Native and Non-Native approaches to teaching
English as a Global Lingua Franca as
perceived by teachers and students at the
Faculty of English Language Teacher
Education, ULIS – VNU
Quan điểm của giáo viên và sinh viên khoa Sư
Phạm Tiếng Anh, ĐHNN – ĐHQGHN về định
hướng bản ngữ và phi bản ngữ trong giảng dạy
Tiếng Anh như một ngôn ngữ
trung gian toàn cầu
Đỗ Thị Minh Ngọc
University of Languages and International Studies
M.A. Thesis. English Language Teaching Methodology; Mã số: 60 14 10
Supervisor : Dr. Ngô Hữu Hòang
Năm bảo vệ: 2012
Abstract. The world‟s current movement towards teaching and learning English as a
default medium of international contacts has led to some revolutionary changes, first
and foremost, in perceptions of the native model. Many recommendations have been
made to move beyond the native speaker norms, and this trend is supported by not
only native but also nonnative English-speaking researchers and educators all around
the world. The conservative loyalty to the native speaker model, however, still
survives, especially in outer and expanding circle countries, including Vietnam. With
an attempt to contribute a classroom perspective to the issue, the researcher conducted
a survey on 100 students and 25 teachers at the Faculty of English Language Teacher
Education (ULIS – VNU) combined with focus group interviews so as to investigate
their perceptions of native and non-native approaches to ELT. The findings show such
divided opinions. At one extreme, a minority of FELTE teachers and learners hold a
strong belief that the native model should be the benchmark of perfection. At the other
References.
In English
Adamson, B. (2004). China’s English. A history of English in Chinese education. Hong
Kong SAR, China: University of Hong Kong Press.
Aguilar, M. J. C. (2007). Dealing with Intercultural Communicative Competence in the
Foreign Language Classroom. In E. A. Soler & M. P. S. Jordà (Eds.), Intercultural
Language Use and Language Learning (pp. 59-78): Springer Netherlands.
Aliakbari, M. (2002). Linguistic Imperialism, linguistic democracy and English
language teaching. Retrieved on July 17
th
, 2012 from
www.stc.arts.chula.ac.th/ITUA/ /Linguistic%20Imperialism.pdf
Alptekin, C. (1993). Target-language culture in ELT materials. ELT Journal, 47/2, 136-
143.
Baker, W. (2009). The Cultures of English as a lingua franca. TESOL Quarterly 43/4,
567- 592.
Barratt, L. & E. Kontra (2000). Native English-speaking teachers in cultures other than
their own. TESOL Journal 9/3, 19-23.
Bieswanger, M. (2007). Language and Education. In Bieswanger (2008).
Bieswanger, M. (2008). Varieties of English in current English language teaching.
Stellenbosch in Linguistics 38, 27-47.
Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. New York: Holt Rinehart Winston.
Bolton, K. (2003). Chinese Englishes. Cambridge: CUP.
Bolton, K. (2004). World Englishes. In A. Davies & C. Elder (Eds.), The handbook of
applied linguistics. Oxford: Blackwell.
Braine, G. (1999). Non-native educators in English Language Teaching. Mahwah, NJ:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
Braine, G. (2004). The non-native English-speaking professionals’ movement and its
research foundations. In Kamhi-Stein (Ed.), 9-24.
Hong Kong.
Cheung, Y. L., & Braine, G. (2007). The attitudes of university students towards non-
native speakers English teachers in Hong Kong. RELC Journal 38(3), 257-277.
Chomsky, N. (1965). Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Cook, V. (1999). Going beyond the native speaker in language teaching. TESOL
Quarterly, 33, 185-209.
Cook, V. (2005). Basing teaching on the L2 user. In Llurda, E. (2005), Non-native
language teachers: Perception, challenges, and contribution to the profession.
New York: Springer.
Coppieters, R. (1987). Competence difference between native and near-native speakers.
Language 63, 544-573.
Cortazzi, M., & Jin, L. (1999). Cultural mirrors: Materials and methods in the EFL
classroom. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Culture in second language teaching, 196-219.
Cambridge: CUP.
