dimension
The dimension of the array to examine (default is 1).
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the UBOUND function to return the highest subscript defined for the specified dimension of an array.
UBOUND ( array [, dimension] )
array The name of the array to examine.
dimension
The dimension of the array to examine (default is 1).
The return value is of the Integer data type.
Data Type Conversion Functions
You use the CDBL function to convert a string or expression into a value of data type Double.
CDBL ( expression )
expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the CINT function to convert a string or expression into a value of data type Integer.
CINT ( expression )
expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the CLNG function to convert a string or expression into a value of data type Long.
CLNG ( expression )
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expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the Long data type.
You use the CSNG function to convert a string or expression into a value of data type Single.
CSNG ( expression )
expression
Can be any valid Oracle Basic variable or expression.
The return value is of the Single data type.

You use the DATE function to return the current system date of your operating system as a String data type. No
arguments are required.
DATE ()
The return value is of the String data type.
You use the DATEADD function to return a time or date value as the result of adding any number of time intervals to a
date variable or expression.
DATEADD ( time_interval, num_interval, date )
time_interval A string expression that indicates the type of time interval to add to the date.
s or S—Second
n or N—Minute
h or H—Hour
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d or D—Day
y or Y—Day of year
ww or WW—Week
w or W—Weekday
m or M—Month
q or Q—Quarter
yyyy or YYYY—Year
num_interval The number of time intervals to add to the specified date.
date
The date to add the time intervals to.
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the DATEDIFF function to return the number of time intervals between two specified dates.
DATEDIFF ( time_interval, first_date, second_date )
time_interval A string expression that indicates the type of time interval to add to the date.
first_date A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
second_date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Date data type.

MINUTE ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the MONTH function to return an integer value between 1 and 12 representing the month portion of the
specified date value.
MONTH ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the NOW function to return the current system date of your operating system as a Date data type. No arguments
are required.
NOW ()
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the SECOND function to return an integer value between 0 and 59 representing the second portion of the
specified date value.
SECOND ( date )
date
A valid Oracle Basic date variable or expression.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the SYSDATE function to return the current system date of your operating system as a Date data type. It is
identical to the NOW function. No arguments are required.
SYSDATE ()
The return value is of the Date data type.
You use the TIME function to return the current system time of your operating system as a String data type. No
arguments are required.
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TIME ()
The return value is of the String data type.
You use the TIMESERIAL function to return the complete time with integer arguments representing hour, minute, and

The return value is of the String data type.
You use the EOF function to test if the file pointer is at the end-of-file marker for the indicated file handle.
EOF ( filenum )
filenum
An integer number between 1 and 256 representing a file handle as a result of opening a file using the OPEN
command.
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the FREEFILE function to return an integer value between 1 and 256, inclusive, representing the next unused
file number. No arguments are required.
FREEFILE ()
The return value is of the Integer data type.
You use the INPUT function to return a string of characters read from a file opened in the input or binary mode.
INPUT ( n, filenum )
n The number of characters to read from the file.
filenum
An integer number between 1 and 256 representing a file handle as a result of opening a file using the OPEN
command.
The return value is of the String data type.
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You use the LOC function to return the current location of the file pointer for the indicated file handle.
LOC ( filenum )
filenum
An integer number between 1 and 256 representing a file handle as a result of opening a file using the OPEN
command.
The return value is of the Positive Integer data type.
You use the LOF function to return the length (in bytes) of the specified file handle.
LOF ( filenum )
filenum
An integer number between 1 and 256 representing a file handle as a result of opening a file using the OPEN
command.

fixed interest rate and fixed periodic payments.
IPMT ( rate, which_period, periods, pv, fv, due_end )
rate The fixed interest rate you estimate that you will be paying over the life of the annuity.
which_period The period to calculate the amount applied to principal.
periods The total number of payment periods over the life of the annuity.
pv The amount of the annuity.
fv The amount of the annuity to be unpaid at the end of the life of the annuity.
due_end
0 indicates that payments are due at the end of each period. 1 indicates that payments are due at the
beginning of each period.
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The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the IRR function to return the internal rate of return for an investment, which is its rate of return based on a
series of periodic cash flows, both payments and receipts.
IRR ( cash_flow_array, estimate )
cash_flow_array
An array that contains the values of a series of payments and receipts over the life of an investment.
There must be at least one payment and one receipt.
estimate
The fixed interest rate you estimate that you will be using over the life of the cash flow.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the MIRR function to return the modified internal rate of return on an investment, which is the rate of return
represented by a series of periodic cash flows (payments and receipts) when the interest rates for payments and receipts
are different.
MIRR ( cash_flow_array, borrow_rate, reinvest_rate )
cash_flow_array
An array that contains the values of a series of payments and receipts over the life of an investment.
There must be at least one payment and one receipt.
borrow_rate The interest rate you pay to borrow money.
reinvest_rate

beginning of each period.
The return value is of the Double data type.
You use the PPMT function to return the amount applied to the principal during one payment period for an annuity.
PPMT ( rate, which_period, periods, pv, fv, due_end )
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