Dd
daft
adj., adv.
• VERBS be, feel, look, seem, sound
I
act, talk
(both in-
formal) Don't talk daft!
• ADV. bloody
(taboo),
really
I
completely, plain
The de-
cision isjust
plaiti
daft.
I
a bit, pretty, rather
dagger
noun
• ADJ. curved
I
ceremonial, jewelled, ornamental
• VERB
+
DAGGER draw
I
sheathe
dam
noun

irreparable, irreversible, lasting, long-term,
permanent
The incident did permanent damage to rela-
tions between the two countries.
I
criminal, malicious,
wilful
He was prosecuted for criminal damage to a vehicle.
I
accidental
The insurance policy covers the building for
accidental damage.
I
emotional, environmental, mech-
anical, psychological, structural
I
brain
She suffered
serious brain damage at birth.
• VERB
+
DAMAGE cause, do, inflict
The earthquake
caused widespread damage toproperty.
0
They inflicted se-
vere psychological damage on their opponents.
I
suffer
I

decided to sue the company for damages.
I
assess
The
court will assess the damages.
I
apportion, award (sb)
I
pay (sb)
I
obtain, receive, recover, win
I
be liable for,
be liable in
(law) If goods are lost in transit, the carrier
will be liablefor damages.
• DAMAGES
+
NOUN action, claim
A woman is to bring
a civil damages action against the men she alleges mur-
dered her son.
I
award
• PREP. in -
They are claiming
£45
million in damages.
I
-for

ther
I
possibly,potentially
I
positively
These new meas-
ures will do nothing to raise school standards: they may be
positively damaging.
I
economically, environmentally,
politically, psychologically
Building the proposed new
road would beenvironmentally damaging.
• PREP. to
Smoking isdamaging to health.
damp
noun
• ADJ. penetrating, rising
• VERB
+
DAMP have, suffer from
The house had got
woodworm and rising damp.
I
check for, look for
I
find
The surveyor found damp in the kitchen.
damp
adj.

rain
I
mating
pigeons
performing their mating dance
• VERB
+
DANCE dance, do, perform
In her delight she
got up and did a little dance.
I
have
May I have the next
dance?
0 Tfelt
like having a dance.
I
like
Would you like a
dance?
I
sit out
She had to sit out the last dance because of
a twisted ankle.
• DANCE
+
NOUN music, rhythm
I
routine, sequence,
step

• ADV almost
I
wildly
They danced wildly down the
street.
I
about, around, away
I
together
• VERB
+
DANCE ask sb to
I
wantto
• PREP. for
He was almost dancingfor joy.
to
Wedanced to
the music.
with
Willyou dance with me?
dancer
noun
• ADJ. brilliant, excellent, good, great, wonderful
He's a
brilliant dancer!
I
professional
I
trained

DANCING do, go
They liked to go dancing
every Saturday night.
• DANCING
+
NOUN display
I
lesson
She's taking dan-
cing lessons.
I
school
I
career
I
partner
• PHRASES dancing in the streets
There was dancing in
the streets when we heard that the war was over.
danger
noun
• ADJ. big, considerable, enormous, extreme, grave,
great, mortal, obvious, real, serious, terrible
They are in
grave danger of losing everything.
0
She knew that she
was now in mortal danger.
0
There is a real danger that the

+
DANGER be exposed to, face
On their jour-
ney across the desert they faced danger of all sorts.
I
be
fraught with, involve
The task teasfraught with danger.
I
cause
He was convicted of causing danger to other road
users.
I
pose
the dangers posed by the possession of nu-
clear weapons
I
be aware of, foresee, identify, realize,
recognize, see, sense, smell, spot
No one foresaw the
danger.
0
The animal seemed to sense danger.
I
run
A com-
pany must keep developing or it runs the danger of stag-
nating.
I
court

We waited until all danger
had passed.
• DANGER
+
NOUN area, spot, zone
Despite the high
levels of radiation, people are now moving back into the
danger zone.
I
signals, signs
He recognized the danger
signs and gave up smoking.
I
money
The divers werepaid
danger money for working in such hazardous conditions.
I
man
The United manager believes Figo is the oppos-
ition's danger man.
• PREP. in -
We weren't in any danger.
in - of
The plant is
now in danger of extinction.
out of -
They ran until they
wereout of danger.
I
-frorn, -of

I
a bit, a little, quite, rather, slightly
I
possibly, potentially
I
downright, positively
It's a
risky idea, if not downright dangerous!
I
inherently
I
189
dash
notoriously
This route through the mountains is notori-
ously dangerous.
I
politically
Raising income tax is con-
sidered politically dangerous.
• PREP. for
This treatment is extremely dangerous for the
mother.
to
not dangerous tohumans
dare
verb
• ADV. hardly, scarcely
I hardly dared breathe.
• VERB

before-
We'd better try and finisli this job before dark.
in
the -
I hate getting up in the dark.
• PHRASES afraid of the dark
Many small children are
afraid of the dark.
dark
adj.
• VERBS be, look
I
get,go,growltgetsdarkataboutsix
o'clock.
0
Suddenly the whole sky went dark.
0
As it grew
dark, they gathered round thefire.
I
remain, stay
• ADV. very
I
completely
I
almost, nearly
It's only
three
0'
clock and it's nearly dark already.

waitingfor the darkness to lift
• PREP. in (the) -
The building was in darkness.
0
Her
eyes seemed to glow in the darkness.
into the-
The car dis-
appeared into the darkness.
out of the -
Afigure appeared
out of the darkness.
• PHRASES the hours of darkness
The bombing took
place during the hours of darkness.
under cover of dark-
ness
They moved about under cover of darkness.
dash
noun
1sudden quick movement
• ADJ. quick, sudden
I
frantic, headlong, mad
I
final,
last-minute
• VERB
+
DASH make

+
DASH
haveto,mustImustdash-Tmlate.
• PREP. across, along, down, in, into, out of, through,
to, up
He dashedfrantically across the road.
2
destroy sth
• ADV. quickly
I
cruelly
Her hopes were cruelly dashed
when herparents refused to let her go.
data
noun
• ADJ. accurate, reliable
I
comprehensive, detailed,
extensive
I
raw
We have amassed the raw data and are
about to begin analysing it.
I
factual, hard
There is no
hard data to support these theories.
I
empirical, experi-
mental, numerical, observational, scientific, statistical

The computer can manipulate massive amounts
of data.
I
exchange, share, transfer
I
present (sb with)
I
provide (sb with)
The government departments refused
toprovide the data that werequired.
• DATA
+
VERB be derived from sth
The data derived
from this project has vastly increased our knowledge of
how genes work.
I
indicate sth, reflect sth, show sth,
suggest sth
Data indicates that most crime
is
committed
by young males.
0
This data reflects the magnitude of the
problem.
I
support sth
• DATA
+

released with their permission. -
for
We have no data for
southern Spain. -
from
My aim is to synthesize data from
all the surveys. -
on
data on the effects of pollution.
• PHRASES the acquisition/handling/storage, etc. of
data, a source of data
database
noun
• ADJ. large
I
comprehensive
I
national
I
computer,
computerized, electronic
I
online
• VERB
+
DATABASE create, establish, set up
We're
trying to create our own computerized database.
I
add to,

stored on a large
database.
I -
of
a very large database of information
date
noun
1
particular day
• ADJ. earlier, earliest
She suggested an earlier date for
190
the meeting.
I
later, latest
I
exact, firm, specific
I can't
give you specific dates.
I
provisional, tentative
I
un-
specified I significant
7th May, 1999 was a very signifi-
cant date in my life.
I
closing
The closing datefor applica-
tions is May

• VERB
+
DATE agree (on), arrange, decide (on), fix,
set
Can uiefix datesfor the holiday?
0
Has adate beenfixed
for the meeting?
• PREP. after a/the -
We cannot accept applications re-
ceived after this date.
at a... -
The election is scheduled to
take place at an unspecified date in the autumn.
before
a/the -, by a/the -
The building must befinished by the
date agreed.
from a/the -
The agreement runs from that
date.
on a/the -
I'ue got two meetings on that date.
I -
for
We need to set a date for the wedding. -
of
the date of the
election
• PHRASES the/your big date

I
hot
(=
exciting)
She had a hot date and wanted to look her
best.
• VERB
+
DATE
haveTvegotadatewithCamillaonFri-
day night.
I
make
We must make a date to have lunch.
I
keep
She wanted to arrive in time to keep her date.
I
break, cancel
He was late, and ended up breaking their
dinner date.
• PREP. on
a-
She's out on a date with her new boyfriend.
I
-wlth
date
verb
• ADV. accurately, precisely
It has not yet been possible

elder, younger
I
illegitimate, legitimate
I
dutiful, good
I
long-lost
I
married, unmarried
• VERB
+
DAUGHTER have
They've got three young
daughters.
I
bear
(formal),
give birth to
His wife recently
gave birth to a daughter.
I
bring up
Living alone and try-
ing to bring up a small daughter is no easy task.
• DAUGHTER
+
VERB grow up
dawn
noun
1

week
(=
for the performance that is
seven days after Thursday).
the first/second/third/last-in/of the
month
The museum isfree on the last
Sunday of every month.
alternate-s, each, every-
The competition isfixed for
alternate Wednesdays.
191
day
all day-
The restaurant is closedall day
Saturday.
-afternoon, evening, morning,
night, etc.
I'll seeyou on Friday evening.
Saturday lunchtimes are very busy
in the restaurant.
firstthing (onr-
I'll post
it
first thing on Monday
morning.
late (on)-
The crash occurred late on
Tuesday night.
one -

