CLOZE TESTS (20)
C1. Tibet (1)______up images of a mystic land. Snow-capped mountain peaks
pierce the blue sky and fierce chilly winds sweep the rolling grasslands.
Maroon-robed Buddhist monks pray in remote monasteries and (2)_____horsemen pound the rugged earth. People in this high plateau perform punishing
rituals like prostrating hundreds of miles in tattered clothes on pilgrimage.
Spirits, spells and flying apparitions are (3)____ of the Tibetan world. In short,
Tibet remains an exotica. Such images are largely the result of books by
Western travellers and explorers in the last century, which helped in keeping the
mystique (4)____. And when the Communist rulers took over Tibet in the 1950s
and began ——-(5)——____-Chinese language and culture on the people,
Tibet’s own history started to (6)——–in the background. Thus, the only books
available in English to Tsering Wangmo Dhompa as a young girl growing
(7)____ in India and Nepal as a refugee- (8)______those written by Westerners,
and so she came to view the country as a forbidden land, a place where fantasy
and fable collaborated (9)____ a dramatic backdrop of mountains, black magic
and (10)____ with strange customs and appearances.
#####
C2. Many people believe high heels (1)______ women look good. So much so,
it (2)_______ that the organisers of the Cannes Film Festival reportedly barred
women in flat shoes from walking the red carpet. But all this glam comes at a
cost: wearing heels over 10cm (3)______ can damage your ankles. A study by
Hanseo University in South Korea suggests that continuous (4)_______ exposes
women to the risk of strains, and makes them prone to losing their balance. A
total of 40 women who wear high heels at least three times a week took part in
the study. The strength of their ankles (5)______ measured regularly:
researchers found that two (6)______ the four main muscles became dominant
after a period of between one and three years. This created (7)______ imbalance
in their feet. Dr Yong-Seok Jee from Hanseo University said that the habit of
wearing heels (8)_______ result in deformed feet, back pain and unhealthy
(9)______ patterns. He recommends that women limit the use of these kinds of
shoes and (10)______ their ankle muscles properly.

merging of body and bionics, but (10)_______of mind and machine.
#####
C5. (1)______ is what you use to buy things. You may (2)______ money from
completing household chores, getting good grades, for your allowance, or for
losing a tooth. Money is very important in our world and (3)_____ in many
different forms. People have been using money for hundreds of years. Before
money gave specific values for things, people simply traded items. In the United
States, we use the (4)______ as our currency or money, but people in different
parts of the world use different (5)______, though some countries also use or
accept our dollars. People earn money from the (6)______ they work and use
that money to save for the future or pay for their houses, cars, good, taxes,
medical needs, and (7)_______ items, among (8)_____ things. Even things such
(9)_____ turning the lights on, using the air conditioning or (10)_______, and
connecting to the internet cost money.
#####
C6. Banks are (1)______ where people can keep their money. Most people use
banks to save money in their savings (2)______ and to pay money from their
checking accounts. Today, when a person earns money from their (3)_____,
their paycheck is often electronically deposited (put) into their savings or
checking account. Then, he or she can pay their bills by (4)______ checks from
their checking accounts or pay online where their bills are electronically
connected to (5)______bank accounts. Banks also give loans to people. Banks
use the money that their customers deposit (6)______ lend to people to buy new
houses, cars, or to start businesses among other reasons. The bank (7)_____
money from lending by charging interest. In other words, people have to pay
back more than they (8)______. This amount depends on how risky (9)_____


bank thinks the borrower is and how fast the (10)_____ is paid back among
other things.

marine mammal is one that lives in the (1)_____. Dolphins are found all over
the world’s oceans as well (1)_____ in rivers and marshes. Dolphins are
carnivores, meat eaters, and (3)_____on fish, squid, and other marine life. They
often swim together in groups called ‘pods’. They are thought to have powerful
eyesight and hearing, but do (4)_____ have a sense of smell. Dolphins come in
different sizes. Some are smaller than the average person, but others, such as the
orca, can be 30 feet (5)_____, or more than five times as long as the average
person. Dolphins are thought to be very (6)_____t and communicate with each
other using clicks and whistles. All dolphins are powerful (7)_____. Have you
ever (8)_____ (9)_____ dolphin? Groups of dolphins can often be seen bobbing
in and (10)_____ of waves close to the shoreline.
#####


