
'
$
>79%+m *+{7 R2//p %a->7R2+m
'
$
<77`F
#$A'V//p730/ /ig/++/t i"/R9$77ig/++v7^
`z/+Q i"-@79b% R9*(7’/+@%-@ i"/x7 /-T_+V/
3{//igi@+2S\+2/“$39“*J“$h:$Ž7Ng/++/?C/t 3D/+{/
79%3\3DV%/D7R9e(77‡+-U“$
F:PŽ7G:ZŽ7:(Ž7H:'Ž7
H +2iA/++*3D/R@`+{/79%3DV%/D7/R9ig/3DV{/
t/3D/V%/ %B 7g -@-DE"7+2>ƒ-Sc+-`
#$8V/D/30Fig/++/t *i"R9:f77ig/++v*i"-@79R9*7
/%x+@%-x/=*Q+I5-T_++2S\+2/e(:739(::7BV/3{// +2 V./
$:77;IQ/ %b% #<+2 %3D/+279%//79%+m #d
FZGP'H(
%!&!#UV3D/+279%//79%3D/V%/D7IJi
$
$
Ji
*
*
i
$
$
Ji
*
$:f:
$:e(:*
−
−
J'e(;77<
3D/79%//79%3D/V%/D7Y(uIJ'e(u(YMY$''uu$''
$
*
•
$
•
*
YMY$≤≤$YM-N8.!,3G;JY$):)$< =,D,+
#$8'V//p7/ /+2QT+2/λv:Pµ7-@:eµ7Ng/++/t /%xi@
c`R9 J*77v /%x-@79R9HJ$*75->7!++3D/V%/D77.ig/I
!
J$&(77+2
t/Q+I59+3D/
F+2$Q+I5G+2'Q+I5+2fQ+I5H+2PQ+I5
#$.!&!'5!+23D/@%I
!
J
Nn ∈
'
*$&( '*(
; <
$*$:
M
#$.!&!'B*O?'
'*(
; <f x
x
=
9P(E9O*9POQ9
RST$& UV&.VWD &!- =9"X>X?X@
#$8'V//p7•YD/30/ /@% i"/-T_++2S\+2/
“
$
J:ZŽ7aV79b% CE+2Z3D/R@`++ %&77@%+@% i"-x/=
Q+I5“
$
39“
*
a/S= CE5!++3DV%/D7$:f773D+279%//3DV%/D7V/
ig//t !393D/V%/D7+1+2*3UV3D///79%3DV%/D7GS\+2/+m Q+
I5“
*
R9
(+:PŽ7)+:'fŽ7+:Z(Ž7*+:eZŽ7
%!&!Ng/3D
$
J&778;ZY$<J$f77
$
$:f
Z
$f
M
*
$*
λ
V/P/VU+m Q+I5“
*
-|++•+2
Q+I5“
J:P”7+iJ'R9/%E =(
#$88'!.RA/imE+2/2++@b% /FJe
:
+@%C+m RA/i-3\ 7R9
J$Z:P*@%
39RA/i7. /V_/S\/2+\B/2+Rp+/t R279%-B39 7R9
D
∆
J:::P(V @%C
+m RA/i-3\/79%-BR9
(+
-
J$Z::( )+
-
J$(fe* +
-
J$(e&f *+
-
J$(Ze*
%!&!
h2+Rp++m 7• R9HJ;s$<F
+>"
+">
+>
+>
:'Z$$
∆H
#$8+V//p7%//+2S\+2/(::7R9+D-S=/+ 53%r//2+v$
\79!oy+-?%/S= CER9$+4+-5/ HU+!9!V I i"$39*-@i5
UVp%A/RSc//R?Q$a U+R9$8e7>A/RSc/5R5Vp%a`gU+79
I 7CR9$Z8'(7Ng/++ i"$39*R9
F$f77 G*77 $77 H:(77
%!&!V//7•D/3UV3D/393D
I
Ji)I
J;iY:(<3\iJ$*'
>7++3DV%/D7I
gSRy+-?%5R93D/,+i
IJiJi
a
D
λ
;$<
NU+79V I R?QC
5R93DQi)IJ;iY:(<
a
DD <;
$
∆+
a
JM
*
J*iλHJ*P:($:
YZ
$JP$:
YZ
JM79+
8
C9CC+ =)
#$8"'V//p7/ /+2QT+2/λv:Pµ7-@:eµ7Ng/++/t /%xi@
c`R9 J*77v /%x-@79R9HJ$*75->7!++3D/V%/D77.ig/I
!