I
patrol, raid
Am-
munition was seized during a dawn raid on theflat.
• PREP. at -
That morning, she rose at dawn.
betore «,
by -,
till/until-',
towards-
• PHRASES (at) the crack of dawn
(=
assoon as it begins
to be light), from dawn to dusk
He works from dawn to
dusk, and often well into the night.
2
beginning
• ADJ. false
This sudden success may prove to be afalse
dawn
(=
not the beginning of continued success).
I
new
• PREP. -of
the dawn of civilization/history/a new era
0
Let's think back to the dawn of time.
dawn verb

(=
recently). lone,
some
I hope we meet again some day.
I
the very
It hap-
pened on the very day
(=
the same day)
that Kemp was
murdered.
0
The parcel arrived the very next day.
I
auspi-
cious, big, eventful, field, historic, memorable, red-
letter, special
The tabloid press had a field day with the
latest government scandal.
I
fateful, sad
those killed in
the hail of bullets fired on that fateful day
I
Christmas,
open/closed (on)-
We'reopen every day except
Sunday.
-arrive, come, dawn

I
feast, holy
I
election, opening, market,
pay, polling, sports, visiting, wedding
I
rest, school,
study, training
thepatterti of the school day
• DAY
+
VERB pass
He thought of her less as the days
passed.
• PREP. by the -
He's getting stronger by the day.
for
a/the -
They stayedfor ten days.
in althe -
Wehope tofinish.
thejob in afeui days.
on the - (of)
On the day of his wedding
he was very nervous. I -offt was the day of the big match.
2 time between sunrise and sunset
• ADJ. beautiful, bright, fine, glorious, hot, nice, sunny,
warm
I
cold, grey, rainy, windy

• PHRASES all day (long), at the end of the day, day and
night, one of those days
It's been one of those days when
everything's gone wrong.
3 hours of the day when you work
• ADJ. working
I
bad, busy, hard, long, tiring
a hard
day at the office
I
good, quiet
I
7-hour, 8-hour, etc.
a 9·
hour working day
• PHRASES a good day's work
4 (often days) particular period of time
• ADJ. early, former, old, olden
in the early days
01
the
cinema
I
school, student, young
in his younger days
I
golden, happy, heady
the heady days of the 'swinging
sixties'

DAYLIGHT let in The thin curtains let in the
daylight.
I
shut out The shutters were closed to keep out
the daylight. I emerge into The prisoners emerged, blink-
ing, into daylight.
• DAYLIGHT
+
VERB filter through sth, flood in, pene-
trate sth A little daylight was filtering through the cur-
tains.
<>
He drew back the curtains and the daylightflooded
in.
o
The daylight penetrated to thefar corners of the room.
I
break Towards
6
a.m. daylight broke.
I
fade The even-
ing turned coolas daylight faded.
• DAYLIGHT + NOUN hours The public has access dur-
ing daylight hours.
• PREP. before - She was up before daylight. by - By day-
light thefire was almost under control. in - I can seebetter
in daylight. into the - She went back out into the daylight.
• PHRASES the hours of daylight The machines roar in-
cessantly during the hours of daylight.

• VERBS be, lie His wife lay dead beside him. I look I
sham The animal will sometimes escape danger by sham-
ming dead. I drop He just dropped dead one day in his
garden.
I
shoot sb, strike sb Gunmen shot dead a police-
man.
o
She had been struck dead by lightning. I find sb
The woman wasfound dead with a rope round her neck.
I
declare
sb,
pronounce sb She was declared dead on ar-
rival at the hospital.
• ADV. quite
I'm.
afraid he's quite dead.
• PHRASES dead and buried (figurative) In ten years
he'll be dead and buried as a politician. dead and gone
That won't happen until long after
I'm
dead and gone.
dead or alive Wedidn't know whether thefish. was dead or
alive. more dead than alive Poor chiid, she looks more
dead than alive.
deadline
noun
• ADJ. strict, tight
• VERB + DEADLINE have, work to We're working to a

+
DEADLOCK end in, reach The negotiations
ended in deadlock.
<>
The strike appeared to have reached a
deadlock.
I
break, resolve
• PREP.
in-
The negotiations were adjourned in deadlock
last week.
I-
between the deadlock between striking
workers and their employer - in The summit called for an
end to the deadlock in the peace talks. - over The govern-
ment has called new talks in an attempt to break the dead-
lock over the issue of redundancy money.
• PHRASES a state of deadlock Talks between the two
sides remain in a state of complete deadlock.
deaf
adj.
• VERBS be
I
be born Their child was born deaf
I
be-
come, end up, go He eventually went deaf I remain She
remained deaf until she died.
I

I
five-year, etc.
I
long-
term
I
compromise
I
cut-price The company are offer-
ing cut-price deals on many flights. I shady He has been
mixed up in several shady deals with arms dealers.
I
package The union accepted a package deal including
higher pension and longer holiday allowance. I busi-
ness, financial, political, trade
I
pay, sponsorship I
arms, weapons I two-book, three-film, etc. The band
signed a two-album deal with a record company.
• VERB + DEAL agree, arrange, close, complete, con-
clude, cut (informal), do, make, negotiate, reach, seal,
sign, strike Management and unions have agreed a new
deal on pay and productivity.
o
T
II
make a deal with you
-T
II
work evenings if you'

from another bank. - on I got a very good deal on my new
car. - over The unions are ready to do a deal over pay.
-with The company has done a deal with the catering staff
• PHRASES get/have a bad/raw/rotten/rough deal Im-
migrants often get a bad deal when it comes to pay.
get/have a fair/square deal The union tries toget a square
dealfor all its members. part of the deal Increased holiday
allowance
is
part of the deal. the terms of the deal Under
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the terms of the deal, the band has to make two albums a
year.
~ Special page at BUSINESS
deal
verb
• ADV. directly
• PREP. in The shop deals in second-hand books. with Our
factory deals directly with its customers.
PHRASAL VERB
deal with sth
• ADV. quickly, speedily I at length, fully This topic is
dealt with at greater length in thefollowing chapter.
I
ef-
fectively I fairly, properly You have not dealt fairly with
me. I easily Not all complaints are so easily dealt with.
I
separately The two issues should be dealt with separately.
I

I
corrupt, fraudulent, illegal,
underhand
I
business, commercial, financial
• VERB
+
DEALINGS have They had extensive dealings
with officials in Rome.
• PREP. in your-with We need to be very careful in our
dealings with these distressed young people.
death
noun
• ADJ. early, premature, untimely The president's un-
timely death has thrown the country into chaos.
I
sudden,
unexpected I immediate, instant I quick I slow I ap-
proaching, imminent, impending
I
certain He had been
miraculously sauedfrom almost certain death.
I
terrible I
tragic the tragic death of their son I mysterious, suspi-
cious Police are not treating the death as suspicious.
I
natural, unnatural
I
accidental a verdict of accidental

bleed to, burn to, choke to, freeze to, starve to
I
con-
demn sb to, sentence sb to I batter sb to, beat sb to,
burn sb to, choke sb to, club sb to, crush sb to, flog sb
to, hack sb to, kick sb to, put sb to, stab sb to, stone sb
to, torture sb to, trample sb to
I
be punishable/pun-
ished by Incest was punishable by death.
• DEATH + VERB come, happen, occur Her death came
at the age of 82.
0
More deaths occur in winter. I result
from deaths resulting front disease
• DEATH + NOUN rate The government's campaign
aims to cut the death rate from heart attacks. I toll The
death toll in the earthquake has been put at over one thou-
193
debate
.....................................................................................
:.
sand. I penalty, sentence If found guilty of drug traffick-
ing, the pair could face the death penalty.
I
row There are
currently over
3
000prisoners on death row.
I

warrant (often fig-
urative) By publicly condemning the terrorists he was
signing his own death warrant.
I
camp He died as a pris-
oner of war in an enemy death camp.
• PREP. after (sb's) - Do you believe in life after death?
at - (format; The average age at death of plague victims
was 14. before (sb's)-, in- His face looked more peaceful
in death than it had during his last days. near (to) - It was
clear that the dog was near death. on
sb's>
On Samuel's
death, thefarm passed to his sons.
I -
by death by starva-
tion
-from
Two deaths from cholera have been reported.
• PHRASES cause of death The coroner said the cause of
death was a stroke. a matter of life and/or death Fulfill-
ing orders on time is a matter of life and death for a small
company. sentence of death Four prisoners were under
sentence of death.
debatable
adj.
• VERBS be I remain
• ADV. highly, very This is a highly debatable point.
I
somewhat

