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CHAPTER 9
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

Q9-1. The most frequently used documents in the
procurement and use of materials are purchase requisitions, purchase orders, receiving reports, materials requisitions, bills of
materials, and materials ledger records.
Q9-2. The invoice should be routed to the
Accounting Department immediately upon
receipt. A copy of the purchase order and a
copy of the receiving report with an inspection
report should be compared by the accounting
clerk. When the invoice is found to be correct
in all aspects or has been adjusted for errors
or rejects, the accounting clerk approves the
invoice, attaches it to the underlying documents if they are in hard-copy form, and
sends these documents to another clerk for
the preparation of the voucher.
Q9-3. Inventoriable cost should include all costs
incurred to get the product ready for sale to the
customer. It includes not only the net purchase
price but also the other associated costs,
such as freight-in, incurred up to the time
products are ready for sale to the customer.
Q9-4. No, administration costs are assumed to
expire with the passage of time and do not
attach to the product. Furthermore, administrative costs do not relate directly to inventories, but are incurred for the benefit of all
functions of the business.
Q9-5. The three key questions to answer in designing an inventory control system are:
(a) how much to order—economic order

inflation-related price increases when purchases are deferred, and lost sales and customer goodwill.
Measurement of the costs of lost orders
and lost repeat business is not easy because
measurement may be largely subjective. On
the other hand, the other factors listed can be
measured with fair certainty and greater ease.
Q9-10. In computing optimum production run size, CO
represents an estimate of the setup cost and
CU is the variable manufacturing cost per unit.
Q9-11. (a) The order point is the low point of stock
level that, when reached, means a
replenishing order should be placed.
(b) Lead time is the interval between placing
an order and delivery of the ordered
goods.
(c) Safety stock is the minimum inventory
that provides a cushion against reasonably expected maximum demands and
against variations in lead time.
Q9-12. Materials requirements planning (MRP) is a
computer simulation that integrates each
product’s bill of materials, inventory status,
and manufacturing process into a feasible
production plan.

9-1


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9-2

that each batch taken from the
storeroom is composed of uniform
quantities from each shipment in
stock at the date of issue. The fifo
method is based on the assumption
that the first goods received are the
first issued. The lifo method is
based on the assumption that the
latest goods received are the first
issued.
Q9-17. Appendix In an inflationary economy, lifo provides a better matching of current
costs with current revenue
because costs of inventory issued
are at more recent purchase
prices. Net cash inflow is generally
increased because taxable income
is generally decreased, resulting in
payment of lower income tax.
Q9-18. Appendix Fifo. The higher costs of the earlier
purchases would be charged
against cost of goods sold.
CGA-Canada (adapted). Reprint with permission.
Q9-19. Appendix (a) fifo
(b) fifo
(c) fifo
(d) lifo
(e) fifo
(f) lifo
CGA-Canada (adapted). Reprint with permission.


.016 =
61.44
$280.00

Freight allocated to materials based on shipping weight:
$280
= $.20
1 400 kilograms
Part A:
Part B:
Part C:

630kg
440
330
1 400kg

×
×
×

$.20 =
.20 =
.20 =

$126
88
66
$280


Chapter 9

E9-3
(1)

Forecast usage:
January ...........................................................
February..........................................................
March...............................................................
Desired March 31 inventory level
(6,000 × 80%) ............................................
Total to be provided ...........................
Scheduled supply:
January 1 inventory .................................
On order:
January delivery.................................
February delivery ...............................
Quantity to order for March delivery ...........

(2)

4,800 units
5,000
5,600
15,400 units
4,800
20,200 units
6,000 units
3,800
4,600


EOQ =

2 × 100 × $5
1, 000
=
= 121 = 11 units
$55 × 15%
8.25

(2)

EOQ =

54, 000
2 × 2,250 × $12
=
= 90, 000 = 300 Ajets
.60
$3 × 20%

(3)

EOQ =

2 × (1,200 × 3) × $200
1, 440, 000
=
$25
25

= 35 orders per year
Economic order quantity
707
365 days
= 10.4 or every 10 days orders should be placed
35 orders

(5)

(a)

EOQ =

540, 000
2 × 18,000 × $15
=
$15 × 20%
3

= 180,000 = 424
(b)

18, 000
= 42..45 or approximately 42 orders per year
424
365 days
= 8.7 or approximately one order every 9 days
42 orders

(c)

600
365 days in year
= 12.167 or approximately
30 orderrs per year one order every 12 days

