Ee
eager
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, look, seem, sound
I
become
• ADY.
only too, really, very
They were only too eager to
help us.
I increasingly I quite
• PREP.
for
Wewereeagerfor news.
eagle
noun
• EAGLE
+
VERB
circle, fly, soar
I
swoop
I
catch sth,
prey on sth
I
nest
I
breed
• EAGLE

In the silence
everyone seemed to be aware of listening ears.
I receptive,
sympathetic
She did not like the scheme, as she made clear
every time shefound a receptive ear
(=
sbwilling to listen).
<>
The counsellor provided a sympathetic earfor students
with problems.
• VERB
+
EAR
plug
He plugged his ears with tissue
paper to drown out the music.
I close, shut, stop
At.first I
stopped my ears to what I did not want to hear.
I
strain
I
strained my ears to catch the conversation in the other
room.
I
prick up
The dogpricked up its ears.
I
flatten, lay

them.
I prick (up), twitch
His ears pricked up when he
heard his name mentioned.
I be alert
He waited in the
darkness, his ears alert for the slightest sound.
I
strain
She stood outside the room, her ears straining to hear what
they were saying.
I
pop
If you suck a sweet as the plane
takes off it stops your ears popping.
I
ring
The explosion
set my ears ringing and even made mejump a bit.
• EAR
+
NOUN
canal, drum, lobe I infection I plug,
protector
I
flap, muffs
She put on her ear muffs and went
out into the snow.
I wax
• PREP.

as he watched TV.
2ability to recognize sounds
• ADJ.
fine, good
• VERB
+
EAR
have
• PREP. by -
She usually plays the guitar by ear;rather
than reading the music.
I -
for
He has a good ear for ac-
cents and can usually tell where a speaker comesfrom.
earl
noun
q
Note at
PEER
earlyadj.
• VERBS
be, feel, seem
• ADV.
extremely, really, very I a bit, fairly, a little,
quite, rather, relatively
I'm sorry I'm a bit early.
I
sur-
prisingly

I
low, meagre
I
average I annual, hourly,
weekly
I
gross, pre-tax, taxable
I
pensionable I after-
tax, net
Her net earnings last year were
£15
000.
• QUANT.
level
Levels of earnings are still rising.
• VERB
+
EARNINGS
have
People with a university edu-
cation tend to have higher earnings than those with a
basic education.
I
calculate
I
declare
You must declare
all earnings to the tax office.
I tax

• VERB
+
EARPHONES
have on, wear I put on I re-
move, take off
• PREP.
through -
She was listening to a personal stereo
through earphones.
earring
noun
• ADJ.
dangling, dangly I drop, hoop/hooped, stud
• QUANT.
pair
She wore apair of dangly earrings.
• VERB
+
EARRING
have on, wear I clip on, put in/on I
takeoff
earth
noun
1the world
• VERB
+
EARTH
orbit
satellites orbiting the earth
• EARTH

to
send the infor-
mation back to earth.
• PHRASES
the centre/surface of the earth, the earth's
core/crustimantle/surface, (the) planet earth
2sol1
• ADJ.
bare
Thefields had been ploughed, and there was
nothing but bare earth to beseen.
I
fertile
I
barren, infer-
tile
I
soft I solid I damp, moist, wet
I
fresh, freshly-
dug I loose
Ifilled the pot with a handful of looseearth.
I
baked
The sun beat down on the baked earth.
I scorched
The wreckage of the plane was scattered across the
scorched earth.
I
chalky, sandy

the business district.
I
destroy sth, devastate sth, kill sb,
leave sb homeless
I
measure sth
an earthquake meas-
uring
5. 8
on the Richter scale
• EARTHQUAKE
+
NOUN
zone
• PREP.
in a/the -
The block of flats was destroyed in an
earthquake.
• PHRASES
the epicentre of an earthquake, the magni-
tude of an earthquake
'ease
noun
• ADJ.
alarming, astonishing, consummate, great, re-
markable
I obtained the drugs with alarming ease.
I
comparative, relative
I

I
away
Thepain
in my leg gradually eased away.
• VERB
+
EASE
help (to)
The new road should help ease
traffic problems.
I begin to
Tensions between the two
countries are beginning toease.
I try to
2 move carefully
• ADV
carefully, gently I away, back, down, forward,
etc.
Jean eased back on thepillows and relaxed.
• PREP.
away from, into
He eased himself into the driving
seat.
out of
She carefully eased the car out of the garage
east
noun, adj.
q
Note at
DIRECTION

Our next holiday is at Easter.
for-
Weusually
go away for Easter.
over-
The library is closed over Easter.
• PHRASES
Happy Easter!, wish sb a happy Easter
easyadj.
• VERBS
be, look, seem, sound
I
become, get
Life is
getting easier for us.
I
remain
I
make sth
These changes
should make your job easier.
I
find sth
I found the exam
quite easy.
• ADV.
extremely, really, very I enough, fairly, quite,
rather, relatively
It is easy enough to see how it happened.
I

She
doesn't eat sensibly
(=
doesn't eat food that is good for
her).
I
hungrily
I
sparingly
Barton did notfeel very hun-
gry and ate sparingly.
I
up
Comeon, eat up your lunch.
• VERB
+
EAT
get yourself sth to, find sth to, have sth
to
Have you got anything to eat?
I have enough to I try
and/to
Try and eat something. It will do you good.
• PHRASES
eat and drink
Go
and get yourself something
to eat and drink.
eat like a horse
(=

on an/the-
By this time, the tide was
on the ebb.
0
Wefloated away from the beach on the ebb.
with an/the -
They went out to sea with the ebb.
• PHRASES
the ebb and flow of the tide
ebb
verb
• ADV.
away
He knew that his life was ebbing away.
• VERB
+
EBB
begin to
Her strength began to ebb.
I
seem to
eccentric
adj.
• VERBS
be, look, seem I become, get
Theoid lady was
getting very eccentric.
I
consider sb, find sb, regard sb
as