• DEBATE
+
VERB rage, take place A debate about
safety is taking place in schools everywhere.
• PREP.
under - The issue is still under debate. I
- about/on/over the debate on the environment - among
the debate among academics - between, - surrounding
the debate surrounding contemporary art -with
• PHRASES the subject of debate The proposed changes
to the law have been the subject of much debate.
2 a
formal
discussion
• ADJ. brief
I
lengthy, long
I
acrimonious, fierce,
heated, lively, stormy a stormy debate in the House of
Commons I congressional, parliamentary a parliamen-
tary debate on thefishing industry
• VERB + DEBATE have, hold We had a brief debate
about whether or not to accept the offer.
0
The union holds
debates for students. I participate in, speak in, take part
in Do you ever speak in debates? I open The prime minis-
ter will open the debate. I close I lose, win The govern-
ment lost the debate

be widely debated
The report has been wide-
ly debated in the industry.
debit
verb
• ADV.
automatically
• PREP.
from
The money will be debited from your ac-
count.
with
Your current account is automatically debited
with the amount of your purchase.
debris
noun
• ADJ.
flying
She was hit on the head by flying debris.
I
food, plant, rock
These toormsfeed onplant debris.
I
gar-
den, industrial, volcanic
• QUANT.
piece
I
heap, pile
• VERB

• ADJ.
big, crippling, enormous, high, huge, large,
massive, substantial
He was burdened with crippling
debts.
I
mounting
a company faced with mounting debts
I
outstanding, unpaid
She used her lottery winnings topay
off her outstanding debts.
I overdue
I
bad
(=
that cannot
be repaid)
Bad debt has hit the bank's profits this year.
I
long-term, short-term I overall, total I gross, net I
commercial, corporate I external, foreign, internation-
al I national, public
The country has a national debt of
80%of GNP
I gambling
• VERB
+
DEBT
be burdened with, have, owe

reschedule, restruc-
ture
The company has reached a deal with its major credit-
ors allowing it to restructure its debts.
I secure
a debt se-
cured onproperty
• DEBT
+
VERB
fall due
I
stand at sth, total sth
The na-
tional debt stands at
$7
000million.
I
arise from sth
debts
arising from bad investments
• DEBT
+
NOUN
collection, collector
I
burden
• PREP. of-
$80million of debt
• PHRASES

• VERB
+
DEBT
owe
I
acknowledge, recognize
• PREP.
in
sb's -
I am in Ruth's debt for the excellent ad-
vice she gave me.
I -
to In the introduction, the author ac-
knowledges her debt to other writers on the subject.
• PHRASES
owe a debt of gratitude to sb
Weowe a great
debt of gratitude to ourfamilies for their support.
decade
noun
• ADJ.
present
I
coming, following, next
I
last, past,
preceding, previous, recent
• DECADE
+
VERB

moral, physical, social
• VERB
+
DECAY
cause
Bacteria sticks tofood debris in
the teeth, causing decay.
I stop
Without a lot of money, the
mayor won't be able to stop urban decay.
I reverse
This
government promises to reverse industrial decay.
I
pre-
vent
The wood is treated with preservative to prevent
decay.
I
fall into
old buildings that hadfallen into decay
• PREP. in -
The derelict buildings are the signs of a town
in decay.
I -
in
Smoking accelerates age-related decay in
the heart and arteries. -
of
the slow decay of the castle and

His mother is now sadly deceased.
deceive
verb
• ADV.
easily
Human nature issuch that we easily deceive
ourselves.
• VERB
+
DECEIVE
attempt to, try to
• PREP.
into
The public should not be deceived into buy-
ing inferior goods.
December
noun
q
Note at
MONTH
decency
noun
• ADJ.
common, human
a lack of common decency
I
public
Your behaviour is an affront topublic decency.
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• VERB

to get what he wants. I see through She failed to see
through his deception.
I
obtain .sth by (especially law)
She was charged with obtaining property by deception.
deceptive
adj.
• VERBS be
• ADV highly, very
I
dangerously
• PHRASES can be deceptive Appearances can be
deceptiue-i-dangerously deceptive.
decide
verb
• ADV. finally Wefinally decided to stay where we were.
I
sensibly, wisely He decided very wisely to keep his money
rather than spend it.
• VERB + DECIDE be able/unable to, can/can't could
(not) I can't decide what to do. I have to, must You will
have to decide soon. I try to I be difficult to
• PREP. against They decided against taking legal action
between It was difficult to decide between the various op-
tions. in favour of They decided in fauour of reducing the
fees. on/upon We'restill trying to decide on a venue.
• PHRASES decide for yourself She should be allowed to
decidefor herself,
the
task of deciding sth The committee

arbitrary
I
good, rational, right,
sensible, wise
I
bad, poor, unwise, wrong
I
collective,
joint, unanimous In the end, the decision to scrap thepro-
ject was unanimous.
I
majority, split
I
court, govern-
ment, etc. I investment, policy, etc.
• VERB + DECISION arrive at, come to, make, reach,
take Key decisions are always taken by the editor. I an-
nounce, give
(sb)
The committee will give us their deci-
sion tomorrow.
I
abide by The decision has been made,
and we must all abide by it. I affirm, uphold The manage-
ment committee upheld her decision tofire two of her staff.
195
decline
I
reconsider
I

went up on deck.
• PREP. below- The passengers were trapped below deck.
on-
Ijoined the others on deck.
2one of the floors of a bus/ship
• ADJ.
lower, top, upper I aft/after, main, poop, prom-
enade, saloon, sun
(on a ship)
• PREP. on a/the- sitting on the top deck of the bus
declaration
noun
• ADJ. formal, solemn
I
ringing The Russian leader re-
ceived a ringing declaration of support yesterday. I joint I
unilateral
I
public
• VERB + DECLARATION issue, make The government
will issue a formal declaration tomorrow.
I
adopt, sign
All four countries have adopted the declaration against
hunting rare animals.
• PREP. - about/on the UN declaration on Human Rights
- of a declaration of war
declare
verb
• ADV. virtually He has virtually declared war on the

I
absolute, inevitable, inexorable, ir-
reversible, terminal an industry in terminal decline
I
economic, industrial, moral, political, urban the moral
decline of the nation
I
national
• VERB + DECLINE fall into, go into, suffer The cloth
trade went into gradual decline.
I
cause, lead to The in-
creased gold price lead to the decline of his jewellery busi-
ness.
I
arrest, halt, stop We must halt this decline in
health services.
I
prevent
I
reverse
I
accelerate I see
We have seen a sharp decline in educational standards
over recentyears.
• PREP. in- The motor industry is still in decline. on the-
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decline
This area has been on the declinefor someyears now.
I-

I
further
• PREP by
Profits declined by
6%
this year.
from, to
The
number offull-time staff has declinedfrom 300tojust 50.
• PHRASES decline in importance/numbers/size
This
section of the market has slowly declined in importance.
decompose
verb
• PHRASES badly/partially/partly decomposed
His
badly decomposed body tuasfound many weeks later.
decorate
verb
1make sth attractive
• ADV beautifully, elaborately, el~gantly, gaily, intri-
cately, lavishly, ornately, richly
The room was lavishly
decorated with tinsel and holly.
• PREP. with
Decorate the cake with raspberries qnd
whipped cream.
2with painVwallpaper
• ADV nicely, pleasantly, tastefully
The bedrooms are

I
slight, small
I
gradual, progressive, steady
I
corresponding
Fewer houses are available, but there is no
corresponding decrease in demand.
• VERB
+
DECREASE show
This year's figures show a
decrease of 30% on last year.
I
report
Half the companies
in the survey reported a decrease in sales.
I
cause, lead to,
result in
• PREP. on the -
Marriage is still on the decrease.
I
-from ... to ...
a decreasefrom 62% tojust under half-in
The new treatment led to a huge decrease in the number of
deaths.
-of
a decrease of20%
I

The government had the power to le-
gislate by emergency decree independently of Parliament.
I
papal, presidential, royal
I
court
• VERB
+
DECREE adopt, issue, pass, publish
The
president issued a decreeprohibiting trade unions.
I
sign
I
enforce
Local inspectors helped enforce presidential de-
crees.
I
revoke
I
defy
10000 demonstrators defied the de-
creeand gathered in the square.
I
govern by, legislate by,
rule by
The general will rule by decree until a general elec-
tion.
• PREP. in a/the-
In an emergency decree, the government

show
I
need, re-
quire
You will need dedication and determination to com-
plete the course.
o
Thejob requires total dedication.
• PREP -to
I really admire Gina for her dedication to her
family.
deduce
verb
• ADV. easily
I
logically
The total amount can be de-
duced logically from thefigures available.
• VERB
+
DEDUCE be able to, can
I
be possible to
Using the evidence available it ispossible to deduce quite a
lot about how these people lived.
• PREP. from
Wededucefrom his behaviour that he is try-
ing togain attention.
deduct
verb

She ar-
rived at the solution by a simple process of deduction.
2taking an amount from a total/the amount taken
• ADJ. monthly, weekly
monthly deductions for health
insurance
I
tax
• VERB
+
DEDUCTION make
The company automatical-
ly makes tax deductions from your salary.
• PREP. -for
deductions for travel costs-from deductions
from his wages
deed
noun
• ADJ. brave, daring, glorious, good, great, heroic,
mighty, noble
Shefelt that she had done her good deedfor
the day.
I
dark, dastardly, dirty, evil, terrible
The prince
swore she would bepunished for her dastardly deeds.
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• VERB
+
DEED do, perform, perpetrate