C10. Did you know that spiders are (1)_____ insects? They are actually called
arachnids, a group of animals related to insects that have eight (2)_____ and that
have venom. There are many different kinds of spiders. They live all over the
world and can be (3)_____ in just about every habitat. Most like (4)_____
places, (5)_____ may include your home, closets, or basement. Spiders are very
interesting. Some spin silk webs to (6)_____ and eat prey, while others attack
their prey. Some spiders, like tarantulas, are large enough to eat lizards and
mice! Many people are afraid (7)_____ spiders because they bite. Most spiders,
however, will only bite (8)_____they think they are danger and most are
harmless. Spiders are (9)_____ helpful to people (10)_____ many eat insect
pests like cockroaches and mosquitoes.
#####
C11. The French and Indian War, also known (1)_____ the Seven Years War,
began in the Spring on 1754. The dispute arose over the presence of British and
French settlers in the Ohio River (2)_____ in and around present day Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, but resulted (3)_____ battles that were fought far from there. Both

overgrown by jungle; and Bayon.
#####
C13. The Battle of Lake George was fought on September 8, 1755. British
forces of 1,500 soldiers and 200 Mohawk Indians (1)_____ the command of
William Johnson defeated (2)_____ much larger allied French and Indian force
of 3,500 under German General Baron Dieskau. The battle (3)_____ when
French and Indian forces ambushed a group of Massachusetts and Connecticut
regiments on (4)_____ road between Lake George and Ft. Edward. Although the
regiments were pushed back, they were able to (5)_____ off French and Indian
assaults on their base camp. Meanwhile, New Hampshire and New York
regiments were sent from Fort Edward to reinforce the (6)_____regiments. On
the way, these regiments seized a French baggage train along with critical
supplies. An astonished General Dieskau (7)_____also captured, and the French
and Indian troops (8)_____ scattered away from (9)_____ main battle. The
events of the battle of Fort William Henry were depicted in the famous novel
(10)_____ James Fenimore Cooper, The Last of the Mohicans.
#####
C14. George Washington (1)_____ born on February 22, 1732 in Westmoreland
County, Virginia, although he grew up near Fredericksburg. In his childhood
and adolescence, he studied math and surveying. When he (2)_____ 16, he went
to live with his brother Lawrence in Mount Vernon. George was scarred with
Smallpox before the age of 20, (3)_____ inherited his brother’s land, including
Mt. Vernon, when he died in 1752. Washington’s military career began in 1753,
when he was sent into Ohio country during the French and Indian War to protect
British interests in the area. (4)_____ 1754, he battled the French and was forced
to (5)_____r Fort Necessity, near present-day Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He
continued (6)_____ an officer in Ohio country, and served (7)_____ the British
general Edward Braddock when their army was ambushed by the French in
1755. Once again, Washington tasted defeat (8)_____ their surrender of Fort
Duquesne to French forces. Luckily for the future United States, the French

Steelers. It was during this time, (7)_____ Quarterback Troy Aikman, Running
Back Emmitt Smith and Wide Receiver Michael Irvin all became big stars. All
three would eventually (8)_____ members of the Pro Football Hall-of-Fame.
The Cowboys won their last Super Bowl (9)_____ 1995 and haven’t made it
back since. That hasn’t discouraged owner Jerry Jones from spending big bucks,
though. In 2009, Cowboys Stadium opened. It can hold over 110,000 people,
making it the (10)_____domed stadium in the world. It cost over one billion
dollars to build.
#####
C17. In 1274, Italian explorers Marco (1)_____ Niccolo Polo set out on a 24
year (2)_____ in which they traveled the famous Silk Road from Italy, through
brutal deserts and towering mountains (3)_____ eastern China. They (4)_____
over 4,000 miles in all. Marco and Niccolo were among the very first Europeans
to explore the fabled empire of China. In China, Marco Polo even worked for
ruler Kublai Khan. Polo (5)_____ his experiences and findings in China by
writing a book. Polo described materials and inventions never before (6)_____
in Europe. Paper money, a printing press, porcelain, gunpowder and coal were
among the products he wrote about. He also described the vast wealth of Kublai
Khan, as well (7)_____ the geography of northern and southern China.
European rulers were very interested (8)_____ the products Polo described.
However, trading for them along the Silk (9)_____ was dangerous, expensive
and impractical. European rulers began to wonder if there was a sea route to the
east to get the products they wanted at a reasonable (10)_____.
#####
C18. Rainbows are often (1)_____ when the sun comes out after or during a
rainstorm. Rainbows are caused when sunlight shines through drops of (2)_____


in the sky at specific angles. When white sunlight enters a raindrop, it exits the
raindrop a different (3)_____. When light exits lots of different raindrops at

