1
@uwi t i t DO m in h ite
Tdi co ca n dpc ch ucn g n ay khong?
Dau ucu <loc cliiAiug uav ucu bau cau on lai
bo&c boc vc
• •
Cum gioi tiif, dong vj ngir, cum dong tu
* ^ Su khac biSt giua m?nh & doc 12 p va mfnh & phi)
thuoc
MSnh di trang tu, m?nh di tmh tu, m?nh d£ quan h?
vk m2nh di danh tu
146
Clnfdng nay md d iu bang p h in ban luan cum
tuf, mot trong nhtfng phan quan trpng cau thanh cau.
Co nhigu loai cum ttf, bao gom cum gidi ttf ca cum tinh
ttf va cum trang ttf, dong vi ngff va cum dong ttf. Sau
do, b an se on ve menh d e, mot nhom ttf co chu ngff va d6ng ttf
rieng.
TSng quan cum tit
Cum tff (phrase) la mot nhom tff co chffc nang nhu mot tff loai trong
cau. Mot cum tff khong co chu ngff hay dong tff, v'l vay no khong the dffng
mot minh nhff mot ddn vi doc lap dffdc - no chi cd chffc nang nhff mot tff
loai thoi. Khi viet, ban dung cum tff de tang tinh chi tiet bang cach mieu
ta. Cum tff giup ban dien dat rd rang hdn.
Loai cum tijf
Gidi tff
hoac dai tff
Tinh tff
Trang tff
Dong vi ngff
Djnh nghfa

Dong danh tijf
Dong tijf
nguyen mau
Dang dong tif dtfdc
dung nhir mot tir loai
khac tir nguyen m lu
Cum dong tir c6 chtfc
nang nhir mQt tinh tir
Cum dong tir co chute
nang nhir mot danh tir
Cum dong tirco chute
nang nhir m Q t danh tir,
tinh tir hoiic trang tir
Xem phan Dong tinh
tir, dong danh tir vik
dQng tir nguyen mau.
Screaming loudly, the
baby was disconsolate.
La rat to, diia be khong
the do dUQc.
Working overtime
requires great sacrifice.
Lam vi^c ngoai gid can
phai co sU hy sinh rat Itk
To clean house on a
spring day is depressing
Don nha vao mot ngdy
mua xuan that Id chan.
Cum giat til
Cum gidi tir (prepositional phrase) la mot nhom tir bat dau b&ng mQt

lasted.
Dong 171 ngtt vd cum dong vf
Bong vj ngtf (appositive) la mot danh ttf hoac dai ttf dung de neu lai
mpt danh ttf hoac dai ttf khac. Bong vi ngff dtfdc dat ngay sau danh ttf
hoac dai ttf ma nd bd nghla. Cum dong vi (appositive phrase) la danh ttf
hoac dai ttfdi vdi phan bd nghla.
Lisa, a friend, should have understood my fear.
Lisa, m()t ngudi ban, le ra phai hieu ndi sd cua tdi.
Bong vi ngtf “a frie nd” dung de chi danh ttf Lisa.
Tom ’s new car, a PT Cruiser, ran out of gas on the highway.
Chiec xe nidi cua Tom, mot chiec PT Cruiser, het xdng tren dudng
cao tdc.
Bong vi ngtf “a PT Cruiser” dung de chi danh ttf car.
149
Lisa, a dear old friend, should have understood my fear.
Lisa, mot ngudi ban cu rat than, le ra phai hieu noi so cua tdi.
Cum dong vi “a dear old frien d” dilng de chi danh tif Lisa.
Tom ’s new car, a cherry red convertible PT Cruiser, ran out of gas
on the highway.
Chiec xe mdi cua Tom, mQt chiec PT Cruiser bd mui mau do anh
duo, het xdng tren dudng cao toe.
Cum dong vi “a cherry red convertible PT C ruiser' dung de chi
danh tir car.
Cum dong til
Dang dong tir (verbal) la mot dang cua dong tir diTdc dung nhir mot tir
loai khac. Dang dong tir co ba bien the: dong tinh tir (participle), dpng
danh tir (gerund) va dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive). Moi loai c6 chtfc
nang khac nhau trong cau:
• Dong tinh tir co chute nang nhir tinh tir.
• Dong danh tir co chufc nang nhir danh tir.