EOQ =

2 × 18, 000 × $15
540, 000
=
= 1, 080, 000
$2.50 × 20%
.50

= 1, 039 units


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9-6

Chapter 9

E9-4 (Continued)

(7)

(a)

EOQ =

Annual ordering cost =

EOQ =

(8)

2 × 5, 000 × $1, 000
10, 000, 000
=
$8 × 20%
1 .6

= 6, 250, 000 = 2,500 columns
(9)

(a)

EOQ =

2 × 12, 000 × $16
384, 000
=
=
$9 × 20%
1.80

213, 333

= 462 units
(b)


E9-4 (Concluded)

(10)

(a)

EOQ =

2 × 500 × $6
6, 000
=
=
$10 × .25
2.50

2, 400 = 49 units

500 × $6 $10 × .25 × 49
+
49
2
= $61.22 + $61.25 = $122.47 total ordering and carrying
cost perr year
(b)

49 + (49 × .10) = 54 units per order
500 × $6 $10 × .25 × 54
+
= $55.5


3, 600, 000
= 360, 000 = 600 units
10

Average inventory: 600 ÷ 2 = 300 units
Number of runs:
6,000 ÷ 600 = 10 runs
Proposed costs:
Carrying cost (.20 × $50 × 300)..............................
Production initiation cost (10 × $300) ...................
Expected annual savings .......................................

$3,000
3,000
$6,000
$9,600


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9-8

Chapter 9

E9-5
(1)
EOQ =
(2)


$450

735
1,140
2,700
$4170

$1,590

E9-6
(1)

Ordering and carrying costs under current policy:
⎛ 12
⎞ ⎛
500 ⎞
⎟= $2, 280 + $250 = $2, 530
⎜ × $380⎟+⎜ $1×
⎝2
⎠ ⎝
2 ⎠

(2)

Economic orde
er quantity and the related ordering and carrying costs:
380
2 × 3, 000 × $3
= 2, 280, 000 = 1, 510 units
$1

Cost of carrying inventory:
$1 × 755 ..............................................................
($1 – $.05) × 1,500 .............................................
Discount lost (3,000 × $5 × .05) .............................
Cost to order and carry ..........................................

$ 755

3,000 units
1
1,500 units

$ 380

755
1,425
750
$2,260

$1,805

CGA-Canada (adapted). Reprint with permission.
E9-7

E9-8
(1)

9,600 ÷ 240 = 40 units daily usage
Normal lead time usage (20 days × 40 units) ..............................
Safety stock ((35 days – 20 days) × 40 units) ..............................

Normal maximum inventory ..........................................................

3,000 units
2,500
500 units
3,500
4,000 units


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9-10

Chapter 9

E9-8 (Concluded)
(4)

Order point ......................................................................................
Minimum use during lead time (100 × 5)......................................
On hand at time order received ...................................................
Quantity ordered ............................................................................
Absolute maximum inventory .......................................................

3,000
500
2,500
3,500
6,000


Order point ......................................................................................
Normal use during lead time (120 × 12) ......................................
On hand at time order received ....................................................
Quantity ordered ............................................................................
Normal maximum inventory ..........................................................

2,400 units
1,440
960 units
3,000
3,960 units

(4)

Order point ......................................................................................
Minimum use during lead time (80 × 12)......................................
On hand at time order received ....................................................
Quantity ordered ............................................................................
Absolute maximum inventory .......................................................

2,400 units
960
1,440 units
3,000
4,440 units

CGA-Canada (adapted). Reprint with permission.
E9-10
Annual
Safety

Cost
Annual
per
Stockout
Stockout =
Cost
+
$75
$150.00
75
75.00
75
30.00
75
15.00

The recommended level of safety stock is 40 units.

Annual
Safety
Stock
Carrying
Cost ($1
per unit)
$10
20
40
80

Annual

Quan- Unit
tity Cost
200 $1.25
400
1.30
500

1.40

Issued
Inventory
Total Quan- Unit Total Quan- Unit
Cost
tity
Cost Cost
tity
Cost
500 $1.20
$250
700
1.21
520
1,100
1.25
560
$1.25 $700
540
1.25
700
1,040

500

1.40

15
25

27

Issued
Inventory
Total Quan- Unit Total Quan- Unit Total
Cost
tity
Cost Cost
tity
Cost Cost Balance
500 $1.20 $600 $ 600
$250
500
1.20 600
200
1.25 250
850
520
500
1.20 600
200
1.25 250
400

882


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9-12

Chapter 9

E9-11 APPENDIX (Concluded)
(3)

Lifo costing:

Date
Jan. 1
6
10

Received
Quan- Unit
tity Cost
200 $1.25
400

1.30

500

1.40

$1.30 $520
500
1.20 600
160
1.25
200
40
1.25
50
650
700
500
1.20 600
40
1.25
50
500
1.40 700
1,350
400
1.40
560
500
1.20 600
40
1.25
50
100
1.40 140
790

actual cost) should be credited to Cost of Goods Sold or prorated to Cost of
Goods Sold and inventories.