I
fairly, quite
3strongly felt
• VERBS be, go, run
This suspicion runs very deep
among some government members.
I
become
• ADV. very
a very deepfeeling of love
I
fairly, quite
defeat
noun
• ADJ. bitter, catastrophic, complete, comprehensive,
crushing, decisive, devastating, disastrous, heavy, hu-
miliating, ignominious, overwhelming, resounding,
serious, stunning
Their party suffered a heavy defeat in
the election.
0
The battle ended in a humiliating defeat. I
narrow
They lost
4-3
in their second narrow defeat of the
week. I
consecutive, successive
I
election, electoral,

I
end in
I
lead to
• PREP - against
last week's crushing defeat against
Manchester United -
by
their defeat by the French
• PHRASES defeat at the hands of sb
The team suffered
defeat at the hands of their oldest rivals.
defeat
verb
• ADV comprehensively, convincingly, decisively,
easily, heavily, soundly, totally
The English were heavily
defeated by the Scots in the battle thatfollotoed.
0
The pro-
posed bill was decisively defeated in Parliament.
I
nar-
rowly
Our team was narrowly defeated in the final.
I
eventually, finally, ultimately
• PREP. by
The motion was defeated by 20votes to 18.
defect

correct, cure, remedy, repair
This is aphysic-
al defect that cannot be cured.
0
The builders agreed to
remedy the structural defects. .
• PREP. - in
major defects in the education system -
of
a
defectofhercharac~r
197
defend
defective
adj.
• VERBS be, prove
If the goods prove defective, the cus-
tomer has the right to compensation.
• ADV. highly, seriously, severely
Her vision is seriously
defective.
defence
noun
1
action to protect
sb/sth
from attack
• ADJ. adequate, effective
I
natural

+
DEFENCE put up
They put up an effective de-
fence against the guerrilla forces.
I
overcome, over-
whelm
With her tears and angry accusations she complete-
ly overwhelmed his defences.
I
build (up)
They are build-
ing up defences along the river.
I
breach
The sea breached
the coastal defences in a number of spots.
• DEFENCE
+
NOUN mechanism
• PREP. -against
3forces, etc. for protecting a country
• DEFENCE + NOUN force/forces, system
I
minister,
ministry
I
policy, strategy
I
industry

destroy
I
strengthen
• PREP.
uvr to
play iruiefence
defenceless
adj.
• VERBS be, feel, lie
The city lay defenceless before the
most powerful fighting force on the continent.
I
leave sb
They were left virtually defenceless against enemy attack.
• ADV entirely, quite, totally, utterly
She felt utterly de-
fenceless.
I
almost, virtually
• PREP. against
They werecompletely defenceless against
enemy attack.
• PHRASES poor defenceless
stealing money from a
poor defenceless old lady
defend
verb
1
protect against attack
• PREP. against

sue
a defendant
being sued by an insurance company
I
convict, find
guilty
The defendant was convicted of murder.
0
The jury
found the defendant guilty on all counts.
I
sentence
The
defendant was sentenced to threeyears in prison.
I
acquit,
find not guilty
I
release
• DEFENDANT + VERB
plead guilty/not guilty
• PREP.
against the-
the plaintiffs claim against the de-
fendant
for the -
Several witnesses gave evidence for the
defendant. I -
in
a defendant in bankruptcy proceedings

about
He is extremely defensive about his work.
defer
verb
• ADV.
further
I
indefinitely
The decision has been de-
ferred indefinitely.
• VERB + DEFER
agree to, decide to
• PREP.
for
Sentence was deferred for six months.
pend-
ing
Diagnosis was deferred pending further assessment.
till/until
Weagreed to defer discussion of these issues until
the next meeting.
deference
noun
• ADJ.
great
• VERB
+
DEFERENCE
accord, show, treat sb with
The

• PHRASES
an act of defiance, a gesture of defiance
defiant
adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, feel, look, seem
I
become
I
re-
main
Despite the criticisms, she remained defiant.
• ADV.
very I slightly
He had a slightly defiant air.
I
openly
Syluia tossed back her dark hair in a gesture that
was openly defiant.
I
persistently
deficiency
noun
• ADJ.
major, serious, severe
I
slight, small
I
dietary,
nutritional

rather, slightly
• PREP.
in
Their food is deficient in iron.
deficit
noun
• ADJ.
huge, large, massive, serious, substantial
I
small
I
net, overall
I
balance-of-payments, budget,
budgetary, financial, fiscal, trade
• VERB
+
DEFICIT
face, have, run, show
If the govern-
ment didn't run such huge deficits, the country would not
have financial problems.
0
The trade balance shows a def-
icit of two million pounds.
I
go into, move into, run up,
slip into
to prevent the country moving into defecit
0

• PREP. in - The UKremained in deficit with all countries
outside the EU.
I-with
the US trade deficit with Japan
define
verb
• ADV.
accurately, carefully, correctly, exactly, explicit-
ly, precisely, specifically
It is important to define these
terms accurately.
I
clearly, fully, strongly, well
I
ad-
equately
There may beproblems if responsibilittes are not
adequately defined.
I
ill, poorly
I
broadly
Wehave chosen
to define the scope of our study quite broadly.
I
loosely,
vaguely
I
closely, narrowly, rigidly, strictly, tightly
I

0
The author provides a clear definition of cultural aware-
ness.
I
comprehensive, exhaustive
I
adequate, satis-
factory
I
broad, loose, wide
I
narrow, rigid, strict
Ac-
cording to a strict definition, the expenses of a self-
employed person can be deducted from tax.
I
official,
statutory
Thefirm falls within the statutory definition of
a 'small company'.
I
conventional, standard
I
alterna-
tive
I
working
We need a good working definition of
'pollution'.
I

• VERBS
be
I
be born
I
become
• ADV.
badly, severely
She had a badly deformed hand.
I
slightly
I
hideously, horribly
deformity
noun
• ADJ.
appalling, severe
I
slight
I
congenital, genetic
I birth I physical I facial, hip, limb, etc.
• VERB
+
DEFORMITY
have, sufferfrom
defunct
adj.
• VERBS
be

be prepared to, be ready to
Campaign-
ers have said that they areprepared todefy the law in order
to achieve their aims.
I
continue to
degenerate
verb
• ADV.
rapidly
I
easily
• PREP.
into
The solemn event rapidly degenerated into
farce.
degrading
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem I find sth
Hefound the work extreme-
ly degrading.
• ADV.
extremely, really, very
I
rather, slightly
the ra-
ther degrading conditions in theprison I
socially
• PREP.

Water boils at 100degrees centigrade.
• PHRASES
degrees above/below zero, degrees Cel-
sius/centigrade/Fahrenheit, minus 10, 20, etc. degrees
3 amount/level
• ADJ.
considerable, exceptional, extraordinary, great,
high, large, remarkable, substantial, surprising, un-
usual, the utmost
the utmost degree of freedom I
fair,
moderate, modest
It was possible to date these remains
with a fair degree of accuracy.
I
low, minimal, slight,
small
He would try anything to make her even the smallest
degree happier.
I
lesser
The tax changes will especially
hit those on high incomes and, to a lesser degree, small
businesses.
I
varying
keen amateurs who work hard, with
varying degrees of success I
alarming, dangerous, ex-
treme

pany's turnover dwindled tonothing.
in (an) equal degree
I felt excitement and sadness in equal degree as I waved
goodbye to my colleagues.
a greater or lesser degree
We
were all disappointed to a greater or lesser degree.
to the
nth degree
(=
to an extreme degree)
The children tested
herpatience to the nth degree.
4 qualification
• ADJ.
college, university
I
first, ordinary, under-
graduate
I
higher, master's, postgraduate, research
I
BA, BEd, BSc, MA, MSc, PhD, etc.
I
honours
I
pass
I
good, poor
I

gree in law then joined a law firm.
I
be awarded, gain,
get, obtain, receive
I
award sb, confer on sb
The univer-
sity conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of
Laws.
• DEGREE
+
NOUN
course, level
• PREP. -
in
a degree in economics
dehydration
noun
• ADJ.
severe
He diedfrom severe dehydration.
• VERB + DEHYDRATION
suffer from
I
die from/of
I
cause
I
avoid
deity

adj.
• VERBS
appear, be, feel, look
She looked sorrowful and
dejected.
I
become, grow
• ADV.
completely, thoroughly, totally, utterly
They
were thoroughly dejected and miserable.
I
rather
• PREP aboutfeeling rather dejected about thefuture
delay
noun
• ADJ. considerable, enormous, lengthy, long, major,
serious, significant, substantial
After a considerable
delay, the government has agreed to accept the recommen-
dations.
I
excessive, inordinate, undue, unnecessary
Undue delays have been caused by people not doing their
jobs properly.
I inevitable, unavoidable I short, slight I
unforeseen
I
frustrating
I

cause, lead to
The
strike has led tosome delays in train services.
I
avoid, pre-
vent, reduce
Please address your letters properly so as to
reduce delays.
I
apologize for
I apologize for the delay in
replying toyou.
• DELAY
+
VERB occur
Travellers complained about
lack of information when travel delays occurred.
• PREP. without-
Please send him the information with-
out delay.
I
-in
delays in getting to the airport-of a delay
of several weeks -
to
further delays to the scheme
delay
verb
• ADV. seriously, significantly
Mellanby's arrival was

• DELEGATE
+
VERB attend (sth)
No fewer than 2000
delegates attended the conference.
• PREP. -from
a delegatefrom. the local Labour party
-to
the British delegate to the United Nations
delegation
noun
1 people who represent a company, country, etc.
• ADJ. large, small
I
high-level, high-powered, high-
ranking, important
I
international
I
all-party, joint
The
prime minister met with an all-party delegation from the
city council.
I
government, military, official, parliamen-
tary, trade union
I
business, peace, trade
• VERB
+