J$&(77+2
t/Q+I59+3D/
F+2$Q+I5G+2'Q+I5+2fQ+I5H+2PQ+I5
)H!'5!+23D/@%I
!
J
Nn ∈
'
*$&( '*(
; <
$*$:
M
M
a XD
x n mm m
a n D n n
λ
λ
J:'
m
µ
397.C7i7R5a,-Sc+++
b% /"+23D++4+-5R?RScR93
$
J*$:
(
78393
*
JP$:
(
78@%6/Q+I5+2S\+2/
'
λ
J:*
µ
7a
3,++4+-5+m b% /-pƒR9
$8e7$Z8'(7
H
H
•••
F($:
(
78G*
e
$:
$$
;
*
$
*
*
$*
vvmhc −=−→
λλ
*
'
'
*
$
mvA
hc
+=
λ
<*<;;
*
$
<
$$
;
*
$
*
'
$'
vvmhc −=−→
−
−
=
−
−
λλ
λλ
%!&!
+2
$
λ
hc
JFhO
-$
;$<
*
λ
hc
JFhO
-*
;*<
'
λ
hc
JFhO
-'
;'<
H3
*
J*3
<;P<
O
-'
J
'
λ
hc
YFJ+;
'
$
λ
Y
$
'
P
λ
h
*
'
$
λ
<J+
'*$
'$'**$
'
P'
λλλ
λλλλλλ
+−
;$<
'
đ
đ
W
W
J
'*$
'$'**$
<;
P'
λλλ
λλλλλλ
−
+−
JeJM
$
'
v
v
J
e
9K1
8
91
e
9
e
+
"
$
:$
$ h
Ue
hchc
+=⇒
λλ
λ
;$<)
hN{/
$
:
*
:*
*
'
hh
Ue
hc
Ue
hchc
==+=⇒
λλλ
λ
;*<
hv;$<39;*<
<;ZZe:
'
*
$*
•
λ
hc
}`rr+m /`b% /`V V/$
p%%C+m 4`b% /J
•
••
λ
λ
N
N
P
P
=
JM}J
λ
λ
•
J*:$*$:
$:
:&
Pf:
ZP:
J*P$PP$:
$'
=)
#$8A'@%R?RSc'Q+I5-T_++2S\+2/"•Rp
($*$
'*$
=
* *
;*< ' *
* * $
;'< ;*< $
Z *
;'<
$( *
hc mv
A
hc mv
hc mv
HD A k
k
hc mv
k
hc mv
A k
λ
λ
λ
λ
λ
= +
− ⇒ =
J:&'*$:
$(
JM•}J$*(•s:*(F8J$Z'&$:
$(
…JMλJ9-ZYJ9F@8+
>
C9F@8[C+,D,
%!&!'
’`n/-UR%,FY‡
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
$&
$( $(
'P
$
$*( *
$
:*( : *('fZ$Z$:
$*( $*( $*($($: $ZP*$:
ZZ*($:
*
A A
B B MAX A A MAX MAX A
A B
SAU A MAX
A
SAU A A SAU
⇒ = + − ⇔ = − = − ≈
⇒ =
( )
f
$(
'$:
:$f'
$ZP*$:
SAU
m
µ
= ≈
#$'o …"F`V +{7Q+I5+2S\+2/P::73\+r/%C:ZOo …"G`V +{7Q+I5+2S\+
2/“3\+r/%C:*OV/+{/7.-T3U=/ `R …"F`V /C`*R?`R …"G
`V !.+C`b% /+2igA/`/79%-B39Rn+@%{/R …"Gi+++C`b% /V
a2`V /79%
(+7 )+-B +39/ *+Rn+
♦ ‡‚V/$/DE +2
( )
.