We could just hear a
faint echo.
I
produce, send back, send out
Their foot-
steps on the bare boards sent out hollow echoes.
I
find
(fig-
urative) The political upheavals find an echo in the art of
the time.
• ECHO
+
VERB sound
Afaint echosounded in the cave.
I
die (away)
The echo slowly died away.
I
come back, re-
turn
An echo came backfrom the walls of the building.
• PREP. - from
the echofrom a brick wall
echo
verb
1come back as an echo
• ADV faintly
I
loudly

house.
with
The great hall echoed with laughter.
2 repeal/agree with sb/sth
• ADV. exactly
I
faithfully, wholeheartedly
I
widely
an
opinion that is widely echoed in the tabloid press
I
clearly
I
merely, only, simply
In his statement, the minister
merely echoed the views of the chief police officer.
I
disbelievingly, incredulously
'He's gone!' Viv echoed
incredulously.
• VERB + ECHO seem to
They had ideas which seem to
echo our oum.
eclipse
noun
• ADJ. lunar, solar
I
partial, total
a total lunar eclipse

I
classical, free-market,
Keynesian, liberal, market, neo-c1assical, supply-side
I
business, development, environmental, health, indus-
trial, welfare
• PHRASES a school of economics
q
Note at SUBJECT(for verbs and nouns)
economist
noun
• ADJ. chief, leading, senior
I
distinguished, respect-
ed
I
academic, government, professional
I
classical,
free-market, Keynesian, liberal, neo-classical
I
agricul-
tural, business, development, environmental, health,
political
qNoteatJoB
248
economy
noun
1operation of a country's money supply
• ADJ. booming, buoyant, dynamic, healthy, sound,

handle, manage, manipulate, operate, regulate, run
The
government was accused of failing to run the economy
competently.
I
boost, develop, expand, help, improve,
kick-start, reinvlqorate, rescue, revive, stabilize, stimu-
late, strengthen
I
liberalize
I
damage, harm, weaken,
wreck
• ECONOMY
+
VERB develop, expand, flourish, grow
I
be in/go into recession, collapse, contract, fail, slow,
stagnate
I
pick up, recover, stabilize
• PHRASES an area/a sector of the economy
Transport
workers are employed in all sectors of the economy.
the
backbone/mainstay of the economy
Agriculture was the
backbone of the economy.
growth in/of the economy
A

economy of scale
Large firms can benefitfrom
economies of scale.
ecstasy
noun
1feeling
• ADJ. pure, sheer
I
religious, sexual
• PREP. in -
I -
at
Kate closed her eyes in ecstasy at the
thought of a cold drink. -
over
I was in sheer ecstasy over
theprospect of meeting my idol.
2 Ecstasy drug
• ECSTASY
+
NOUN tablet
q
Note atDRUG(for more verbs and nouns)
ecstatic
adj.
• VERBS appear, be, feel, look
I
become
• ADV absolutely
I

boats was beached at the water's edge.
• VERB
+
EDGE reach
We had reached the edge of the
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map and didn't know which way to go.
I
skirt
The road
skirts the western edge of theforest.
• PREP. along the -, around/round the -
Smoke was
making its way around the edges of the door.
at the -
Soon
we were at the edge of the woods.
on the -
She sat on the
edge of her bed.
over the -
The car rolled over the edge of
the cliff
• PHRASES right on the edge
They live right on the edge
of town.
2sharp side of sth
• ADJ. sharp
I
cutting

verb
• ADV carefully, cautiously, nervously
I
quietly
I
slowly .
• PREP. along
He edged carefully along the narrow ledge.
towards
Weslowly edged our way towards the exit.
• PHRASES edge your way
edgyadj.
• VERBS appear, be, feel, seem, sound
I
become, get
He began to get very edgy.
I
make sb
She made Jeff edgy
with her constant demands.
• ADV all, very
She was all edgy that evening.
I
a bit, ra-
ther
She had been a bit edgy all day.
• PREP. about
Hester seemed edgy about something.
with
He was rather edgy with her.

1755
I
electronic
I
morning, evening
The story' made it
into the evening edition of the newspaper.
• VERB
+
EDITION bring out, issue, produce, publish
• EDITION
+
VERB appear, be out, come out
Thefirst
edition of the newspaper appeared in 1859.
• PREP. in a ... -
The encyclopedia will shortly beoutin a
revised edition.
I -
of
the November edition of'Vogue'
editor
noun
1prepares a book, television or radio programme
• ADJ. commissioning
I
assistant, senior
I
copy
I

tor comments on the takeover bid.
• PHRASES a letter to the editor
c>
Note
atJOB
editorial
noun
• ADJ. newspaper
I
lengthy
I
hard-hitting
• VERB
+
EDITORIAL write
I
carry, publish, run
The
249
effect
paper only occasionally carries editorials.
0
The
neios-
paper ran a hard-hitting editorial criticizing the govern-
ment's economic policies.
• PREP. in an/the-
He declared his support for the minis-
ter in an editorial.
I -

education
noun
• ADJ. decent, excellent, first-class, good
I
poor
I
compulsory
I
formal
Although he had had liute jormal
education, he could read and write well.
I
adult, further,
higher, pre-school, primary, secondary
a college of fur-
ther education
I
university
I
professional, vocational
I
all-round
I
health, religious, sex
I
full-time, part-time
I
public, state
I
private

funds provided
by the local education authority
I
minister, officer, offi-
cial
I
policy
I
reform
I
campaign, initiative, pro-
gramme, project, scheme
The council has launched a
new health education campaign.
I
facilities, materials,
resources
I
class, course
adult education courses I
centre, college, establishment, institution
• PREP. in -
students infull-time education
through -
We
acquire much of our world knowledge through education.
I
-about
education about danger on the roads
eerie

potential, predictable, probable
I
subtle
I
dispropor-
tlonate-] residual
I
adverse, catastrophic, crippling,
damaging, debilitating, deleterious, destructive, detri-
mental, devastating, disastrous, harmful, ill, negative,
serious, traumatic, undesirable, unfortunate
the crip-
pling effect of sanctions on the economy" He didn't seem to
have suffered any ill effects from his fall.
I
beneficial,
positive, salutary
I
the desired
We had problems with
mosquitoes, but this spray had the desired effect.
I
magic-
al, remarkable
Giving up smoking had a magical effect on
his stamina.
I
immediate
I
direct, indirect