Cum dong tinh ttf “bothered by the m ess” bd nghla cho danh ttf
Nina.
4. Cum dong danh ttf (gerund phrase)
Dong danh ttf (gerund) la mot dong ttf cd chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf.
Dong danh ttf cd the lam chu ngtf, tan ngff trffc tiep (direct object),
tan ngff gian tiep (indirect object), tan ngff cua gidi tff (object o f a
preposition), chu vi ngit (predicate nominative), va dong vi ngd (ap
positive).
• Dong danh tff luon tan cung bang -ing.
• Dong danh tff luon cd chffc nang nhtf danh ttf.
In adult education, the Kitters discovered dancing.
Trong Idp hoc tai chiic, nhom Kitters dd phat hien ra mon khieu vu.
Dong danh ttf “dancing ” la mot tan ngtf trtfc tiep.
Giong nhtf dong tinh ttf, dong danh ttf co the la mot phan cua cum
tir.
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The slow, steady dripping annoyed him.
Nude chay nhd giot deu deu khien anh ta buc bqi.
Cum dong danh tiif lii “the slow, steady dripping. ’
Jill’s morning schedule includes exercising fo r a full hour.
Lich lam vi$c buoi sang cua Jill bao gom tap the due du nu}t titfng.
Cum dong danh tir la “exercising fo r a full hour. ’
Cum ddng til nguyen mclu
Dong tir nguyen mau (infinitive) la mot dang cua dong tir; n6 di sau
tir to va c6 chtfc nang nhtf mot danh ttf, tinh ttf hoSc trang tif. Mpt
cum dong ttf nguyen mau bao gom cic ttf bd nghla gop lai v& thtfc
hien chtfc nang cua mot ttf loai.
His goal, to get promoted before age 30, didn’t seem realistic.
Muc tieu cua anh ay, dUOc thang chiic trudc ndm 30 tuoi, dU(fng nhu
khong thuc te lam.

M£nh de dpc lap
they are not “playing. ”
chung khong phai “dang choi. ”
half of London was burnt down.
mot ntfa thdnh pho London
bi thieu rui.
all office-seekers in the Roman
Empire were obliged to wear a
certain white toga.
tat cd nhtfng ngudi muon lam
cong chtfc trong de che La Md
buoc phai mac m Q t loai do dai
trdng.
Menh de phu thuoc (dependent clause) lam tang thong tin cho menh
de chinh, nhtfng khong can co no mdi day du </. Mac dll moi menh de phu
thuoc trong bang tren deu co chu ngtf va dong ttf nhtfng n6 khong dien
dat mpt ^ hoan chinh. Vi vay, no khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc.
Mpnh de phu thuQC thtfdng bat dau b&ng mot ttf khien cho menh de
khong the dtfng mot minh dtfdc. Hay xem lai ba menh de phu thuoc trong
bang d tren. Nhffng tff dffdc dung d day bao gom when, in va for. Cac tff
nay dtfdc goi la lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction).
y y \ c ^
Ban kh6ng tht; xac dinh mot menh de la doc lap
hay phu thu6c ng'u chi dtfa vao d6 dai cua no.
153
Moi loai menh d£ d&u co th£ r^t dai hoftc rift ngSn - hoiic vifa
phai. Ngtfdi viSt klieo thtfdng bi£n tifu d6 dai cua cac m^nh d£ d£
tao ra nhip di$u, stf cSn bang va y nghla trong bai vi£t cua hp.
Lien ttf phu thuoc (subordinating conjunction) c6 tic dung lien ket
menh de doc lap vdi menh de phu thuoc. Moi hen ttf phu thuoc dien dat

ndi chon
ket qua, he qua
thdi gian
154
C6 ba loai menh de phu thupc: menh de trang tir (adverb clause),
i<?nh de tinh tir (adjective clause), va menh de danh tir (noun clause).
1. Menh de trang tir
Menh de trang tir la mot menh de phu thuoc bo nghla cho mot
dong tir, tinh tir hoSc trang tir khac. Giong nhir trang tir, menh de
trang tir tra Idi cho nhffng cau hoi sau:
Where? Why? When?
To what extent? Under what condition? In what manner?
Ban co the dat menh de trang tir 6 dau, giffa hoac cuoi cau.
• Menh de trang tff d dau cau:
Wherever Misty goes, she leaves broken hearts behind.
Misty di tdi dau, co ay deu de lai nhtfng trdi tim tan vd phia sau.
Menh de trang tff “wherever Misty goes” bd nghla cho dong tff
“leaves
• Menh de trang tff d giffa cau:
Fritz liked the meal more than Tish did because she is a picky eater.
Fritz thich btfa an hdn Tish bdi vi co ay Id ngtfdi ken an.
Menh de trang tff “more than Tish did ” bo nghla cho trang tff more.
• Menh de trang tff d cuoi cau:
Harvey wanted to change his appearance because he was wanted
for embezzlement.
Harvey muon thay doi ngoai hinh vi anh ta bj truy nd ve toi tham o.
Menh de trang tff “because he was wanted for embezzlement” bd
nghla cho dong tff change.
2. Menh de tinh tff
Menh de tinh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc bd nghla cho danh tff va