P9-2
2 × 24, 000 × $1.20
57, 600
=
= 240 units
$10 × 10%
1

(1)

EOQ =

(2)

Annual requirements 24, 000
=
= 100 orders needed per year
EOQ
240

(3)

(4)

(

)

Days in year
=
= 3.6 days
Orders per year 100

(b)

Number of days’ supply left in inventory:
Units in inventory Days’ supply 400
×
=
× 3.6 days = 6 days’
EOQ
in each order 240
supply left

(c)

Days before ne
ext order should be placed:
(Days’ supply left) – (Delivery lead time) = 6 days – 3 days = 3


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9-14

Chapter 9

P9-2 (Concluded)

300 units
4,000
4,300 units

(3)

Order point ......................................................................................
Minimum use during lead time (150 × 10)....................................
On hand at time order received ....................................................
Quantity ordered.............................................................................
Absolute maximum inventory .......................................................

2,300 units
1,500
800 units
4,000
4,800 units

(4)

Let S equal cost of storing one unit for one year.
EOQ =
4, 000 =

2 × RU × CO
CU × CC
2 × (200 × 250) × $80
S

8, 000, 000

3
3

Carrying
=
Cost
per Unit

$ 30
60
90
120
150
165

Safety Stock
+
Carrying
Cost

5
5
5
5
5
5

Orders ×
per Year



$230
220
210
200
190
177 lowest cost

= Total
Cost

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Chapter 9
9-15


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9-16

Chapter 9

P9-5 APPENDIX
(1) Fifo:

Date
March 1
3


tity
750
$ 7,800
750
400
600 $20.00 $12,000
150
400
7,525
150
400
350
150 20.00 3,000
50
350 19.50 6,825
350
11,000
50
350
500
50 19.50
975
350 21.50 7,525
500
11,550
500
550
500 22.00 11,000
150 21.00 3,150
400

7,525
22.00 11,000

Balance
$15,000
22,800
10,800

18,325
8,500

19,500

22.00
22.00
21.00

11,000 11,000
11,000
11,550 22,550

21.00
21.00
20.00

8,400 8,400
8,400
4,000 12,400



400

20.00

21.00

22.00

21.50

$19.50

Received
QuanUnit
tity
Cost

P9-5 APPENDIX (Continued)

4,000

11,550

11,000

7,525

$ 7,800

Total

11,550
2,200

8,800

7,525
3,000

$ 7,800
4,000

Total
Cost

400
400
200

400
400
500
400
100
400
100
550

550
550
350

8,000
2,200
8,000
2,200
11,550

11,000
11,000
7,525

Inventory
Unit
Total
Cost
Cost
$20.00
$15,000
20.00
15,000
19.50
7,800

12,000

8,000

21,750

10,200



(3) Average:

$19.50

21.50

22.00

21.00

20.00

400

350

500

550

200

Received
QuanUnit
tity
Cost

P9-5 APPENDIX (Concluded)


20.477

13,750.10

8,529.20

10,238.50

$19.826 $11,895.60

Issued
Unit
Cost

Inventory
QuanUnit
tity
Cost
750
$20.000
1,150
19.826
550
19.826
900
20.477
400
20.477
900
21.323


9-19

P9-6 APPENDIX
(1)

Cost of the ending inventory under the fifo method when a periodic inventory
system is used:
100 units @ $17 = $1,700
100
@ 14 = 1,400
100
@ 12 = 1,200
$4,300

(2)

Cost of the ending inventory under the lifo method:
(a)

When a periodic inventory system is used:
200 units @ $10 = $2,000
100
@ 11 = 1,100
$3,100

(b)

When a perpetual inventory system is used:


17

Issued
Total Quan- Unit Total QuanCost
tity
Cost Cost
tity
200
$1,100
200
100
100
$11 $1,100
100
10
1,000
100
2,400
100
200
100
12
1,200
100
100
1,400
100
100
100
100

12
17

1,000
1,000
2,400
1,000
1,200
1,000
1,200
1,400
1,000
1,200
1,000
1,200
1,700

1,000
3,400
2,200

3,600
2,200

3,900

CGA-Canada (adapted). Reprint with permission.