I
calming, hyp-
notic, soothing, soporific
I
curative, restorative, thera-
peutic
I
placebo
I
inflationary
I
corrosive
I
green-
house
policies to reduce emissions ofgases which cause the
greenhouse effect
• VERB + EFFECT bring about, exert, have, produce
The drug exerts a powerful effect on the brain.
I
take
The
medicine started to take effect after afeui minutes.
I
feel,
experience, suffer (from)
Womenfeel the effects of alcohol
more quickly than men.
I
recover from

I
ignore
• EFFECT + VERB spread
I
last
I
wear off
How soon
will the effects of the drug wear off?
• PREP. in -
The border closure meant, in effect, that no
trade took place between the countries.
to this/that -
They
told us to go away, or words to that effect.
with ... -
The
plague struck London again with devastating effect.
I
- on/upon
The dry weather had an adverse effect on the po-
tatocrops.
• PHRASES cause and effect
key historical concepts
such as cause and effect
to little/no effect
The air-
conditioning came on, to little effect.
2 use of an official rule/plan, etc.
• ADJ. immediate

achieve, create
I
en-
hance, heighten
The dramatic effect was heightened by
her black dress and dead tohiteface.
I
mar, spoil
• PREP. for ... -
'You know why
I'm
here?' Doug paused
for maximum effect.
to ... -
She uses animal sounds to
startling effect in her music.
4techniques used when making sth
• ADJ. special
I
cinematic
I
audio, sound
I
optical,
visual
I
lighting
I
elaborate
I

I
potentially
I
devastatingly, powerfully, surprisingly
Sneezes are dev-
astatingly effective at spreading infection.
I
politically
What makes a TV programme politically effective?
• PREP. at
effective at keeping out the wind
in
effective in
helping people tostop smoking
250
2of laws/rules
• VERBS be
f
become
I
remain
• ADV. fully
I
partially
I
directly, immediately
directly
effective treaty provisions
I
legally

They're doing tests to evaluate the effective-
ness of this herb as an antiseptic. -
in
the effectiveness of
penicillin in controlling bacterial infection
efficiency
noun
• ADJ. ruthless
I
great, high
attempts to achieve greater
efficiency in theproduction process
I
maximum, optimum
I
low
I
cost
I
energy, fuel
I
mental, physical
I
admin-
istrative, business, economic, industrial, management,
operational, organizational, production, productive,
technical
• VERB + EFFICIENCY achieve
I
boost, enhance, im-

0
We already have a perfectly
efficient system-why change it?
I
increasingly
I
fairly,
pretty, quite, reasonably, relatively
I
briskly, quietly
The receptionist was briskly efficient.
0
A quietly efficient
manservant brought them coffee and brandy.
I
formid-
ably, incredibly, superbly, supremely
His secretary was
formidably efficient: her minutes were works of art.
I
eco-
nomically, mechanically, technically
• PREP. at
Their equipment was not as efficient atfinding
gold as today's machinery.
in
The heating system is very ef-
ficient in its use of of
fuel.
effort

this hotel a welcoming, comfortable place.
I
be (well)
worth
The walk isdifficult but well worth the effort.
• EFFORT
+
VERB go into
A lot of effort went into mak-
ing the costumes.
• PREP. with/without-
This can be done quickly and with
very little effort.
• PHRASES a great deal of effort
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2 attempt to do sth
• ADJ.
all-out, big, brave, determined, enormous,
great, herculean, heroic, huge, major, remarkable, spe-
cial, strenuous, superhuman, tremendous, valiant
I can
see you have made a big' effort to clean up.
I
desperate,
frantic
their frantic efforts to put out thefire
I
final, last,
last-ditch
The UN General Secretary flew in in a last-ditch.

double, renew, step up
The police have renewed their
ef-
forts tofind the murderer.
I
channel, concentrate, focus
The police channelled their efforts into searching around
the river.
I
fail in
Hefailed in his efforts to give up smok-
ing.
I resist
The wound resisted all my efforts to stop it
bleeding.
I abandon I be rewarded for, reward
Her ef-
forts were rewarded when she won an Oscar.
I
applaud
The gallery owner applauded the efforts of firefighters to
save the exhibits.
• EFFORT + VERB
come to nothing, fail
• PREP.
in an/your-
The club has changed the rules in an
effort tomake tnemfairet:
through sb's-:
Through their ef-

ic
I
chicken, duck, hen's, quail's, etc.
I
chocolate,
Easter
I
boiled, fried, hard-boiled, poached, scram-
bled, soft-boiled
I
Scotch
• QUANT.
clutch
She lays a clutch of four eggs on aver·
age.
I
box
• VERB
+
EGG
lay, produce
I
hatch I incubate
I
emerge from, hatch from
I
boil, cook, fry, poach,
scramble I break, crack
Crack two eggs into the mixture.
I

Only one sperm fertilizes an egg.
• EGG + NOUN
donor
• PHRASES
the nucleus of an egg
ego
noun
• ADJ.
big, enormous, huge, inflated, massive, strong
a conceited man with a very big ego
I
fragile, weak
• VERB
+
EGO
bolster, boost, feed, flatter, massage
251
elbow
She likes to mix with people whoflatter her ego.
I
bruise,
damage, deflate, dent, wound
He was lucky to escape
with just a bruised ego when hefell off his bike.
• PHRASES
a blow to your ego
It was a huge blow to his
ego tofind out he was
so
unpopular.