Menh de danh tff la mot menh de phu thuoc co chffc nang nhir mpt
danh tff.
Tracey does whatever her parents ask her to do.
Tracey lam bdt cti viec gi bd me yeu cdu cd lam.
Menh de danh tff la “whatever her parents ask her to do
The teacher did not accept my excuse that the dog ate my home
work.
156
Thay khong chap nhan Idi bao ch ita la con cho dd an mat bdi tap ve
nhd cua toi.
Menh de danh tuf li “that the dog ate my homework. ”
Cum tu (phrase) li mpt nhom tu khong co chu ngu
ho2c dpng tu, co chuc n3ng nhu mpt tu loai. Cum tu
khong thf dung mot minh nhu mpt don vj dpc lip.
Cum gidi tu (prepositional phrase) b it diu vdi mot gidi
tur vi k<5t thuc being mpt danh tur hoSc dai tu; cum gidi
tur co chuc n3ng nhu mot cum tinh tu (adjectival phrase)
ho3c cum trang tu (adverbial phrase).
f>ong vj ngu (appositive) dung dS chi mpt danh tu ho3c
dai tu khic; cum dong vi (appositive phrase) bao gom
ci phin bo nghla.
Dang dong tur (verbal) li cic dang cua dong tu dupe
dung nhu mot tu loai khic. Pong tinh tur (participle) co
chuc ning nhu tinh tu; dpng danh tu (gerund) co chuc
ning nhu danh tu; dong tur nguySn mlu (infinitive) co
chuc nang nhu danh tu, tinh tu ho|c trang tur.
M|nh di doc lap / mfnh di chinh (independent / main
clause) li mot ciu hoin chinh.
M?nh di phu thupc / mfnh di phu (dependent / sub
ordinate clause) li mpt phin cua ciu; no khong thf

danh tff hoac dai tff khac.
11. Dang dong tff la mot dang dong iff dtfdc xem nhtf mot
tff loai khac.
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12. Dang dong tiif cung y het nhu1 cum dong vi.
13. Dong tinh ttfco chtfc nang nhtf tinh ttf.
14. Dong ttf nguyen mau co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf.
15. Dong danh ttf co chtfc nang nhtf danh ttf, tinh ttf hoac
trang ttf.
16. Dong tinh ttf hien tai luon luon tan cung being -ing (kiss
ing, leaping, moaning.)
17. Dong tinh ttf qua khtf thtfdng tan ciing bang -ed, -t hoSc
-en nhtf trong smoked va burnt.
18. Dong danh ttf luon tan cilng bling -ing va co chtfc nang
nhtf dong ttf.
19. Cum ttf in nghieng trong cau sau la dong ttf nguyen
mau:
Why did the chicken cross the road?
Tai sao con ga lai bang qua dudng?
To Ernest Hemingway: To die. In the rain.
Tdi Ernest Hemingway: Chet. Trong mUa.
20. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot
cum tinh ttf:
I met a woman who works with your uncle.
Tdi gap mot ngudi phu nit lam viec vdi cau cua ban.
21. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot
cum tinh ttf:
Whenever he travels, Steve collects souvenirs.
Di tdi dau, Steve deu sUu tap do luu niem.
22. Phan in nghieng trong cau sau co chtfc nang nhtf mot

4. Lien tff (tinh tff, phu thuoc) lien ket menh de doc lap
vdi menh de phu thuoc.
5. Lien tff unless chi (thdi gian, dieu kien.)
6. Lien tff although chi (sff tffdng phan, ket qua.)
7. M enh de phu thuoc cung y het nhir (dong tff nguyen
mau, menh de phu.)
8. Tat ca menh de phu thuoc deu la (menh de phu, cau
hoan chinh.)
9. Khi menh de phu thuQC b ii dau b&ng lien tff phu thuoc
v& mpnh de n£y dtfng trtfdc m<?nh de d0c lap thi phai
tdch cic menh de b&ng (dau phay, dau hai cham.)
10. Vdi trang tir, menh de trang tif tra Idi nhffng cau hoi
sau: Cf dau? Tai sao? Khi nao? (Theo phufdng thffc nao?
loai n&o?)
11. Menh de tinh tff b^t dau b&ng mot dai tff quan he dtfdc
goi la menh de (gidi tff, quan he).
12. Dai tff quan he bao gom: who, whom, whose, which,
(that, there).
13. Dung which va that neu tien ngff la mot (ngffdi, vat.)
14. Nhdm tff sau day la mot menh de (phu thuoc, doc lap):
If the no. 2 pencil is the most popular, why is it still no.
2?
Neu but chi so' 2 dffdc dilng nhieu nhat thi tai sao no
van la sd 2?
15. Nhdm tff in nghieng sau day la mot menh de (phu thuoc,
doc lap):
If most car accidents occur within 5 miles of home, why
doesn’t everyone just move 10 miles away?
Neu hau het cac tai nan xe hdi xay ra trong vong 5 dam
quanh nha, tai sao moi ngffdi khong di cach xa 10 dam?