Coskun, A. (2010). Whose English should we teach: Reflections from Turkey. ESP
World, 1/27
Crystal, D. (1997). English as a global language. Cambridge: CUP.
Crystal, D. (2004). The language revolution. Cambridge: Polity.
Davies, A. (1991). The Native Speaker in Applied Linguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh
University Press.
Denzin, N. &Lincoln, Y. (2000). Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage
Publication Inc.
Deterding, D., Brown, A., & Ee Ling, L. (2005). English in Singapore: Phonetic
research on a corpus. Singapore: McGraw Hil.
Dewey, M. (2007). English as a lingua franca and globalization: An interconnected
perspective. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 17, 332-354.
Do, H. T. (2000). Foreign language education in Vietnam: The emergence of English
and its impact on higher education. In J. Shaw, D. Lubeska, & M. Noullet (Eds.),
Language and development: partnership and interaction: Proceedings of the
Fourth International Conference on Language and Development. Bangkok: Asian
Longman.
Kachru, B. B. (1982). The other tongue. English across cultures. Urbana: University of
Illinois Press.
Kachru, B. B. (1985). Standards, codification and sociolinguistic realism: The English
language in the outer circle. Cambridge: CUP.
Kachru, B. B. (1986). The Alchemy of English: The Spread, Functions and Models of
Non-native Englishes. Oxford: Pergamon Press
Kachru, B. B. (1989). Teaching World Englishes. Indian Journal of Applied Linguistics,
15/1, 85-95
Kachru, B. B. (2005). Asian Englishes: Beyond the canon. China: University of Hong
Kong Press.
Kamhi-Stein, L., Aagard, A., Ching, M-S, A. Paik & L. Sasser. (2004). Teaching in
kindergarten through grade 12 programs: Perceptions of native and nonnative
English-speaking practitioners. In Kamhi-Stein (ed.), Learning and teaching from
experience: Perspectives on nonnative English-speaking professionals. Ann Arbor,
MI: University of Michigan Press.
Kim, T. (2007). The interrelations among accentedness, comprehensibility,
intelligibility, and interpretability of nonnative English speaking teachers from the
perspectives of English as a Second Language students. Master‟s thesis, California
State University, Los Angeles.
Kirkpatrick, A. (2002). Englishes in Asia: Communication, identity, power and
education. Melbourne: Language Australia.
Kramsch, C. (1993). Context and Culture in Language Teaching. Oxford: OUP.
Kresovich, B. M. (1988). Error gravity: Perceptions of native-speaking and non-native
speaking faculty in EFL. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. 311 732).
Kubota, R. (2002). The impact of globalization on language teaching in Japan. In D.
Block & D. Cameron (Eds.), Globalization and language teaching. London:
Routledge.
Kuo, I-C. (2006). Addressing the issue of teaching English as a lingua franca. ELT
Journal, 60/3, 213-221.
context. ELT Journal, 57/2, 139-148.
McKay, S. L. (2003). Toward an appropriate EIL pedagogy: re-examining common ELT
assumptions. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 13/1.
Melcher, G. & Shaw, P. (2003). World Englishes. London: Arnold.
Medgyes, P. (1992). Native and Non-native: who‟s worth more. ELT Journal, 46/4, 340-
349.
Medgyes, P. (1994). The non-native teacher. London: Macmillan.
Medgyes, P. (1999). Language training: A neglected area in teacher education. In
Braine (Ed.), 177-196.
Medyes, P. (2001). When the teacher is a non-native speaker. In M.Celce-Murcia (Ed.),
Teaching English as a second or foreign language. Boston: Heinle & Heinle.
Meierkord, C. (2002). ‘Language stripped bare’ or ‘linguistic masala’? Culture in
lingua franca communication. Frankfurt A.M.: Peter Lang.
Merino, I. G. (1997). Native English - Speaking Teachers versus Non-Native English-
Speaking Teachers. Revista Alicantina de Estudios Engleses 10, 69-79.
Modiano, M. (2001). Linguistic imperialism, cultural integrity, and EIL. ELT Journal
55/4, 339- 346.