ELABORATE
attempt to, try to I refuseto
• PREP.
on/upon
They refused to elaborate on the reasons
for their decision.
elaborate
tulj.
• VERBS
be, look, seem, sound
The plans looked very
elaborate.
I
become
• ADV.
exceptionally, extremely, highly, very
highly
elaborate carvings
I
increasingly
I
fairly, quite, rather
elastic
noun
• ADJ.
loose, tight
an old skirt with looseelastic
• QUANT.
length, piece
The trousers are held up by a

I
curious
• VERB + ELATION
experience, feel
I
show
• PREP. -
at
She showed her elation at having finally
achieved her ambition.
• PHRASES
a feeling/mood/sense/surge of elation
Ifelt
a strange sense of elation.
tears of elation
elbow
noun
• ADJ.
dislocated, fractured
• VERB + ELBOW
lean, place, rest
He rested one elbow
on the wall as he spoke.
I lean on, prop/raise yourself up
on
She opened her eyes and propped herself up on one
elbow to look at him.
I catch, grasp, take
He caught her
elbow to steady her.

by the -
He took his guest by the elbow and
steered him in the direction of the bar.
on one -
He raised
himself on one elbow and looked at the bedside clock.
• PHRASES
be up to your elbows in sth
He was up to his
elbows in hot water, doing the toashing-up.
the crook of
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elect
your elbow
She was cradling a small parcel in the crook of
her elbow.
dig your elbow into sb's ribs
She dug her
elbow into Jim's ribs to remind him not to give the secret
away.
elect
verb
• ADV.
annually
Members of the council are elected annu-
ally.
I
locally, nationally
I
democratically, freely, popu-

I
democratic, multi-party
I
rigged
I
direct, indirect
I
fresh, new
I
early
The prime minister
may decide to call an early election.
I
primary, run-off
I
federal, local, municipal, national, regional, state
I
con-
gressional, council, general, gubernatorial, leadership,
legislative, local government, mayoral, parliamentary,
party, presidential, Senate
• VERB
+
ELECTION
have, hold
I
call
I
contest, fight
I

• PREP.
at/in a/the-
in the 2001general election
by-
Mem-
bership of the committee is by election.
I
-jo
her election to
the Senate
• PHRASES
the outcome of an election, the run-up to
an election
opinion poll results in the run-up to elections
elector
noun
• ADJ.
eligible
I
registered
• ELECTOR
+
VERB
choosesb,vote(forsb)Notallthe
registered electorsactually voted.
• PHRASES
the register of electors
If your name is not
on the register of electors,you will not be able to vote.
electorate

VERB
rewire sth, wire sth
You'll need
a qualified electrician to rewire your house.
c)
Note at JOB
electricity
noun
• ADJ.
high-voltage, low-voltage
I
mains
I
static
I
off-peak
Werun thetoashing machine at night because off-
peak electricity is much cheaper.
• VERB
+
ELECTRICITY
generate, produce
I
provide,
supply
The hydroelectric plant provides electricityfor half
the island's population.
I
conduct
Metals conduct electri-

I
board,
company, industry
I
supply
I
grid
The village will soon
be connected to the national electricity grid.
I
consump-
tion, demand I generator
I
pylon I cable, line, wire
electric shock
noun
• ADJ.
massive, severe, strong
I
mild
• VERB
+
ELECTRIC SHOCK
get, receive
I
give sb
• ELECTRIC SHOCK
+
NOUN
therapy, treatment

SUBJECT
(for more verbs and nouns)
elegance
noun
• ADJ.
great
I
classical
I
sartorial
John has never been
knoumfor his sartorial elegance.
• QUANT.
touch
The ornamental ironwork lends a touch
of elegance to the house.
• VERB
+
ELEGANCE
display, have
The building has
great elegance and charm.
I
lack
I
add, give sth, lend
sth
The pillars give a classical elegance to the room.
elegant
adj.

a considerable element of
danger in her job.
I
competitive
There is too much of a
competitive element in the sales department.
I
racial, sex-
ual
Police say there may have been a racial element to the
attacks.
• VERB
+
ELEMENT
be, constitute, form
I
contain,
have, include, involve
These rumours do contain an elem-
ent of truth.
I
introduce
• PREP. -
in
This constitutes one of the key elements in this
reform programme. -
of
Practical work uiillform a major
element of the syllabus.
<>

wild
I
rogue
• QUANT.
herd
• VERB
+
ELEPHANT
hunt, poach
I
cull
I
drive, herd,
round up
• ELEPHANT
+
VERB
trumpet
I
charge, stampede
I
trample sb
• ELEPHANT
+
NOUN
herd
I
tusk
I
conservation

from
Try to eliminatefatty foods from your diet.
elite
noun
• ADJ.
governing, ruling
I
business, political, social
• VERB
+
ELITE
create, form
These peopleform an elite
who have thepower to make decisions.
I
join
• PHRASES
a member of an elite
a club for members of
the business elite
eloquent
adj.
• VERBS
be
I
become, grow, wax
He waxed eloquent
about her talents as an actress.
• ADV.
extremely, very

be, look
I
become, grow
• ADV.
painfully, severely
his severely emaciated body
email
noun
• VERB
+
EMAIL
write
I
send, fire off
When I saw what
he'd written I fired off an angry email.
I
get, receive
I
read I reply to I delete I archive
• EMAIL + NOUN
address
I
message
q
Special page at COMPUTER
embargo
noun
• ADJ.
complete, strict, total

embark
verb
PHRASAL VERB
embark on/upon sth
• ADV.
immediately
I
seriously
some advice for anyone
seriously embarking on a career in the music business
253
embassy
• VERB + EMBARK ON/UPON STH
be about to, be
ready to
She was now ready to embark on her journey of
adventure.
embarrassed
adj.
1shy/awkward/ashamed
• VERBS
be, feel, look, seem, sound
I
become
• ADV.
acutely, deeply, excruciatingly, extremely, high-
ly, particularly, really, terribly, very
I
almost
I

I
find sb/sth
l
found the whole evening intensely
embarrassing.
• ADV.
acutely, bloody
(taboo),
deeply, excruciatingly,
extremely, highly, intensely, really, seriously, terribly,
very
a deeply embarrassing moment I
increasingly
I
al-
most
I
a bit, a little, pretty, quite, rather, slightly, some-
what
I
potentially
I
politically, socially
• PREP.
for
It was acutely embarrassingfor us all.
to
This
latest incident could beembarrassing to the government.
embarrassment

with
I still squirm with embarrassment at the thought of
it.
I
die from/of
(figurative) I could have died of embar-
rassment when I saw her standing behind me.
I
ease, re-
lieve
I
save sb, spare sb
Helen changed the subject to
save me the embarrassment of replying.
• PREP. in - We all watched in silent embarrassment as
Mr Rogers started to cry.
with/without -
I could.finally talk
about my problem without embarrassment.
I -
at
her em-
barrassment at being found out -
over
the government's
embarrassment over the affair
• PHRASES
(much) to sb's embarrassment
Much to his
embarrassment, Mike realized that a small crowd was

I
British, Chinese, etc.
• VERB
+
EMBASSY
open, set up
I
close
They broke
off diplomatic relations and closed the embassies in each
other's country.
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embedded
• EMBASSY
+
NOUN building, grounds
I
official,
spokesman/spokeswoman, staff
• PREP. at a/the - She works at the Malaysian embassy in
London. in althe - afire in the Spanish embassy outside
althe - aprotest outside the American embassy
embedded
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become
• ADV. deeply, firmly
• PREP. in/within These ideas are deeply embedded in our
culture.