The British delegation
walked out of the discussions in protest.
• PREP. in a/the -
all the ministers in the delegation
I
- from
an official delegation from Austria -
of
a high-
powered delegation of Asian businessmen
• PHRASES the chairman/head/leader of a delegation,
a member of a delegation
2giving a job to sb with a lower rank
• ADJ. effective, successful
All managers should learn
effective delegation.
• PREP. by -
Many of these tasks can bedealt with by dele-
gation.
I
-of
delegation of responsibility
delete
verb
• ADV. accidentally, by mistake, inadvertently
I
auto-
matically
• PREP. from
His name will be deletedfrom the list.

exotic, rare
I
local
Have you tried any of
the local delicacies?
• VERB + DELICACY be considered
The eggs of this
bird are considered a great delicacy.
I
sample, try
2 care and sensitivity/requiring care and sensitivity
• ADJ. extreme, great, utmost
He handled the situation
with extreme delicacy.
• PREP. with -
These objects are very old and should be
treated with great delicacy.
• PHRASES a matter of (some) delicacy
3 lightness and gentleness
• ADJ. exquisite
the exquisite delicacy of the embroidery
delicate
adj.
• VERBS be, feel, look
The glasses looked very delicate.
o
Her bonesfelt as delicate as a bird's.
I
become
• ADV. extremely, very

absolute, utter
I
pure,
sheer
I
mischievous, perverse
I
childish/childlike
I
endless
I
evident, obvious
I
mutual
I
aesthetic, sens-
ual, spiritual
His mind was reeling with an almost aesthet-
ic delight at the beauty of the thing.
• VERB
+
DELIGHT express
I
find, take
She took evi-
dent delight in frightening the children with horror stor-
ies.
I
give sb
I

constant, continual
The baby was a con-
stant delight and source of amazement.
I
unexpected
I
culinary, gastronomic
• VERB
+
DELIGHT explore, sample
I
enjoy, savour
Savour the culinary delights of Morocco.
• PREP. to
The old lady's reminiscences were a continual
delight to Constance.
delighted
adj.
• VERBS appear, be, feel,look, seem
• ADV. greatly, highly, only too, really
Mrs Cartwright
said she would be only too delighted topresent the prizes.
I
absolutely, quite
I
clearly, obviously, plainly
I
secretly
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'Poor Gloria, , she said, although she was secretly delight-

free of charge
The company will deliver free of
charge.
I
by hand
The package had been delivered by
hand.
• PREP.
to
The letter was delivered to his office.
• PHRASES
have sth delivered
You can either collect the
goods or have them delivered.
2baby
• ADV.
safely
The baby was delivered safely on Tuesday
night.
I
by Caesarean (section)
delivery
noun
1 act of delivering sth
• ADJ.
express, fast, immediate, prompt, quick
I
late
I
morning, next-day

+
NOUN
van
I
date, schedule, time
I
boy,
man
He was employed at the local grocery store
as
a deliv-
ery boy.
I charge I service
• PREP.
for-
completed ordersfor delivery
on -
Please pay
the driver on delivery.
I
-to
The company
offersfree
deliv-
ery to your home.
2 goods delivered
• ADJ.
large, small
• VERB
+

dangerous
I
foolish
I thought the whole idea was
just afoolish. and dangerous delusion.
I paranoid
• VERB
+
DELUSION
get, have, suffer (from)
Thepsych-
iatrist said she was suffering from. paranoid delusions.
• PREP.
under a/the-
He seemed to be under the delusion
that he would make his fortune within a few years.
I
- about
He had no delusions about his feelings for Kate.
-of
She had delusions of persecution.
• PHRASES
delusions of grandeur
(=
a belief that you
are more important than you actually are)
Don't go get-
ting delusions of grandeur.
201
demand

I
financial, polit-
ical
I
government, opposition, popular, public, royal,
union
The management had no intention of meeting union
demands.
I
pay, ransom, tax, wage
A ransom demand
has been madefor the kidnapped racehorse.
• VERB
+
DEMAND
issue, make, present, press, put
forward
Demands have been made for the immediate dis-
tribution of food to the refugees.
I
renew, repeat, step up
Campaigners have stepped up their demands for immedi-
ate government action.
I face I respond to I agree to,
give in to, meet, satisfy, yield to
My government cannot
give in to the demands of an illegal organization.
I
reject,
resist

I
latent,
likely, pent-up, potential, projected, prospective
I
over-
all, total
We can estimate that total market demandfor elec-
trical goods will rise by
8%.
I
declining, falling, limited,
low, reduced, sluggish I consumer, customer, market,
popular, public
By popular demand, the play will run for
another week.
I
domestic, export, foreign, local, world,
worldwide
The slowdown in domestic demand was offset
by an increase in exports.
I electricity, energy, housing,
labour, etc.
• QUANT.
level
a high level of demand
• VERB
+
DEMAND
cope with, meet, satisfy
The factor-

in -
These old machines are still in demand.
I
- among
the potential demand among children -
for
in-
creased demand for health products -
from
the demand
from consumers -
on
This section of the population makes
a high demand on health care resources.
• PHRASES
supply and demand
the law of supply and
demand
9 Special page at
BUSINESS
3 demands difficult/tiring things you have to do
• ADJ.
considerable, enormous, excessive, extra,
great, heavy, high, impossible
I think the demands of this
job are excessive.
I
exacting, pressing
I
growing, in-

coping with the conflicting demands of work
andfamily life
• PREP. - on/upon
My work seems to make more and
more demands on my time.
demand
verb
• ADV aggressively, angrily, coldly, fiercely, furiously,
harshly, indignantly, irritably, roughly, sharply
'Where
are the keys?' she demanded angrily.
• PREP. from
He had demanded money from her.
of
They
failed toprovide the information demanded of them.
demanding
adj.
• VERBS be, seem
I
become, get
• ADV extremely, highly, very
I
fairly, pretty, quite
I
physically, technically
a technically demanding piece of
music toplay
demise
noun

I
constitutional, parlia-
mentary
I
multi-party
I
Western
• VERB + DEMOCRACY believe in, support
people who
believe in true democracy
I
fight for
I
establish
I
re-
store
The military regime has promised to restore democ-
racy soon.
• PREP. in a/the -
Welive in a multi-party democracy.
• PHRASES pro-democracy
apro-democracy demonstra-
tion in the capital
the road to democracy
the need to over-
come political apathy and advance on the road to democ-
racy
the spread of democracy
democratic

demolition
noun
• VERB
+
DEMOLITION be due for, be threatened with
The church has been threatened with demolition for years.
I
prevent, save sth from
They started a campaign to save
the housesfrom demolition.
demon
noun
• ADJ. evil.
tales of travellers attacked by evil demons
• VERB
+
DEMON be plagued by, be possessed by
He
isplagued by demons which
go
back to his traumatic child-
hood.
0
The villagers believed the girl was possessed by
202
demons.
I
be pursued by
Hefled as if pursued by demons.
I

• PREP. against
Campaigners were demonstrating
against the slaughter of dolphins.
for
Their objective was
todemonstrate peacefully for civil rights.
demonstration
noun
1public protest/march
• ADJ. big, huge, large, large-scale, major, massive
I
mass, popular, public
mass demonstrations against cuts
in the health service
o
The president's decision provoked
public demonstrations.
I
street
I
spontaneous
I
peace-
ful
Thousands gathered for a peaceful demonstration.
I
violent
I
hostile
I

call for sth
demonstrations calling for an end to sanctions
I
greet
The
visiting president was greeted by hostile demonstrations.
• PREP. at a/the -
police intervention at demonstrations
during althe-
Hundreds were arrested during demonstra-
tions in the capital.
I -
against, - in protest at
demonstra-
tions inprotest at the arrests -
in favour of, - in support of
student demonstrations infauour of a multi-party system
2showing/explaining sth
• ADJ. physical, practical
physical demonstrations of af-
fection I
cookery, product, etc.
• VERB + DEMONSTRATION
dO,givesbFllgiveaquick
demonstration of some knitting techniques.
I
watch
3sth that shows clearly that sth is true
• ADJ. clear, convincing, dramatic, impressive, per-
fect, vivid