Modiano, M (2005). Cultural studies, foreign language teaching and learning practices,
and the NNS practitioner. In Llurda (Ed.), 25-43.
Morita, N. (2004). Negotiating participation and identity in second language academic
communities. TESOL Quarterly, 38/4, 573-603.
Moussu, L. (2002). English as a second language students’ reactions to nonnative
English speaking teachers. In Moussu, L., & Llurda, E. (2008).
Moussu, L. (2006). Native and nonnative English-speaking English as a second
language teachers: Student attitudes, teacher self-perceptions, and intensive
English program administrator beliefs and practices. In Moussu, L., & Llurda, E.
(2008).
Moussu, L., & Llurda, E. (2008). Non-native English speaking English language
teachers: History and Research. Language Teaching, 41/3, 315-348.
Nayar, P. B. (1994). Whose English is it? TESL-EJ 1.1, F-1.
Pride, J. (1981). Native competence and the bilingual/ multilingual speaker. English
World Wide 2.2, 141-153.
Quirk, R. (1985). The English language in a global context. In R. Quirk & H. G.
Widdowson (Eds.), English in the world: Teaching and learning the language and
literatures, 1-6. Cambridge: CUP.
Rampton, M. B. H. (1990) . Displacing the „native speaker‟: Expertise, affiliation and
inheritance. ELT Journal, 44/2, 97-101.
Reves, T., & Medgyes, P. (1994). The non-native English speaking EFL/ESL teacher‟s
self-image: an international survey. System, 22/3, 353-367.
Risager, K. (2006). Languge and culture: Global flows and local complexity. Clevedon:
Multilingual Matters.
Samarin, W. (1987). Lingua franca. In U. Ammon, N. Dittmar, & K. Mattheier (Eds.),
Sociolinguistics: An international handbook of the science of language and society
(pp. 371-374). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.
Schneider, E. W. (2011). English around the world. An introduction. Cambridge: CUP.
Seidlhofer, B. (1999). Double standards: teacher education in the expanding circle.
World Englishes 18/ 2, 233-245
Seidlhofer, B. (2001). Closing a conceptual gap: The case for a description of English as
a lingua franca. International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11, 133-158
Seidlhofer, B. (2003). A concept of international English and related issues: from ‘real
English’ to ‘realistic English’. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
Seidlhofer, B. (2004). Research perspectives on teaching English as a lingua franca.
Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 24, 209-239.
Seidlhofer, B. (2005). Standard future or half-baked quackery? In C. Gnutzmann & F.
Intermann (Eds.), The globalization of English and the English language
classroom, 159-173. Germany: Narr.
Selinker, L. (1972). Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 10, 209-
231.
Shank, G. (2002). Qualitative research: A personal skill approach. New Jersey: Merril
Prentice Hall.
Tollefson (Ed.), Language policies in education: Critical issues, 225-244. London:
Lawrence Erlbaum.
In Vietnamese
Hoang, Van Van (2010). Dạy Tiếng Anh không chuyên ở các trường đại học Việt
Nam: Những vấn đề lí luận và thực tiễn. Hà Nội: Nhà xuất bản Đại học Quốc gia
Hà Nội.
Hoàng, Văn Vân (2011). Vị thế của tiếng Anh trên thế giới và ở Việt Nam. T/c Ngôn
ngữ số 1, 11-18.
Ngô, Hữu Hoàng (2012). Tiếng Anh toàn cầu và giao tiếp liên văn hóa. Báo cáo hội
thảo khoa học-Đại Học Ngoại ngữ-Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội, 2012
Ngô, Hữu Hoàng (2012). Toàn cầu hóa và ngôn ngữ toàn cầu: Một nghiên cứu quốc tế
học về tiếng Anh- Công trình nghiên cứu khoa học cấp cơ sở - Đại Học Ngoại
Ngữ-Đại Học Quốc Gia Hà Nội, 2012
Võ, Thị Thao Ly (2009). Tiếng Anh “chuẩn” của người bản ngữ hay Tiếng Anh như
ngôn ngữ quốc tế? Tạp chí khoa học, 3, 5-11. Đại học Đà Nẵng.