• ADV. beautifully, delicately, exquisitely
I
heavily,
richly a robe of richly embroidered silk
• PREP on She embroidered flowers on the front of the
dress. with She embroidered the dress toithflouiers.
embryo
noun
• ADJ. developing
I
early the cells of an early embryo
I
human, frog, etc.
• VERB
+
EMBRYO implant Two or three embryos are
implanted into the woman's body.
• EMBRYO + VERB develop
emerge
verb
1come out
• ADV. slowly
I
suddenly
I
finally, eventually
• PREP. from The world is only slowly emerging from re-
cession. into They suddenly emerged into brilliant sun-
shine. out of the musical forms that emerged out of the
American black experience

areas of science
254
emergence
noun
• ADJ. gradual
I
rapid, sudden
• VERB + EMERGENCE lead to Conditions after the war
led to the emergence of a new type of political party.
I
her-
ald, mark, signal I see, witness The last decade saw the
emergence of a dynamic economy.
I
encourage The an-
nual competition has encouraged the emergence of several
talented young musicians.
I
prevent
• PREP_ - as his emergence as theparty's leader -from the
island's emergencefrom the sea
emergency
noun
• ADJ. extreme (formats, major, real, serious Don't call
me unless its a real emergency.
I
sudden, unexpected,
unforeseen I international, national in times of national
emergency
I

funds, relief, supply Emergency supplies of food have
been flown to the area.
I
fund
I
call The ambulance
crashed while answering an emergency call.
I
admission,
case Emergency admissions to hospital are given top pri-
ority.
I
surgery, treatment
I
repairs
I
exit
I
landing
• PREP for - She told me to keep the money for emergen-
cies. in an - I need to know what to do in an emergency.
• PHRASES the accident and emergency department
the closure of the hospital's accident and emergency de-
partment in case of emergency/emergencies There's a
fire blanket on the kitchen wall in case of emergencies. a
state of emergency The president immediately declared a
state of emergency.
emigration
noun
• ADJ.

+
NOUN levels
• PREP -s from measures to reduce harmful emissions
from traffic
emotion
noun
• ADJ. deep, extreme, intense, overwhelming, power-
ful, profound, strong, violent
I
complex
I
conflicting,
contradictory, mixed, tangled She felt torn by conflicting
emotions. I destructive, negative Counselling can teach
people to handle negative emotions such asfear and anger.
I
positive
I
inner, innermost
I
painful
I
fragile The
nurse was handling his fragile emotions very carefully.
I
raw a moving performance full of raw emotion I pent-up,
suppressed Years of pent-up emotion came out as he
sobbed. I human Fear is a normal human emotion.
• QUANT. flicker, hint, trace There wasn't a hint of emo-
tion in his eyes.

showed no emotion.
I
release
Releasing these emotions is
part of the healing process.
I
betray
I
shake with, trem-
ble with
She realized she was shaking all over with emo-
tion.
I
bottle up, control, hide, stifle, suppress
I
cope
with, deal with, handle
I
confront
Counsellors encourage
victims of crime to confront their emotions.
I
arouse, pro-
voke,stir (up)
an incident that has aroused strong emo-
tions locally
I
be charged with, be full of
a speech that
was charged with emotion

I
become
• ADV highly, powerfully, very
He raised the highly emo-
tive issue of bullfighting. I
rather
empathy
noun
• ADJ. deep, great, real
I
total
• VERB
+
EMPATHY feel, have
I
demonstrate, show
I
develop, establish
• PREP. - between
The nurse should try to develop em-
pathy between herself and the patient. -
for
Ifelt real em-
pathy for my mother and what she had been through.
-with
She had a deep empathy with animals.
• PHRASES a feeling of empathy, a lack of empathy
emperor
noun
• ADJ. reigning

Examine the events
leading to the war, with particular emphasis on France's
role in them.
• VERB
+
EMPHASIS give, lay, place, put
The company
lays great emphasis on customer care.
I
shift
The Demo-
crats shifted the emphasis away from direct taxation.
• EMPHASIS
+
VERB move, shift
In recent years, the em-
255
employ
phasis has moved away from punishing drug addicts to-
wards helping them.
• PREP. - on/upon
The emphasis is on keeping fit rather
than developing lots of muscles.
• PHRASES a change/shift of emphasis
2 stress on a word/phrase
• ADJ. great
'T, he said with great emphasis, 'was the
one.'
I
slight

emphasize the controversy surrounding this disease.
I
fail
to
I
be at pains to, be keen to
I have been at pains to em-
phasize thepositive aspects of discipline.
emphatic
adj.
• VERBS be
I
remain
• ADV most, quite, very
• PREP. about
He was most emphatic about me leaving.
empire
noun
1 group of countries
• ADJ. big, great, large, mighty, vast
I
colonial, over-
seas
the decline of the old colonial empires
• VERB
+
EMPIRE establish, found
I
dismantle
The