0,6
2. 0,6 .
. 0,2 0,4
A A B B
B
B B A
P N
YZ
7
%!&!' +2
*
$'Z
n
E
n
= −
0+—Y—7J*f(Z"#oCE*f(Z"#+ $'Z"# +2
*(( '
$'Z $Z
=
*\71H0V&.3W9K91HC9JM
7
* *
$'Z $'Z
— — ; < *(("#
* P
− = − =
/˜ R9/%Eƒ-Vr- /W7Q+A/RSc/;JP<N2+%E>v7Q+A/RSc/;3\JP<30!;3\
J'<a`V `rr+2S\+2/9C
* *
7 I
+ $'Z $'Z
; < :ZZ$"#
' P
= − =
P '
+ ZZ*($: '$:
$fe&((f$: 7
— — :ZZ$$Z$:
−
−
−
λ = = =
−
=*
#$8'!Q+A/RSc/+m /%Eƒ-VrWV5/v/-Sc+I+-U">%Q+
*
$'Z
n
E
n
= −
"#;J$
*'<++/%Eƒ-VrC`n++`+c`->+%E>RV5/i++i-2Q+I5+2
S\+2/i+ %0%C79++/%Eƒ+2>`V R9$:GS\+2//_CV/++Q+I5-2R9
(+::&($”7 )+P:(&”7 +:$*$e”7 *+:$:*e”7
%!&!Q+I5+2S\+2/i+ %79/%Eƒ+2>`V R9$:Q/3\J(
7
λ
hc
J—
(
s—
$
;`Vr<7
J$::e'%$%J&'$!"#8+
*
A/RSc/Ri@V/+m 5DR9
Be
$:
P
F:Z'*!"# GZ'*$(!"# Z'*(!"# HZ'*$('!"#
*%!&!'
YA/RSc/Ri@+m 5D
Be
$:
P
O
Ri
J™7+
*
J;P7
hZ7
s7
G"
<+
*
J::Ze&+
*
f
/DE
*%!&!' +2
: :
:
;$ < ;$ <
t t
A A
m m
N N N e N e N t
A A
λ λ
β
λ
− −
= ∆ = − = − ≈
3a;uu<
f
:
:Z&Z'
$Zf$:
A
m N
T s
N A
β
⇒ = ≈
#$>: G -?%+2*/ ;***<R9+C`2/I5+%ikV|/%Eƒ +1R5 %JP
*%!&!'RSc/+C-|`DV|
<*$;
:
−
−=∆ mm
J$&'e(/
⇒
(+
#$@: ‡‚`gQ/
*'*
&:
Th ›
*:f
f*
Pb + x
P
*
He + y
:
$−
œ
–
. ChC`2/I5+2+%ikV|R9 %=
/ J*a•5α395βR9
F
*
'
G'
((
!
J$:
Y$:
%$:/=@`-2a•/t
/%Eƒ+m R55VR9
(+$*($:
Y$$
)+'$*($:
Y$*
+Z*($:
Y$*
*+*($:
Y$$
*%!&!' %b%Va_`
((
!
6/TVi@y+a/%Eƒ+m
(Z
*(
!
/g7+1/%Eƒ
((
*(
!
ir/-† %$:/=JP+%ia/%Eƒ+m
(Z
*(
!
/g7*
R *
+
=
+
( )
R *
R $ i
=
+
*+
( )
*R *
R $ i
=
+
%!&!'
( )
( )
$ *
*
$ * * $ * *
$ $
* $ R * R $
$
*
R $
+
⇒ = ×
G