Demon-
strators marched on the parliament building.
I
protest
demonstrators protesting against the lack of housing
I
call for sth, demand sth
demonstrators calling for the re-
moval of the government
I
disperse
The demonstrators
dispersed when the soldiers arriued.
I
attack sb, clash
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with sb Demonstrators clashed with government soldiers
in the country's capital yesterday.
I
storm sth Demonstra-
tors then tried to storm thepolice headquarters.
• PHRASES clashes between police and demonstra-
tors
denial
noun
• ADJ. firm, strong, vehement, vigorous When I asked if
she had cheated in the exam, she answered with a vehe-
ment denial.
I
explicit The document contains an explicit

density
noun
• ADJ. high, low
I
average an average density of 2.4
people per hectare
I
population, traffic The population
density in this city is very high.
• VERB
+
DENSITY calculate, measure
• DENSITY + VERB change, vary
I
increase, rise
I
de-
crease, fall
dent
noun
• ADJ. big, great, large
I
considerable, serious, se-
vere, significant (all figurative) The latest health scare
has made a very considerable dent in the sales of beef
I
lit-
tle, slight, small
• VERB
+

qualified, registered
I
NHS, private
• VERB
+
DENTIST register with She couldn't get treat-
ment because she wasn't registered with the dentist.
<:>
c::>
Note at DOCTOR (for more verbs)
dentures
noun
• ADJ. ill-fitting
• QUANT.
set
a new set of dentures
• VERB
+
DENTURES have in, wear She doesn't wear
her dentures at night.
I
put in
I
remove, take
out
Remem-
ber to cleanyour dentures after you take them out.
203
departure
denunciation

sistently, repeatedly He has consistently denied murder-
ing his estranged wife.
• VERB
+
DENY cannot You can't deny that it seems a
very attractive idea.
I
try to I know it was you I saw, so
there's no use trying to deny it.
• PHRASES no one could/would deny that No one would
deny that there
is
a very great needfor change. there is no
denying sth There is no denying thefact that she is an ex-
cellent scholar.
2 refuse sb sth
• ADV. cruelly They were cruelly denied victory by an
injury-time strike from Owen.
I
effectively Children
could becompelled to work on thefarm. effectively denying
them schooling.
• PREP.
to
Youcannot deny this opportunity to me.
depart
verb
• VERB + DEPART be due to, be scheduled to The
plane was scheduled to depart at 8.30.
I

• VERB + DEPARTMENT manage, run Staff criticized
the way the history department was run.
• DEPARTMENT
+
NOUN head, manager, staff
• PREP. in a/the - Complaints are dealt with in a different
department. within a/the - to gain promotion within the
department
I
-of
the Department of Town Planning
• PHRASES the head of
(a)
department, a member of a
department
departure
noun
1leaving/going away from a place
• ADJ. abrupt, sudden Everyone was a bit puzzled by her
sudden departure. I hasty, speedy I early I imminent,
impending The guard blew his whistle to warn of the
train's imminent departure.
I
flight The last check-in time
is 45 minutes beforeflight departure.
• VERB + DEPARTURE make He made a hasty departure.
I
hasten Her row with the MD probably hastened her de-
parture.
I

I
dramatic, fundamental, major, rad-
ical, revolutionary, significant
• VERB
+
DEPARTURE be, mark, represent
• PREP. -from
This document marks a radical departure
from earlier recommendations.
depend
verb
PHRASAL VERB
depend on/upon sb/sth
1be affected by sth
• ADV. crucially, greatly, very much
The future of the
company will depend crucially on how consumers respond.
I
entirely, solely
I
largely, mainly
I
partly, rather, to
some extent
I
ultimately
Whether or not we can go ultim-
ately depends on the weather.
• VERB
+

absolute, complete, total
his total depend-
ence on his family
I
continuing, growing, increased, in-
creasing
The country has a growing dependence on for-
eign aid.
I
excessive
I
mutual
Their relationship is
based on a strong mutual dependence.
I
economic, finan-
cial
I
emotional, physical, psychological
• VERB
+
DEPENDENCE have
I
reduce
The govern-
ment wants to reduce industry's dependence on coal.
• PREP. - on/upon
her economic dependence on her
husband
2 being addicted to sth

The land isdry and wholly dependent on irriga-
tion.
I
increasingly
I
essentially, largely, mainly
I
par-
tially, partly 34%
of people in the survey were at least par-
tially dependent onpublic transport.
I
directly
I
mutual-
ly The various organs of the body do not function in isol-
204
ation but are mutually dependent.
I
economically, finan-
cially
I
emotionally
• PREP. on/upon
Small firms are dependent upon the
local economy.
2dependent on/upon influenced/decided by sth
• VERBS be
• ADV. strongly
I

+
DEPLETION cause, lead to
Increased con-
sumption of water has led to rapid depletion of
groundwater reserves.
deploy
verb
• ADY. effectively
Tanks were deployed effectively during
the long campaign.
• PREP. against
She rejected the arguments that had been
deployed against her.
deployment
noun
• ADJ. effective, efficient
I
rapid
I
full
Without the full
deployment of resources, we cannot achieve our aims.
I
staff
I
military, troop
• VERB
+
DEPLOYMENT be available for
deport

• ADJ. bank, building society
Building society deposits
have increased by
2.3%.
I
cash
I
dollar, sterling, etc.
• VERB
+
DEPOSIT make
She made a deposit of £60 into
her account.
• DEPOSIT
+
NOUN account
2 money which is the first payment for sth
• VERB
+
DEPOSIT pay, put down
• PREP. - on
We'veput down the deposit on our new car.
3 money paid when you rent sth
• ADJ. refundable, returnable
All deposits for holiday
cottages are refundable.
• VERB
+
DEPOSIT give (sb), leave (sb), pay (sb)
You

+
DEPOSIT have
The region has many deposits
of valuable oil.
I
leave
depot
noun
• ADJ. distribution, storage, supply
I
freight, goods
I
arms, fuel, gas, etc.
an explosion at an arms depot
I
bus,
tram
on its way back to the bus depot
depreciate
verb
• ADV quickly, rapidly
• VERB + DEPRECIATE be expected to, be likely to
• PREP. against
Sterling is expected to depreciate against
the dollar.
by
The rupee depreciated by
9
per cent.
• PHRASES depreciate in value

by
I was depressed by our lack ofpr ogress.
2 not economically successful
• VERBS be
I
become
I
remain, stay
• ADV. badly, severely, very
The shipping trade was
badly depressed.
I
relatively
I
economically
depressing
adj.
• VERBS be
I
become, get
I
find sth
• ADV. deeply, extremely, profoundly, really, very
We
found it a deeply depressing experience.
I
infinitely
Ifind
politics infinitely depressing: none of the parties appeal to
me.

She fell into a black depression and refused to
leave her room.
I
experience, have, suffer (from)
She
was diagnosed as having clinical depression.
I
be treated
for
His wife had left him and he was being treated for de-
pression.
I
come out of, get over
She was gradually com-
ing out of her depression.
I
cause, lead to
Bereavement
can often lead to depression.
I
relieve, treat
a new drug
used to treat depression
• DEPRESSION
+
VERB deepen
I
lift
Her depression
has lifted now.

I
economic
The
country is experiencing a'severeeconomic depression.
• VERB
+
DEPRESSION be in the grip of, experience
I
go into
The housing market has gone into depression.
I
face
• DEPRESSION
+
VERB deepen
The depression seems to
bedeepening.
I
end
• PREP. duringlin a/the -
Many people lost their jobs in
the great depression of the 1930s.
• PHRASES the depths of a depression, a period of de-
pression
periods of severe economic depression
3 hollow part in the surface of sth
• ADJ. shallow, slight
I
deep
• PREP.

• ADV extremely, severely, terribly, very
I
totally
I
relatively
I
economically, emotionally, materially, so-
cially
emotionally deprived children
• PREP. of
children who are deprived of love
depth
noun
• ADJ. considerable, great
going down to great depths
below the surface
<>
Younger students cannot be expected to
have great depth of understanding.
I
shallow
Water nor-
mally moves more slowly at shallower depths.
I
abyssal
the abyssal depths of the ocean
I
black, dark, murky
I
surprising, unexpected

the ocean depths
deputation
noun
• VERB
+
DEPUTATION organize
I
send
They sent a
deputation to the ministry to complain.
I
meet, receive
• PREP. -from
The managing director agreed.to receive a
deputationfrom thefactory.
-of
A deputation of 40strikers
was organized.
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deputy
deputy
noun
1
second most important person
• ADJ.
acting
I
former
aformer deputy chairman of the
Democratic Party

+
DEPUTY
elect
Three women were among the
77deputies elected.
deranged
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
become
• ADV
a bit, slightly
I
mentally
They took her into hos-
pital because she was mentally deranged.
derelict
adj.
• VERBS
be, lie, look, seem, stand
The land lay derelict
for ten years.
I
become
I
make sth
The houses were
made derelict by thefire.
• ADV

move downwards
• ADV.
quickly, rapidly
I
slowly
21ead downwards
• ADV
sharply, steeply
I
gently, gradually
• PREP
into, to
The path descends steeply to the village.
3 be descended from sb/sth be related to sb/sth
• ADV. directly
The breed
is
almost directly descended
from the Eurasian wild boar.
• VERB
+
DESCEND
claim to
He claims to be descended
from a Spanish prince.
descendant
noun
• ADJ.
direct, lineal
Quechua, the lineal descendant of the

The plane was making
itsfinal descent so we had tofasten our seat belts.
• VERB
+
DESCENT
make
• PREP.
on/during a/the -
The engines failed on the
plane's descent to Orly.
I -
down 1
made a slow and pain-
ful descent down the stairs.
-from
the descentfrom. the top
of the mountain -
into
(figurative) his descent into alcohol-
ism
-to
The plane began its gentle descent toHeathraw.
• PHRASES
a rate of descent
We slowed the balloon's
rate of descent.
206
2 surface that goes downwards
• ADJ.
gentle

claims to have traced descentfrom Christopher Columbus.
• PHRASES
a line of descent
Humans and other apesfol-
lowed separate lines of descent/ram a common ancestor.
of
Mexican, Scottish, etc. descent
She
is
of mixed Euro-
pean and African descent.
describe
verb
• ADV.
accurately, exactly, in detail
Their daily lives are
described in detail. I
fully
This process
is
fully described
in section three of the book.
I
adequately
I
briefly
He de-
scribed briefly what happened.
I
vividly

graphic, lurid
She gave us a lurid description of
the birth.
I
lengthy, long
I
brief, short
I
basic, simple
I
vague
I
objective
A report
is
generally an objective de-
scription rather than a statement of opinion.
I
physical
I
job
There was no mention of any cleaning in my job
description.
• VERB
+
DESCRIPTION
give (sb), issue, provide (sb
with)
Police have issued a description of the gunman.
0