• VERB
+
EMPIRE build (up), create
He has built a huge
business empirefrom humble beginnings.
• EMPIRE
+
VERB collapse, crumble
• PHRASES the collapse of an empire
employ
verb
1 pay sb to work
• ADV directly, indirectly
By 1960the arms industry in
America directly employed
3.5
million people.
• PREP. in
A large part of the toorkforce is employed in
agriculture.
• PHRASES be fully employed
10% of 1IJ--15-year-old
girls toerefully employed as late as
1911.be gainfUlly em-
ployed
Those not gainfully employed are dependent on
their savings.
be permanently/temporarily employed, be
regularlylirregularlyemployed
2use

employee
noun
• ADJ. salaried
I
full-time, part-time
I
permanent, tem-
porary
I
retired
I
junior, senior
I
key
I
long-serving,
loyal
I
potential, prospective
I
manual
I
skilled, un-
skilled
I
blue-collar, white-collar
• VERB
+
EMPLOYEE have
The company has only 60em-

relations
employer
noun
• ADJ. big, large, large-scale, major
one of the region's
major employers
I
good
The hotel prides itself on being a
good employer that treats its staff well.
I
unscrupulous
the use of illegal workers by unscrupulous employers
I
potential, prospective, would-be
• VERB
+
EMPLOYER have, work for
employment
noun
• ADJ. paid, salaried
I
full-time, part-time
I
lifelong,
lifetime, long-term, permanent, stable
I
short-term,
temporary
I

factory, office
• QUANT. level
policies aimed at maintaining a high level
of employment
• VERB + EMPLOYMENT look for, seek
recent gradu-
ates seeking employment
I
find, gain, get, obtain, secure
Hefinally secured employment in a localfactory.
I
take up
(formal) He took up employment with the company in May
2002.
I
give up, lose
She lost her employment when the
firm closed.
I
give sb, offer sb
I
create, generate, pro-
vide
This investment will certainly create employment in
the area.
0
The steelworks provided employment for thou-
sands of people.
I
boost, increase, raise, stimulate

market
school-leauers enter-
ing the employment market
I
policy
the government's
full-employment policy
I
practices
The firm's employ-
ment practices have been widely criticized.
• PREP. in -
Most of last year's graduates are now in em-
ployment.
out of -
She had been out of employment for
threeyears.
• PHRASES conditions of employment
trade union con·
cerns such as conditions of employment and health and
safety
a contract of employment, patterns/trends of em-
ployment
significant changes in patterns of employment
q
Special page at
BUSINESS
256
empty
verb

The reservoirs could
end up empty if this dry weather continues.
I
remain,
stand, stay
The council is letting useful housing stand
empty.
I
leave sth
The house had been left empty for sev-
eralweeks.
• ADV completely, quite, totally, utterly
There was a
vast expanse of utterly empty sky to look at.
I
almost,
nearly, practically, virtually
I
largely, mostly
I
half
a
half-empty box of chocolates
I
fairly, relatively
Some
parts of the city are desperately overcrowded while others
are relatively empty.
I
apparently

The audience calledfor an encore.
• PHRASES as/for an -
For an encore, he sang an un-
accompaniedfolk song.
encounter
noun
• ADJ. brief
I did not see him again except for a brief
encounter on a train.
I
casual, chance, unexpected
It
was a chance encounter that led to the setting up of the new
political party.
I
close
I decided not to risk a second close
encounter with the snakes.
I
face-to-face
I
direct
The
press conference was her first direct encounter with the
media.
I
unpleasant, violent
I
social
the language we

verb
• ADV greatly, strongly
We were greatly encouraged by
the support we received.
I
actively, positively
The gouern-
ment must actively encourage investment in these areas.
• VERB
+
ENCOURAGE aim to
I
try to
I
be designed
to
These questions are designed to encourage debate.
I
be
likely to
Newspapers should not publish material that is
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likely to encourage discrimination on the grounds of race
orcolour.
• PREP. in
Her head of department encouraged her in her
research work.
encouragement
noun
• ADJ. considerable, great

to those involved in theproject.
• PHRASES words of encouragement
Perhaps I can
offer afeio words of encouragement to those who did not
win any prizes this time.
encouraging
adj.
• VERBS be, look, seem, sound
I
remain
• ADV. extremely, highly, immensely, most, really, tre-
mendously, very
This news is most encouraging. I
mild-
ly, quite, reasonably
I
positively
I
hardly
encyclopedia
noun
• VERB
+
ENCYCLOPEDIA consult, look sth up in, use
I
compile, write
I
edit
I
publish

housebuyers at the cheap end of
the market
I
dear, expensive
I
dead
We tried cutting
through a back road but it was a dead end.
o
(figurative) a
dead-end job I
deep, shallow (of a swimming pool)
(fig-
urative) The company believes in throwing new employees
in at the deep end with no training.
I
free, knotted, loose
Take thefree end of the rope and pass it through the hole.
o
(figurative) The author tied up all the loose ends of the
story in thefinal chapter.
I
west, western, etc.
the south-
ern end of the lake
• VERB
+
END come to, get to, reach
Continue until
you reach the end of the road.

was afitting end to a distinguished career.
• VERB
+
END come to, get to, reach
The meeting final-
ly came to an end at six.
o
F
II
never get to the end of this
book!
I
approach, draw to, near
As the evening was
drawing to an end, thefiretoork display took place.
I
bring
257
endanger
(sth to), put
Talks were in progress to bring an end to the
fighting.
I
call for
callfor an end to the violence
• END
+
VERB be in sight
There's no end in sight to the
present crisis.

I -
to What the business community wants is
an end to the recession.
• PHRASES the end of an era
Her death marks the end of
an era.
the end of the line/road
(figurative) The loss of
this contract could signal the end of the line for the ship-
yard.
from beginning to end
His story was one big lie
from beginning to end.
to/until the bitter end
Wewillfight
this court case to the bitter end.
3aim/purpose
• ADJ. beneficial, desirable, worthwhile, worthy
I
de-
structive
I
practical, pragmatic
I
common
Despite our
differences, we were working to a common end.
I
selfish
I

4 death
• ADJ. sad, tragic
I
bad, sticky
to come to a sticky
(~un-
pleasant, but deserved)
end
I
untimely
• VERB
+
END come to, meet
(literary) He met his end
at the Battle of Waterloo.
• END + VERB come
The end came when he collapsed
after playing golf.
end
verb
• ADV abruptly, suddenly
The meeting ended abruptly
when the chairman was called away.
I
prematurely
I
at
last, eventually, finally
At last the war ended.
I