(2)_____drying in the sun on a vine. In medieval Europe, raisins were used as
sweeteners, medicine, and even as a form (3)_____money. In America, raisins
were first grown after an 1873 heat wave in California destroyed its valuable
grape crop, leaving only dried, wrinkly, but tasty grapes on the vines. Soon,
farmers (4)_____ developing seedless grapes in California that were thinskinned and sweet. These grapes (5)_____ purposely dried in the sun and
became the popular dark raisin we eat and enjoy today. Later, a golden
(6)_____of raisin was made by treating grapes with a chemical (7)_____ sulfur
dioxide and using special methods to dry them. Today, central California
(8)_____ the center of the world’s raisin industry, (9)_____ nearly 95 percent of


the world’s raisins. Its green valleys, sunny climate, and hot temperatures
provide the perfect conditions for grapes (10)_____are dried into raisins.
#####


READING COMPREHENSION (20)

C1.Ant colonies have their own personalities, which are shaped by the
environment, a US study suggests. Colonies of several hundred ants show
differences in the way they behave, just like individual people do. The study is
published in the journal 'Proceedings of the Royal Society B'.According to
ecologists, having a personality means showing a consistent pattern of behaviour
over time. Researchers from the University of Arizona studied colonies of rock
ants across the western US, both by following them in the wild and by taking
whole colonies back to the lab.They found that certain risky behaviours, like
foraging widely for food and responding aggressively to a threat, went together,
and colonies further north tended to take more of these risks. The study suggests
those more adventurous personalities could be an adaptation to the limited
window of activity left by the long, snowy northern winter.

gradually banned in the 1980s. It was in the 1980s that many of us became
aware that small individual actions could harm the planet itself.Hairsprays were
cited as one of the causes of the hole in the Antarctic ozone layer. People were
told to wear sunscreen to avoid skin cancer as the layer thinned and more UV
light got through.By 1987 world governments had agreed to ban most of the
ozone-eating chemicals.The World Meteorological Organisation say at last the
ozone layer is showing signs of thickening, although it will be a while before
they know if the hole is actually healing.The same organisation warned earlier
this week that climate change was heading in the opposite direction with
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a record level.
#####
C5. You can live without air conditioning and indoor plumbing, but there are
some true necessities of life. You can't survive for long without food, water,
sleep, or air. Survival experts apply the ‘rule of threes’ to lasting without
essentials. You can go about three weeks without food, three days without
water, three hours without shelter, and three minutes without air. However, the
‘rules’ are more like general guidelines. Obviously, you can last a lot longer
outside when it's warm than when it's freezing. Similarly, you can last longer
without water when it's humid and cool than when it's hot and dry.The technical
name for starvation is inanition. It is extreme malnutrition and calorie
deficiency. A starving person is less sensitive to thirst, so sometimes death is
from the effects of dehydration. Vitamin deficiency may also lead to death. If a
person lasts long enough, the body starts using protein from muscles, including
the heart, as an energy source. Usually, the cause of death is cardiac arrest from
tissue damage and electrolyte imbalance.
#####
C6. Water is an essential molecule for life. Depending on your age, gender, and
weight, you consist of around 50-65% water, which is used to digest food, carry
oxygen and nutrients through the bloodstream, remove wastes, and cushion
organs. Since water is so critical, it should come as no surprise that dying from

#####
C8.How long a person can go without air is really a question of how long he can
go without oxygen. It's further complicated if other gases are present. For
example, breathing the same air over and over is more likely to be lethal because
of the excess carbon dioxide rather than the depleted oxygen. Death from
removing all oxygen,like a vacuum, may occur from the results of the pressure
change or possibly temperature change.When the brain is deprived of oxygen,
death occurs because there is insufficient chemical energy to feed brain cells.
How long this takes depends on temperature, metabolic rate, slower is better,
and other factors.If oxygen deprivation occurs some other way, perhaps from
drowning, for example, a person loses consciousness between 30 and 180
seconds. At the 60 second mark brain cells start to die. After three minutes,
lasting damage is likely. Brain death typically occurs between five and ten
minutes, possibly fifteen minutes.However, people can train themselves to make
more efficient use of oxygen. The world record holder for free diving held his
breath for 22 minutes and 22 seconds without suffering brain damage!
#####
C9. Studies suggest that teenagers often sacrifice their sleep time when it comes
to making choices about time management. The problem is, studies also show
that they need a lot more sleep than they probably get. More and more studies
are showing that there is a direct link between sleep and academic
success.According to a study by sleep expert Mary Carskadon, PhD, teens
should receive more than nine hours of sleep every night.Dr. Carskadon's study
suggests biology might be the cause for sleep deprivation among teens. Their
internal time clocks are just a little different during teenage years--and late
3