• PREP. of
The terms are descriptive of strong emotion.
desert
noun
• ADJ.
arid, barren, dry
green fields surrounded by arid
desert
I
vast
I
inhospitable
I
Arctic, polar
I
cultural
(fig-
urative) The theatre and cinema closed and the town be-
came a cultural desert.
• VERB
+
DESERT
become, turn into/to
The land loses
its protectioe cover of vegetation and soon turns into des-
ert.
I
cross
He became thefirst person to crass the desert
onfoot.

into the -
He drove
off into the desert.
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deserted
adj.
• VERBS appear, be, look, seem
I
become
• ADV. completely, quite, totally, utterly
The streets were
completely deserted.
I
almost, virtually
I
largely
I
ap-
parently
I
temporarily
deserve
verb
• ADV. certainly, really, surely
You really deserve a
medal!
I
justly, richly, rightly, truly
He finally received
the recognition that he so richly deserved.

1
making drawings of how sth should be made
• ADJ. graphic
I
computer-aided
a specialist in
computer-aided design
I
architectural, industrial, inter-
ior
• DESIGN
+
NOUN business, company, consultancy,
firm
I
consultant, engineer, staff, team
I
centre, de-
partment, studio
I
work
She's done some design toorkfor
us in the past.
I
process
The new CAD program really
speeds up the design process.
I
program, software
I

He's
come up with a really good design for a solar-powered car.
I
follow, use
Wejollowed the traditional design.
• DESIGN
+
NOUN feature
The latest nwdel incorpor-
ates some novel designfeatures.
I
concept, idea, solution
The architect put fortoard two alternative design concepts
jar the new library.
I
brief, requirements, specifications
The chair she had sketched uiasfar bigger than stipulated
in the design brief
I
fault
I
award
The car wouldn't win
any design awards, but it's very reliable.
• PREP.
in-
The machine is quite simple in design.
of ... -
a vehicle of revolutionary design
to a ... -

some sinister designs.
• PREP.
by-Had it happened by accident or by design?
207
desk
design
verb
• ADV. carefully, cleverly
These shelves have been de-
signed very cleverly tofit into corners.
I
specially, specif-
ically
They run specially designed coursesfor managers.
• PREP. for
The instruments are designed jar use in very
cold conditions.
designate
verb
• ADV. formally, officially
The area has now beenformal-
ly designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest.
I
spe-
cially
I
clearly
• PREP. for
These areas have been specially designated
jar children.

1
to be wished for
• VERBS be, seem
I
become
I
consider sth, deem sth,
feel sth, regard/see/view sth as, think sth
A new direc-
tion uiasfelt desirablefor both parties.
0
This kind of work
isseen as desirable.
• ADV. eminently, extremely, highly, very
Experience of
computers is highly desirable.
I
wholly
I
clearly, obvi-
ously
It is clearly desirable that domestic and European
law should be compatible.
I
inherently
I
theoretically
I
economically, morally, politically, socially
2

I
express
The chairman ex-
pressed his desire to expand the company.
I
satisfy
I
be
motivated by
They were motivated by a deep desire for
money arul
fame.
• PREP. - for
Horses need to satisfy their desire for space
andjreedom.
• PHRASES an object of desire
He jelt he was nothing
more to her than an object of desire.
desire
verb
• ADV. greatly, really, sincerely, very much
A home of
her own was something she had always very much desired.
desk
noun
1 type of table
• ADJ. big, enormous, high, huge, large, vast
I
leather-
topped

• DESK
+
NOUN drawer
I
diary, lamp
I
job
• PREP. at a/the -
He was sitting at his desk working
when wegot home.
behind althe-
The manager satfroum-
ing behind his desk throughout the whole interview.
on
a/the -
I left thefile on your desk.
2 place in a building where a service is provided
• ADJ. front, reception
Leave your valuables at the recep-
tion desk.
I
cash, check-in, enquiry/enquiries, help, in-
formation, support
She paid for the book at the cash desk.
o
Staff experiencing problems with their computers should
ring the help desk.
• DESK
+
NOUN clerk

I
a little
Her voice sounded a little desolate.
despair
noun
• ADJ. black, bleak, deep
I
complete, total, utter
• VERB
+
DESPAIR feel
I
drive sb to
The novel tells the
story of a teenager driven todespair by the hypocrisy of the
adult world. .
• PREP. in -
Robert shook his head in despair.
of-
She let
outacryofdespair.with-Hecriedoutwithdespair.
I
-atI
felt despair at being deceived.
• PHRASES the depths of despair
When he became ill he
sank to the depths of despair.
in a moment of despair, a
feeling/sense of despair
I was overcome with afeeling of

I
growing
Werealized with a sense
of growing desperation that nobody knew we were in there.
• Q.UANT.hint, note
There was a note of desperation' in
hervoice.
• VERB
+
DESPERATION feel
I
drive sb to
Driven to
desperation by our noisy neighbours, we called thepolice ..
• PREP. in (your) -
In desperation, I decided to try acu-
puncture.
0
In his desperation to escape, Tom had slipped
and broken a leg.
out of-
At the end of thefilm, the matt be-
comes a thief out of sheer desperation.
I -
about/at
Many
of usfeel a quiet desperation at thefuture.
• PHRASES an act of desperation
The robbery was an
act of desperation.

openly
• PREP. for
She thoroughly despised him for his weak-
ness.
despondent
adj.
• VERBS be, feel
Patients often feel despondent.
I
be-
come, get, grow
His work was rejected again and again,
and hegrew more and more despondent.
• ADV very
I
utterly
She was feeling utterly despondent.
I
a bit, pretty, rather, somewhat
• PREP. about
He had become rather despondent about
his lack ofprogress.
dessert
noun
• ADJ. delicious
I
rich
This chestnut pudding
is
a rich

fect
I
intended
Wegot lost and ended up miles away from
our intended destination.
I
exotic
I
holiday, tourist
The
island
is
an ideal holiday destination.
I
unknown
• VERB
+
DESTINATION arrive at, reach
At around 1.00
p.m. we reached ourfinal destination.
• PREP. to a/the -
The deposed leader
is
reported to have
fled the capital to an unknown destination.
I -
for
apopu-
lar holiday
destiruitionfor

ter of your own destiny
She set up her own business be-
cause she wanted to be in control of her own destiny. a
sense of destlny
He was driven on by a strong sense of
destiny.
destroy
verb
1damage sth so badly that it no longer exists
• ADV. completely, entirely, totally, utterly
I
all but, al-
most, effectively, practically, virtually
Their lives have
been virtually destroyed by this tragedy.
I
largely
I
partly
I
systematically
The rainforest
is
being systematically
destroyed.
I
by
fi
re
The building was destroyed byfire last

massive, widespread modern weapons of mass destruc-
tion
I
rapid
I
systematic
I
wanton the wanton destruc-
tion of public property
I
environmental, forest, habitat
the environmental destruction caused by road building
• VERB
+
DESTRUCTION
bring (about), cause, lead to,
result in, wreak (formal) the destruction brought about by
war.
0
He gasped as he saw how much destruction she had
wrought with the hammer.
I
prevent Some shopkeepers
closed early to prevent the wholesale destruction of their
property by the hooligans.
• PHRASES
leave a trail of destruction The tornado left
a trail of destruction behind it. the seeds of destruction
By doubling its prices, the industry sowed the seeds of its
own destruction. test sth to destruction Children will

I
easily, readily
• PREP.
from The handle is detachable
from
the bag.
detached
adj.
• VERBS
be, feel, seem, sound
I
become
I
remain
• ADV
largely, very
I
completely, totally, wholly
I
ra-
ther, slightly
I
curiously, oddly, strangely He felt curi-
ously detachedfrom what was going on.
I
emotionally_
• PREP.
from She tries to remain emotionally detached
from her patients.
detachment

get even the small details right.
I
considerable, fine,
great, meticulous Now let us examine this idea in greater
detail.
0
Every new animal or
plant
found was recorded in
meticulous detail.
I
exact, precise I don't need to know
the precise details of your quarrel.
I
colourful, vivid
I
graphic, sordid I can still remember the accident in graph-
icdetail.
I
intimate The diary contains intimate details of
their life together.
I
complete, full We'll give you full de-
209
detain
tails of how to enter our competition later.
I
bare, brief,
sketchy -s He only managed to give the police a few
sketchy details of the robbery.

details at this stage.
0
I don't want to go into any more de-
tail than absolutely necessary.
I
layout, lay sth out in, set
out, set sth out in, spell out, spell sth out in Details of the
pension plan are set out below.
0
The rules are set out in de-
tail in chapter seven.
I
establish, finalize, work out, work
sth out in We haven't yet worked out the travel details.
I
discuss, negotiate Westill need to negotiate the details of
the contract.
I
fill sb III give you a call/ater and.fill you in
on the details.
I
spare sb (informal) 'We had a terrible
time-'
'Oh, spare me the details
(=
don't tell me any more). '
I
contain, have Tomorrow's papers will contain full de-
tails of the case.
I