(d) However
6. What is the prepositional phrase in the following sen
tence?
The hotel on the beach is always crowded.
(a) The hotel
(b) Is always crowded
(c) On the beach
(d) The beach is
7. What is the appositive in the following sentence?
The expressway, built in 1950 with federal funds, is
badly in need of repair.
(a) The expressway
(b) Is badly in need
(c) Of repair
(d) Built in 1950 with federal funds
8. What is the participle phrase in the following sentence?
The toast, thoroughly burnt, sent a foul odor through
the house, but Skip ate it anyway.
(a) The toast
(b) Thoroughly burnt
(c) Sent a foul odor through the house
(d) But Skip ate it anyway
9. What is the independent clause in this sentence?
If work is so terrific, how come they have to pay you to
do it?
(a) How come they have to pay you to do it
(b) If work is so terrific
(c) How come they have
(d) To pay you to do it
10. What is the dependent clause in this sentence?

called?
I f you ate pasta and antipasta, would you still be hun
gry?
(a) Dependent phrase
(b) Independent clause
(c) Dependent clause
(d)Independent phrase
164
15. What is the italic word group in the following sentence
called?
Hermione wanted her name changed because it was
hard to pronounce.
(a) Adverb clause
(b) Adverb phrase
(c) Infinitive phrase
(d) Sentence
Q d p i*
Cau h o i dung - sai
l.T
2. F
3. T
4. F 5. T
6. F
7. F
8. T
9. T 10. F
11.T
12. F
13. T 14. F
15. F

6. c
7. d
8. b
9. a
10. a
1 1 .d
12. b
13. c 14. c
15. a
166
Gh iMng i
<'D ie t (-tin d u n g o il
lio a it c h in h
Tdi co ca n dpc chirong nay khong ?
Ban ucu doc clii/dug nay ucu ban can on lai
ho&c lioc vc
• •
Xic dinh c2u
Bon chuc n3ng cua cin
Bon dang c2u
Xic dinh vi sua loi hai cau dinh liln (run-on sentence)
Xic dinh vi sua ciu chua hoin chinh (fragment) vi hai
cau dinh liln noi voi nhau b&ng d«fu phay (comma
splice)
167
K l i d i d o n g
0 day chung ta se tip trung vio ciu v i nhtfng thinh
p hin ciu trdng co ve nhtf mQt ciu ho in chinh. Trtfdc
tien, ban se kham pha c ic h x ic d|nh ciu dtfa trfin
chtfc ning va dang thtfc cua c iu . Sau d6 ban se t|p

Some toothpastes contain antifreeze.
MQt sd kem ddnh rdng chtfa chat chdng dong.
VI vay, cau l i mQt nhdm tiif c6 hai phan chinh li phan chu ngff v i phan
vj ngtf. Chu ngff v i -vi ngff cilng nhau dien dat mQt ^ tffdng h oin chinh.
Neu nhan ra dffQc chu ngff v i dQng tff trong cau, ban se c6 the dam
bio ciu cua ban hoin chinh v i ro ring. B e kiem tra xem ban da dtfa chti
ngff vi d0ng tff vio cau hay chffa, hay lim theo cic bffdc sau:
• Be tim chu ngff, hay hdi “Cau niy dang mi6u tl tff nio?”
• Be tim dQng tff chi hinh d0ng, hay hdi “Chii ngff lim gi?”
• Neu ban khong the tim ra dQng tff chi hinh dQng, hay tim mQt dQng
tff lien ket.
YV\q&
Trong cfiu hoi, d6ng tff thtfdng dffng trtfdc chu ngff.
Vi dy: “Is the ice cream in the freezer?” (C6 p h a i
kem b trong tu khong?) Ddng tff li is; chu ngff l i ice
cream.
Bin M e ndng khac nhau c&a cdu
Ben canh cich phan bi?t cau dffa tren so ltfdng menh de trong ciu ,
chdng ta c6 the phan loai cau theo chffc nlng cua chung. Trong tiefng
Anh, cSu c6 bdn chffc ning: tffdng thuat (declarative), elm thin (exclama
tory), nghi van (interrogative) va menh lpnh (imperative).
1. C iu tffdng thuat (declarative sentence) neu 16n mQt ^ tffdng. Cuoi
cau l i m0t dau cham.
Grasshoppers contain more than 60 percent protein.
Chdu chdu chtfa protein han 60 phdn trdm.
Insects are rich in necessary vitamins and minerals.
Con trung rat gidu vitamin va khodng chat.
Crickets are packed with calcium, a mineral crucial for bone growth.
Dechiia day canxi, mot thic khodng chat thiet yeu de phat trien xUctng.
Termites and caterpillars are a rich source of iron.