nights and sleep-ins are a natural part of growing into adulthood.Lack of sleep
makes it more difficult for students to concentrate in school, especially during

water moving over their gills so that they receive oxygen. So that means they
need to keep moving all the time... or do they? Some sharks do need to move all
the time, and these sharks seem to be ‘sleep swimming,’ with some parts of their
brain more active than others. Other sharks can rest, using spiracles to draw in
oxygenated water.
#####
C12. Money doesn't have any inherent value. Unless you enjoy looking at
pictures of deceased national heroes, money has no more use than any other
piece of paper until, as a country and an economy, we assign value to it. At that
4


point, it does have value, but the value isn't inherent; it's assigned and generally
agreed upon by users worldwide. It didn't always work this way. In the past,
money generally took the form of coins composed of precious metals such as
gold and silver.The value of the coins was roughly based on the value of the
metals they contained, because you could always melt the coins down and use
the metal for other purposes. Until a few decades ago paper money in different
countries was based on the gold standard or silver standard or some combination
of the two. This meant that you could take some paper money to the
government, who would exchange it for some gold or some silver based on an
exchange rate set by the government. The gold standard lasted until 1971 when
President Nixon announced that the United States would no longer exchange
dollars for gold. This ended the Bretton Woods system, which will be the focus
of a future article. Now the United States is on a system of fiat money, which is
not tied to any other commodity. So these pieces of paper in your pocket are just
that: pieces of paper.
#####
C13.If we print more money, prices will rise such that we’re no better off than
we were before. Why will prices go up after a money supply increase?In short,

occurs when forests are converted to agriculture production and pastures for
cattle. Forests are not logged for the commercial value of the wood itself, but
instead they are burned as the fastest way to clear land. Cattle are then brought
in to graze on grasses that now replace the trees. In some areas plantations are
put in, notably large palm oil operations. In other places, like Argentina, forests
are cut to grow soybeans, a major ingredient in pig and poultry feed.
#####
C15.The loss of forests means disappearing habitats for wildlife and degraded
watersheds, but it also impacts our climate in a multitude of ways. Trees absorb
atmospheric carbon dioxide, the number one greenhouse gas and contributor to
climate change. By cutting down forests we reduce the planet’s capacity to pull
carbon out of the atmosphere and achieve a balanced carbon dioxide budget.
Slash from forestry operations is often burned, releasing in the air the carbon
stored in the wood. In addition, the soil left exposed after the machinery is gone
continues to release stored carbon into the atmosphere.Forest loss affects the
water cycle, too. The dense tropical forests found along the equator release
phenomenal amounts of water in the air through a process called transpiration.
This water condenses into clouds, which then release the water further away in
the form of torrential tropical rains. It is too soon to really understand how
deforestation’s interference with this process affects climate change, but we can
be assured that it has consequences within and outside tropical regions.
#####
C16.Behavior is what we humans do. Behavior is observable and measurable.
Whether it is walk from one place to another or to crack our knuckles, behavior
serves some ‘function’ or the other.Applied Behavior Analysis, the research
based approach to modifying behavior, seeks to find the ‘function’ of an
inappropriate behavior in order to find a replacement behavior to replace it.
Every behavior serves some function, and provides a consequence,
reinforcement, for the behavior.When we successfully identify the ‘function’ of
the behavior we can reinforce an alternate, acceptable behavior that will replace