• PHRASES
attention to detail The secret of their success
lies in their attention to detail. down to the last detail an
expedition planned down to the last detail every last detail
She remembered every last detail of what Id told her the
month before. an eye for detail He has an excellent eyefor
detail. full of detail Her short stories arefull of detail and
humour. a lack of detail The report was criticized for its
lack of detail.
detailed
adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
• ADV
extraordinarily, extremely, highly, immensely,
very a very detailed account of the events
I
fully
I
in-
creasingly
I
fairly, quite
I
meticulously, minutely
I
ex-
quisitely, finely, richly the exquisitely detailed carvings
on the cathedral door
I

• VERB + DETECT be able to, be sensitive enough to,
can a machine that is sensitive enough to detect tiny
amounts of explosives
I
be unable to
I
be designed to
I
fail to The testfailed to detect any illegal substances.
I
be
difficult to, be hard to, be impossible to I be easy to, be
possible to
I
be used to
• PHRASES be capable of detecting sth, a
means/method/way of detecting sth
detection
noun
• ADJ. early Our aim is the early detection and treatment
of all cancers.
• VERB
+
DETECTION avoid, escape, evade Their prey
can sometimes escape detection by remaining still.
• DETECTION
+
NOUN rate The latest figures shotofall-
ing crime detection rates.
detective

in, sentence sb to He was held in detention from 1991 to
2001.
0
They were sentenced to
12
months' detention in a
young offender institution.
I
be subject to, face I re-
lease sb from
• DETENTION
+
NOUN camp, centre
• PREP. in - She spent 18 years in detention. under - He
made the confession while under detention.
• PHRASES a period/term of detention The judge will
fix the period of detention.
deter
verb
• ADV. hardly Her words of warning would hardly deter
him.
I
effectively, sufficiently Will this harsher punish-
ment effectively deter criminals? I easily
• VERB + DETER be likely/unlikely to
I
be enough to,
be sufficient to
I
attempt to I be designed to

rapid,
sharp
I
gradual, progressive
I
mental, physical Mental
and physical deterioration both occur naturally with age.
I
environmental
• VERB
+
DETERIORATION cause, lead to, result in
The stress led to a gradual deterioration in her health.
I
prevent Limits on the dumping of waste will at least pre-
vent further environmental deterioration in the region.
I
arrest Steps need to be taken quickly to arrest the deterior-
ation in the countries' relationship.
• DETERIORATION
+
VERB occur
• PREP. -
in
a rapid deterioration in his condition
• PHRASES signs of deterioration The car's bodywork
was already showing signs of deterioration.
determination
noun
• ADJ. absolute, dogged, fierce, great, grim, gritty,

puter models help to determine whether a particular area
is likely toflood.
I
be easy to, be possible to
I
be diffi-
cult to, be impossible to It is difficult to determine the
exact cause of the illness. I be
necessary to
I be able to
determined
adj.
• VERBS appear, be, look, seem, sound
I
become
I
re-
main
I
make sb The opposition to her scheme made her
more determined than ever.
• ADV really, very I absolutely, quite, utterly They were
quite determined that he wasn't going to do it.
I
fairly I
clearly, obviously I fiercely, grimly His voice was grimly
determined.
I
quietly
I

detour through the backstreets.
I
be worth The monu-
ment is well worth a detour.
• PREP. - around Trucks now face a five-mile detour
around the bridge. - through, - to The ship made a detour
to the south.
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detrimental
adj.
• VERBS be, prove, seem
I
become
• ADY. extremely, highly, seriously, very
I
positively
Sugar
is
positively detrimental to bodybuilding.
I
rather
• PREP. to This move could beseriously detrimental to the
economy.
devalue
verb
• ADY. effectively
• PREP. against The pound was devalued against the US
dollar. by The Cambodian currency was effectively de-
valued by
25

partially
I
finely
I
poorly She
was born prematurely with poorly developed lungs.
I
newly
I
economically economically developed countries
developer
noun
• ADJ. big, major
I
local A local developer isplanning to
build a supermarket on the site.
I
private The flats are
being built by a private developer.
I
speculative
I
hous-
ing, property plans by a big property developer to build
fifty new houses
• DEVELOPER
+
VERB build sth, develop sth
development
noun

I
properly
• VERB + DEVELOPMENT aid, allow, assist, encour-
age, enhance, facilitate, favour, foster, permit, promote,
stimulate, support Education stimulates the development
of rational thinking.
<>
A group of experts has been
brought together to support the development of theproject.
I
accelerate, speed up Environmentalfactors can accel-
erate the development of certain cancers.
I
arrest, dis-
courage, halt, hinder, inhibit, prevent, restrict, retard,
slow Too much emphasis on memorizingfacts can inhibit
the development of creative thinking.
I
finance The com-
pany went deep into debt tofinance the development of the
engine.
I
monitor, oversee A UN team
is
monitoring the
development of the peace process.
I
trace In the opening
chapter, the author traces the development ofjudo from its
ancient roots.

This is aperfectly normal stage of development.
2 new event/idea
• ADJ. exciting, important, major, radical, remarkable,
significant, striking
I
the latest, new, recent
I
logical
The mouefroni TV tofilm was a logical development in her
career.
I
unexpected
I
welcome
I
political, scientific,
technical, technological
• DEVELOPMENT
+
VERB occur, take place the signifi-
cant developments taking place in the health service
• PREP. - in new developments infilm-making
3 new buildings
• ADJ. housing, property
I
business, commercial
I
ribbon Ribbon developments
(=
lines of buildings)

store, setting fire tofurniture.
• VERB + DEVICE be fitted with, have All new cars are
now fitted with these safety devices.
I
design, develop,
make
I
use He measured the room using an ingenious
new electronic device.
• DEVICE + VERB
consist of
sth The device consists of a
large wheel mounted on a metal post.
I
be designed to a
tiny device designed to trace telephone calls
I
work The de-
vice worked exactly as rd hoped.
• PREP. - for a useful device for checking electrical
circuits
devil
noun
• VERB
+
DEVIL believe in Doyou believe in the Devil?
I
worship
I
be possessed by He behaved like someone

verb
PHRASAL VERB
devote
sth/yourself
to
sth
• ADY. entirely, exclusively, solely, specifically She de-
voted herself entirely to writing.
I
mainly
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devoted
devoted adj.
• VERBS
be, seem
I
become
I
remain
• ADV
extremely, very
I
absolutely, completely, total-
ly, utterly
I
passionately
• PREP. to They were totally devoted to each other.
devotee noun
• ADJ.
ardent, committed, fervent, great, serious

I
religious
a
man of deep religious devotion
• VERB
+
DEVOTION
show
• PREP.
with -
He cared for his mother with great devo-
tion.
I
-to
They showed great devotion to each other.
• PHRASES
devotion to duty
The judge praised the fire-
fighters
for their bravery and devotion toduty.
devotion to
the cause
She will be remembered for her selfless devotion
to the cause of thepoor.
an object of devotion
The statue of
the emperor became an object of devotion.
devour verb
• ADV
eagerly, greedily, hungrily

manual
• VERB + DEXTERITY
demand, require
Videogames de-
mand great manual dexterity.
I
have
I don't have the dex-
terityfor juggling.
• PREP.
with -
She handled the discussion with dexterity.
diagnose verb
• ADV
correctly
I
incorrectly, wrongly
Her condition
was wrongly diagnosed by the doctor.
• PREP.
with
He was diagnosed with leukaemia.
diagnosis noun
• ADJ.
accurate, correct, right
I
incorrect, wrong
I
definite, definitive, firm, positive
I

• PREP.
after-, before-
Patients may suffer from some of
the symptoms years before diagnosis.
I -
of
the diagnosis
of the disease
0
a diagnosis of cancer
• PHRASES
a method of diagnosis
They are using new
methods of diagnosis.
212
diagram noun
• ADJ.
clear
I
detailed
I
rough
I
simple
I
flow, sche-
matic
I
circuit, wiring
• VERB + DIAGRAM

direct
It is possible to dial direct to many
countries.
dialect noun
• ADJ.
local, native, regional
I
non-standard
I
north-
ern, southern, etc.
I
Scottish, Ulster, etc.
• VERB + DIALECT
speak (in)
• DIALECT + NOUN
expression, form, word
I
speaker
dialogue noun
• ADJ.
close
There needs to be a closer dialogue between
management and staff
I
direct
Thegovernment refused to
engage in direct dialogue with the terrorists.
I
construct-

inside, internal
The tubes have an internal diam-
eter of 2mm.
I
external, outside
I
large, small
• VERB
+
DIAMETER
calculate, find, measure
He used
similar triangles to calculate the diameter of the earth.
I
have
• PREP. in - The mirror is25cm in diameter.
diamond noun
1precious stone
• ADJ.
flawless, perfect
I
real
I
paste
I
cut
I
uncut
I
industrial

diarrhoea noun
• ADJ.
severe
I
mild
I
acute, chronic
I
intermittent,
persistent
• VERB
+
DIARRHOEA
have, suffer from
I
develop,
get
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