(1)

QuanUnit
tity
Cost
2,000
$5

Average method:

P9-7 APPENDIX

13,300

12,000

7,200

Total
Cost
$10,000
500
700

700
700

600
800
7.096
7.096


Total
Cost

Quantity
2,000
1,500
800
2,000
1,400
500
2,000
1,400
600
2,500
1,800
1,100

Inventory
Unit
Cost
$5.000
5.000
5.000
5.600
5.600
5.600
7.400
7.400
7.400
7.096

(b)

First-in, first-out method:

Received
Issued
Quan- Unit
Total Quan- Unit Total QuanDate
tity Cost
Cost
tity
Cost Cost
tity
Jan. 2 2,000 $5 $10,000
2,000
15
500
$5 $2,500 1,500
31
700
5 3,500
800
800
Feb. 2 1,200
6
7,200
1,200
15
600
5 3,000

8 4,800
100
7
700 1,800
30
700
7 4,900 1,100

Inventory
Unit
Total
Cost
Cost Balance
$5
$10,000
5
7,500
5
4,000
5 $ 4,000
6
7,200 11,200
5
1,000
6
7,200 8,200
6
6
8


Last-in, first-out method:

Received
Issued
Quan- Unit
Total Quan- Unit Total QuanDate
tity Cost
Cost
tity
Cost Cost
tity
Jan. 2 2,000 $5 $10,000
2,000
15
500
$5 $2,500 1,500
31
700
5 3,500
800
800
Feb. 2 1,200
6
7,200
1,200
15
600
6 3,600
800
600

500
100
1,200
30
700
7 4,900
500
100
500

Inventory
Unit
Total
Cost
Cost Balance
$5
$10,000
5
7,500
5
4,000
5 $ 4,000
6
7,200 11,200
5
4,000
6
3,600 7,600
5
5

3,500 6,800

(2)
Fifo
Average
Sales (5,500 units @ $10).................................. $55,000.00 $55,000
Cost of goods sold:
Purchases..................................................... $42,500.00 $42,500
Less inventory, April 30...............................
7,805.60
7,700
$34,694.40 $34,800
Gross profit ........................................................ $20,305.60 $20,200

Lifo
$55,000
$42,500
6,800
$35,700
$19,300

CGA-Canada (adapted). Reprint with permission.


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Chapter 9

9-23


=
5.40
$50 * × 10.8%
4, 000, 000 = 2, 000 desks
*Variable manufacturing cost per unit

(2)

(c)

Numberr of production runs per year:
18, 000
Annual demand
=
= 9 production runs
2, 000
Optimum productiion run

(a)

The following factors affect the desired size of the safety stock for any
inventory item.
(1) Variability of product demand
(2) Variability of lead time
(3) Stockout costs
(4) Carrying costs

(b)

The minimum safety stock level that could be maintained without being

Direct materials ($200 – $50) .......................................
Estimate of Model JE 40 setup costs .........................

$ 90.00
18.00

$108.00

$187.50
68.75
5.00

261.25
150.00
$519.25

Explanation of costs:
(a)
The full cost of the maintenance salaries and employee benefits is
included because the $10.80 [$9.00 + ($9.00 × 20%)] incurred per labor
hour is incurred solely for the purpose of effecting the changeover.
(b)
The other costs of the Equipment Maintenance Department are not
included in the estimate because they are fixed costs of the department
and will be incurred regardless of the maintenance workers’ activities.
(c)
The salaries of the 5 production workers for the full 5 hours each are
included in the setup cost because they must be in attendance all of the
time, though they are needed only part of the time. If the workers could
have been assigned to other jobs during the changeover, then the full

The cost items that would be included in an estimate of Pointer Furniture
Company’s cost of carrying desks in inventory include:
(a)
All costs related to warehousing and handling the desks in inventory that
vary in amount by the number of items stored.
(b)
The cost of the funds committed to the investment in inventory.

C9-3
(1)

Circumstances necessary to shift raw materials inventory carrying costs to the
supplier include:
(a)
Reliability of the supplier. Will the supplier ship products on a more rigorous timetable and be willing to keep inventory within its own storage
facilities?
(b)
Adequate alternative supply sources. A large number of qualified alternative suppliers will increase the possibility for favorable contract terms.
(c)
Careful control of inventory requirements. Are production schedules
clearly defined to reduce the potential for stockouts?

(2)

Circumstances necessary to shift finished goods inventory carrying costs to
the customer include:
(a)
Understanding customers. Are customers willing to take the risk of
inventory storage for an extended period of time?
(b)