Grand Island College, a Baptist school. She moved to Custer County to teach
after graduation, but then returned home to recover from a bout of typhoid. In
1899, when Edith left her teaching position at the high school in Grand Island,
Grace took her position.Grace was able to study law at the University of
Nebraska from 1902 to 1903. She was the only woman in the class. She taught
at the University of Chicago’s School of Social Service Administration from
1934 to 1939, where her sister was the dean. She also served, during those
years, as editor of The Social Service Review which her sister had founded in
1927 with Sophonisba Breckenridge. In 1935 and 1937, she was a United States
delegate to the International Labor Organization. In 1938, she published the 2volume treatment of federal and state laws and programs protecting
children, The Child and the State.
#####
C19. The name ‘Canada’ comes from ‘kanata’,the Iroquois-Huron word for
village. Aboriginal people used the word to describe the village of Stadacona
(present-day Quebec City) to French explorer Jacques Cartier during his trip
along the St. Lawrence River in 1535. Cartier used the word Canada to refer to
both the settlement of Stadacona as well as the surrounding area, which was then
under the purview of Iroquois Chief Donnacona.By 1547, maps were showing
the name Canada applied to everything north of the St. Lawrence River. Cartier
referred to the St. Lawrence River as the ‘riviere du Canada’ and the name
began to take hold. Even though the French called the region New France, by
1616 the area along the great river of Canada and the Gulf of St. Lawrence was
7


still called Canada. As the country expanded to the west and the south in the
1700s, ‘Canada’ was the unofficial name of an area spanning the American
midwest, extending as far south as what is now the state of Louisiana. After the
British conquered New France in 1763, the colony was renamed the Province of
Quebec. As British loyalists began heading north during and after the American

3. The clowns in the circus made us______a lot.

4. Under no circumstances _________ animals.

5. We don’t take the umbrella. We wish that we would _____it.

6. ________ doesn’t surprise me at all.

7. The Pyramids ______ by the ancient Egyptians.

8. ________ me so disappointed.

9. You______not read those magazines.

10. Youthink that he will help you doing your homework, _____?

11. She is afraid of______.

12. They like Mathematics better ______.

13. The match brought excitement to thousands of TV_____too.

14. Measles _____ sometimes a serious disease.


15. A film is __________.

16. I'm tired ______ such repeating work.

17. ________ help us see and hear things happening on the other side of the

31. The young man _____a phone call.

32. He met his wife_____ a party.

33.He often goes ______ every morning.

34. Jack and his friends are talking to_______.

35. Because they don't have enough money to buy a bigger house, they must
make up their _____here.

36. She has a_____bill.

37. Daisy has been a teacher______three years.

38. Everybody was surprised____the news.

39. Shall we ring ____ a taxi?

40. This dress is too small_____me.

41. He lives _____ Hoang Dieu street.


42. If Daisy gets up early, she_____time for breakfast.

43. Peter is 37 years old, but he still lives _____his parents.

44. This girl is clever ____ to make fine things from paper.


I'm afraid there isn't enough _____ in the car for everyone.

53.

_____ beautiful collection of coins you have!

54.

My father_____three years ago.

55.

Do you mind if I turn on the radio? _________.

56.

The train_____

to Rome before I arrived.


57.

He has got a very good_____with that company.

58.

A football match is divided into two______.

59. The_____from Nha Trang to Da Lat was very interesting. It was almost

67.

His girlfriend stayed_____

68.

He_____the door, gets into the room and sits down.

69.

Lan has to look ____

70.

I don't know ___________

the farm alone for two weeks.

her sister tonight because her mother is absent.


71.

My children are looking forward _____ Christmas.

72.

I will fix your bicycle if I_____a screwdriver of the proper size.

73.

national civil service.

81.

Civil servants won’t leave their offices ______ 5 p.m.

82.

These piles of books are ____ cleaner than the others.

83.

Do you enjoy______ legal documents?


84.

She is _____ acadres nor an architect, she is a public employee.

85.

The man

86.

Steven gave you the book yesterday,_____?

87.

The movie “Me before you” was _____for her to see again and again.


They waited for a bus

96.

How long will it________ you to get home from work?

97.

The _______ of a football team usually wears a colored armband.

98.

Milk is used for _____ many products

______ a blue shirt is my brother.

____ in the kitchen.

_____ last year.

. ____ the end, they gave up and walked.


99.

Tom wants to ______the army.

100. My uncle's house, ______is beside the lake, is very beautiful.


115. The road built in 1980 ______ now.

116. The interview for local civil servant _____ next month.

117. New machines ______used on this farm now.

118. The weather was fine, and you could_____ along the beach.

119. Have you got _____doctor's phone number?

120. Reading is helpful in _____ the researchers’ knowledge.

121. His class kept ____on the book report last week.

122. We couldn't see the moon because there were so many

123. That's the hall _____ the meeting will be celebrated.

124. I am not able to go to see Mary with you. I wish I ____ go.

125. Team-work helps to strengthen our ______ both at work and in life.

126. Paul asked a stranger ________.

127. Traynor wishes Joana _____him, but she doesn't.