Taking these drugs couid ser-
iously endanger your health.
• VERB
+
ENDANGER be likely to
They are accused of
causing an explosion likely to endanger life.
• PHRASES highly endangered 14
per cent of primate
species are highly endangered.
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endear
endear
verb
• ADV. hardly, not exactly
• VERB
+
ENDEAR (not) be calculated to 'All better
now, are we?' he enquired in apatronizing manner hardly
calculated to endear.
• PREP.
to
She had an unfriendly manner which did not
exactly endear her to her colleagues.
endeavour
noun
• ADJ. cooperative, joint
I
brave, gallant, heroic
I

whatever field of endeavour he should choose. make every
endeavour We will make every endeavour to obtain suffi-
cient supplies.
ending
noun
• ADJ. happy
I
sad, tragic, unhappy
I
dramatic
I
fairy-tale The crowd cheered on the unknown Tunisian,
hoping for a fairy-tale ending to the race.
I
perfect The
meal was the perfect ending to a great weekend.
I
abrupt!
was surprised by the abrupt ending to the conversation.
• VERB
+
ENDING have The book has a sad ending.
• PREP.
-to
This is a happy ending to a rather sad story.
endless
adj.
• VERBS be, seem The long walk back seemed endless.
• ADV almost, virtually
I

noun
• ADJ. enthusiastic, full, overwhelming, ringing,
strong, unanimous
I
lukewarm The new design only re-
ceived a lukewarm endorsement from head office.
I
official
• VERB
+
ENDORSEMENT give sth Weare happy to give
the product our full endorsement.
I
withdraw, withhold
I
require
I
seek They are now seeking endorsement for
their ideas.
I
get, receive, win
I
have These measures
have the strong endorsement of the Labour party.
• PREP. - as her endorsement as leader of the delegation
- by endorsement of the product by the Consumer Council
-for
endorsement for theplan
-frorn
His presidential cam-

I
dangerous, formidable, powerful
I
ancient,
old, traditional In today's match England play their old
enemy, Scotland.
I
chief, main, principal The lion is the
zebra's chief enemy.
I
natural The Church and the Com-
munist Party were natural enemies.
I
common They
united in theface of a common enemy.
I
political
• VERB
+
ENEMY have She didn't have an enemy in the
world.
I
make He made many enemies during his brief
reign.
<>
I didn't want to make an enemy of Mr Evans.
I
at-
tack, fight (against) He was prepared to use any weapon to
fight against his enemies.

activity Intelligence re-
ported enemy activity just off the coast.
I
country
I
terri-
tory
I
aircraft, fighter, plane, ship
I
propaganda
• PREP. against an/the - They decided to use the weapon
against the enemy.
• PHRASES fall into enemy hands The document must
not at any price fall into enemy hands. in the face of the
enemy He was shot for desertion in theface of the enemy.
public enemy (number one) Since the scandal, theformer
minister has becomepublic enemy number one.
energetic
adj.
• VERBS be, feel, seem
• ADV extremely, highly, really, remarkably, very Qua-
sars are the highly energetic cores of distant galaxies.
<>
She seems remarkably energetic for a woman her age.
I
quite I'mfeeling quite energetic today.
energy
noun
1ability to be active/work

work.
I
channel, devote, direct, turn We're trying to deal
with young offenders by channelling their energy into
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sport rather than crime.
I
conserve, save
I
work off
The
kids were running around crazily, working off their sur-
plus energy.
I
waste
We don't want to waste our energy
trying topersuade people whoarejust not interested.
I
sap
The hills sapped his energy and he got off his bike for fre-
quent rests. I
dissipate
The volunteers' energy was dissi-
pated by the enormous amounts of paperwork involved in
theproject.
• ENERGY
+
VERB flag
It was late and my energy was
beginning toflag.

No battery could store enough energy to
turn over a car's engine.
I
conserve, save
I
waste
I
need, require
• ENERGY
+
NOUN production
I
consumption, use
I
demand, needs, requirements
total energy requirements
for the coming year
I
supply
The nuclear plant provides a
fifth of the nation's energy supplies.
I
resources, sources
I
conservation, savings
equipment that offers long-term
energy savings
I
efficiency
I

• ADV fully, properly, rigidly, rigorously, strictly, vigor-
ously
The rules were strictly enforced. I
legally
• VERB
+
ENFORCE can/cannot, could/could not
The
ban cannot be legally enforced.
I
be difficult to, be hard
to, be impossible to
I
help (to)
a system of local inspect-
ors to help enforce presidential decrees
I
seek to, take
steps to
The government may take steps to enforce compli-
ance with the new measures.
I
decline to, refuse to
enforcement
noun
• ADJ. effective, proper
I
rigorous, strict, stringent,
tighter, tougher, vigorous
MPs calledfor tougher enforce-

engage (sb) in sth
• ADV. actively
people who actively engage in shaping the
world they live in
259
engine
• VERB
+
ENGAGE(SB) IN STH attempt to, seek to, try
to
He tried to engage me in conversation.
I
be eager to, be
willing to
I
be reluctant to, be unwilling to
engaged
adj.
1doing sth
• VERBS be
• ADV. deeply, heavily
those who are deeply engaged in
party politics
I
fully, totally
I
largely, mainly, primarily
I
directly
I

able to attend owing to a previous engagement.
I
import-
ant
I
business, official, public, social
I
dinner, lunch
• VERB
+
ENGAGEMENT have
I
keep
It is important
that I keep this engagement.
I
carry out
(formal) The
prime minister will carry out no official public engage-
ments during the month of August.
I
cancel, fail to keep
The president fell ill and was forced to cancel all public
engagements.
• ENGAGEMENT
+
NOUN diary
• PREP. - with
He had an important engagement with his
financial adviser.

