Basic
grammar
points

Teacher :
TrươngChí Nhân
1
REVIEW OF STRUCTURE
A/ ADVERBIAL CLAUSES :
I/ Clause Of Concession: Though, Although, Even Though, Even If………
+ But , Despite , In Spite Of ( Adj + Noun , V-Ing , Possessive + Noun, The + Noun)
+ Whatever ( Adj/ Object, Subject), However, Adj + As + S + V.
a/ S
1
+ V …………But + S
2
+ V……………
-> S
1
+ V +……….., S
2
+ V ……………..
Ex: They live in poverty but they don’t feel unhappy. ( although)
-> They live in poverty, they don’t feel unhappy.
b/ Although +S
1
+ V ………… + S
2
+ V…………… ( S
1
= S

Ex: Although it was foggy, the flight was not delayed. ( although)
-> In spite of the fog, the flight was not delayed.
e/ Although + S + V + NOUN …..= Whatever + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: We must study well though we have any kinds of difficulties. ( whatever)
-> Whatever ( kinds of ) difficulties we have, we must study well .
f/ Whatever + NOUN + S + V = No Matter What + NOUN + S + V,
Ex: No matter what experience he has , he can’t repair that machine.
-> Whatever experience he has , he can’t repair that machine.
II/ Clause Of Reason (Cause): Because , As , Since…
+ Because Of + Noun Phrase = Because + Clause( giống như “Although & in spite of”)
+ So, So ………That, If, To Inf…
+ S + Stop / Prevent + O + From + V-ing = Because of
Ex: The teacher is sick, so we have no class tomorrow. (because)
-> Because the teacher is sick. We have no class tomorrow.
Ex: That restaurant is so dirty that nobody wants to eat there. (because)
-> Because that restaurant is dirty, nobody wants to eat there.
Ex: She went to the post office to send a letter.
-> Because she wanted to send a letter, she went to the post office.
Ex: The fog prevented us from going out.
-> Because of the fog, we didn’t / couldn’t go out.
III/ Adverb Of Result : So / Such …………That……
+ Because, Too, Enough……
1/ S + V + So + Adj / Adv + That ………………
+ Uses of Adj & Adv ( Verb followed by adj )
+ The ending letters of adjective.(-ful/ tive/ ous )
2
+ Use of “ So many & so much”
Ex: He has so much work to do that he can’t go to the cinema with us.
2/ S + V + Such + (a/ an) + Adj + Noun + That ………………
+ Use of “a / an”.

-> If I hadn’t been busy, I could have gone to the meeting.
4/ Without + V-Ing / Noun = Unless + S + Verb / There + Be + Noun
Ex: Without taking the taxi, we will be late.
-> Unless we take a taxi, we will be late.
Ex: Without rain, we couldn’t stop the forest fire completely.
-> If there were no rain, we couldn’t stop the forest fire completely.
5/ But for + Noun = If it were not for/ hadn’t been for + Noun
Ex: But for the storm, we would have had a good crop.
-> If it hadn’t been for the storm, we would have had a good crop.
* Notes:
Ex: He gave me a lift to the station, otherwise I might have missed the train.
-> If he hadn’t given me a lift to the station, I might have missed the train.
Ex: But for your help, I couldn’t have finished the work.
-> If you hadn’t helped me, I couldn’t have finished the work.
V/ Clause Of Comparison: As….As, Not So/As……As, More/ less ……Than, The Most……..
3
1/ Positive degree:
a/ Equality: S + V + ………..+ As + Adj / Adv + As + S + Va.
Ex: She works as hard as her friend does. ( Câu cho sẳn có “Too”)
Ex: This table is one meters long. That one is two meters long.
-> That table is twice as long as this one.
b/ Unequality: S + Verb + Not + As / So + Adj / Adv + As + S + Va.
-> S + Verb + Less + Adj / Adv + Than + S + Va.
Ex: The market is less crowded than usual today.
-> The market is not so / as crowded as usual today.
2/ Comparative degree:
a/ S + Verb + More + Long-Adj / Adv + Than + S + Va.
+ Short-Adj/ Adv+ ER + Than + S + Va.
Ex: Mr.Phan doesn’t drive as carefully as he used to.
-> Mr. Phan drives more carelessly than he used to.

- nationality ( Vietnamese, Italian, Chinese..)
- purposes /metal ( reading, walking, steel, nylon, cotton…)
- head noun( book, car…)
* Question with “HOW”
- how old: ( số + tuổi / at the age of + số)
- how tall / high : ( số + tall / high , the height of)
4
- how far : ( số + mile / kilometer )
- how fast : (số + mile / kilometer + per hour)
- how deep ( số + deep, the depth of )
- how long ( số + meter/ mile long , the length of, for + số + tgian)
- how wide ( số + wide, in width)
- how often ( once/ twice + a + time)
- how many / much + noun : ( số + noun)
- how much : ( số + money, số + pound )
VI/ Clause Of Time:
When, As, ( On + Ving), While, As Soon As, Before, After, Since, Until, By The Time.
1/ Time in the sentence is in the past ( yesterday, last , ago, in pat time) or verb in past tenses
a/ After / as soon as + S + Had + V
3
, S + V
2
-> After + V-Ing = After + S + Had + V
3
Ex: After finishing our work ,we went home.
-> After we had finished our work ,we went home.
b/ Before / by the time + S + V
2
, S + Had + V
3

e1/ S + Verb in simple past …………………………….+ Time + Ago.
-> It is / was + Time + since + S + Verb in simple past …………………………….
Ex: He lost his job three months ago.
-> It is three months since he lost his job.
e2/ S + Have / has Not + V3 ……………………+ For + Time.
-> It is + Time + Since + S +( Last) + Verb in simple past.
-> The last time ( when)+ S + Verbs in simple past ………..+ Was + Time + Ago.
Ex: We haven’t seen Minh for two years.
5
-> It is / has been two years since I last saw Minh.
-> The last time we saw Minh was two years ago.
e3/ Uses of “For” and “Since”.
f/ S + Verb in simple past + Not …………………….Until + Clause in simple past / Phrase of time
-> It was not until + Clause / Phrase + That+ S + Verb in simple past.( mãi cho đến khi)
Ex: Tom didn’t begin to read until he was ten.
-> It was not until Tom was ten that he began to read.
Ex: The noise next door did not stop until midnight.
-> It was not until midnight that the noise next door stopped.
2/ Time in the sentence is in the future ( tomorrow, next ) or verb in the future
S + Verb in the future ………………+ Conj + S + Verb in the present.
Ex : When I meet him tomorrow, I will give him your letter.
Ex: You will fell better after you have something to eat.
Ex: You will have something to eat. You will feel better.
-> After you have something to eat, you will feel better.
3/ Notes on tenses
a/ The simple past tense:
+ Formula: S + V2 – Did not + V1 – Did + S + V1?
+ Usage: “yesterday , last , ago, in + time in the past”
: From …………to …………. ( from 1990 to 1995)
Ex: Jane ……………………just a few minutes ago.