I
air-
craft, car, rocket
• VERB
+
ENGINE crank (up), start, switch on
I
cut
(informal),
kill
(informal),
switch off
He pulled up under
some trees and cut the engine.
I
rev (up), run
She sat at the
traffic lights revving the engine.
I
repair, service, tune
I
lubricate
I
fit (sth with)
The new model is fitted with a
morepowerful engine.
• ENGINE
+
VERB run
She waited with the engine run-

race, rev (up)
He heard
a car engine racing behind him.
I
power sth
This model is
powered by a 1.8-litrepetrol engine.
• ENGINE
+
NOUN capacity, power, speed
I
compart-
ment, room
the ship's engine room
I
component
I
fail-
ure, problems, trouble
It looks as if we've got a spot of en-
gine trouble.
I
noise
• PREP. in an/the-
You need more oil in the engine.
• PHRASES the noise/roar/sound of the engine
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engineer
2vehicle that pulls a train
• ADJ. large, powerful

flight, marine, mechanical, mining, railway, recording,
software, sound, structural
• VERB
+
ENGINEER produce, train Britain isn't pro-
ducing enough engineers.
c>
Note at PROFESSIONAL (for more verbs)
2 repairs machines/equipment
• ADJ. qualified, registered, skilled, trained
I
mainten-
ance, service
I
heating, lighting, telephone
• VERB + ENGINEER call in/out
c>
Note at JOB (for more verbs)
engineer
verb
1manage to arrange sth
• ADV. brilliantly, carefully She carefully engineered a
meeting with the chairman.
• VERB + ENGINEER seek to, try to
2 design and build sth
• ADV.
carefully, finely, precisely, superbly the car issu-
perbly engineered and apleasure to driue.
engineering
noun

point if he'd written the article in plain English!
I
spoken, written
I
American, British, Indian, etc.
I
BBC,
the Queen's
I
Early, Middle, Modern, Old
c>
Note at LANGUAGE (for more collocates)
engrossed
adj.
• VERBS appear, be, look, seem
I
become, get
• ADV. deeply, very
I
completely, entirely, thoroughly,
totally
I
apparently
I
happily
• PREP. in He seemed completely engrossed in his book.
enhance
verb
• ADV. considerably, dramatically, enormously, great-
ly, much, significantly, substantially The attractiveness

+
ENJOY be able to
I
seem to The kids all
seemed to enjoy themselves.
I
begin to I was just begin-
ning to enjoy it when the rain came down.
enjoyable
adj.
• VERBS be, look, sound
I
become
I
make sth I al-
ways try to make my lessons enjoyable.
I
findsth
• ADV enormously, extremely, highly, hugely,
immensely, most, really, very We had a most enjoyable
evening.
I
thoroughly
I
quite
enjoyment
noun
• ADJ. full, great, huge, maximum, real A large income is
not necessary for the full enjoyment of life.
I

considerably in thefifteentli century. I slightly
• VERB
+
ENLARGE seek to Thegallery is seeking toen-
large its holdings of Danish art.
enmity
noun
• ADJ. bitter, fierce
I
lasting, long-standing, old, trad-
itional He had earned their lasting enmity.
• VERB
+
ENMITY earn (sb), incur
• PREP. - between the fierce enmity between the two
groups -towards his enmity towards the Church
enormity
noun
• ADJ.
full, sheer
• VERB
+
ENORMITY appreciate, grasp, realize It's dif-
ficult to grasp the sheer enormity of the tragedy.
I
bring
home Her words brought home the enormity of what was
happening.
enquire
(a/so inquire) verb

• ADJ. full/full-scale, major
I
detailed
I
preliminary
I
immediate
I
open, public
I
confidential
I
internal
I
joint a joint enquiry undertaken by the Department of
Health and the Dental Association I impartial, independ-
ent I informal I formal, official I congressional, gov-
ernment, judicial, parliamentary, police
I
disciplinary
I
fatal accident, murder, etc.
• VERB + ENQUIRY carry out, conduct, have, hold,
undertake I announce The governor announced an en-
quiry into the events. I initiate, launch, open
(up),
set up,
start Police have launched a murder enquiry.
I
adjourn

I
rule sth The enquiry ruled
that the cars should be fitted with bigger bumpers. I
blame sb/sth
• ENQUIRY
+
NOUN report I team
• PREP. at an/the - At the enquiry the minister main-
tained that nothing illegal had been done. during/in
an/the - arguments during the enquiry pending an - The
director has been suspended onfull pay, pending an intern-
al enquiry.
I -
by
an enquiry by the Charity Commission
- into apublic enquiry into the environmental effects of the
proposed new road
• PHRASES the outcome/result of an enquiry, the sub-
ject of an enquiry He now finds himself the subject of an
enquiry after reports offinancial irregularities.
2 request for information
• ADJ. exhaustive, extensive, thorough I'oe made ex-
haustive enquiries, but haven't been able to find what I
want.
I
detailed
I
specific
I
general Our national en-

I
be inundated with
I
an-
swer, respond to, deal with, handle
I
assist
(sb)
in/with,
help
(sb)
in/with Police believe he can help them with their
enquiries into a robbery.
• ENQUIRY
+
NOUN desk, office I service I form You
are requested tocomplete an enquiry form.
• PREP. pending an/the - She has been released on bail
pending further enquiries.
I -
about/as to/concern-
ing/regarding/relating to/with regard to enquiries as to
the whereabouts of Eriti Smith - by enquiries by police
-from enquiries from thepublic - into
I'm
making enquir-
ies into thepossibility ofgoing by train.
3asking questions/collecting information
• ADJ. careful
I

spirit of enquiry.
enrolment
noun
• ADJ.
high, low
I
total Total enrolment
fell
between 1991
and 1997. I open
(=
not restricted) I school I candi-
date, student
• ENROLMENT
+
VERB take place Enrolment will take
place in the main hall.
I
be/go up,rise
I
be/go down, fall
• PREP.
at-
You will begiven a reading list at enrolment.
on - The full fee
is
payable on enrolment.
I -
for
Enrolment for engineering courses is low this year. - in

compromises.
entangled
adj.
• VERBS be I become, get Thefishing lines had become
hopelessly entangled.
• ADV. hopelessly
• PREP. in He became entangled in legal disputes. with
Sara had got entangled with some political group.
enter
verb
1come/go into a place
• ADV. illegally people who enter the country illegally
• VERB + ENTER allow sb/sth to, permit sb/sth to
He
stood back to allow us to enter.
I
forbid sb to
• PREP. by/through Weentered through a large iron gate.
2 add information to sth
• ADV.
manually You may need to enter ihis information
manually.
• PREP. in Your details have been entered in our database.
into, on Please enter all your personal details on theform.
provided. onto Enter the data onto the computer.
enterprise
noun
1 plan/project
• ADJ. great
I