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Bibliography
General
Baugh, Albert, C. & Cable, Thomas, A History of the English Language,
Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1987.
Biddulph, Steve, Raising Boys: Why Boys Are Different and How to Help
Them Become Happy and Well Balanced Men, Finch Publishing,
Sydney, 1997.
Clairbome, Robert, The Life and Times of the English Language,
Bloomsbury, London, 1990.
Crystal, David & Crystal, Hilary, Words on Words: Quotations about
Language and Languages, Penguin Books, Middlesex UK, 2000.
Dykes, Barbara, Down to Earth Grammar, Series 1–3, Nutshell Products,
Kalbar, Qld, 2002/3.
Dykes, Barbara, Grammar Made Easy, Hale & Iremonger, Sydney, 1992.
Dykes, Barbara, ‘Thinking of boys’, Sharing Best Practice in Australian
Schools, Launceston, Tasmania, 2001.
Dykes, Barbara, Swallow, Gavin & Ward, Sarah, Spelling Programme for
All—Literacy Resources, Nutshell Products, Kalbar Qld, from 2000.
Hackett T.P., Essential Grammar and English Usage: What Everyone
Needs to Know, self-publication, 1977.
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Hudson, Nicholas, Modern Australian Usage, Oxford University Press,
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Nesfield, J.C., Outline of English Grammar, Macmillan & Co, London,

respective section category. Below are short definitions of terms
as used in this book.
abbreviation: that which cannot be seen or touched, i.e. not concrete
accusative:
of case, identifying the direct object
active:
of voice, describes a verb in which the subject is responsible for
the action
adjectival:
concerning, or having the function of an adjective
adjective:
a word that describes (qualifies) a noun or pronoun
adverb:
a word that gives information about (modifies) a verb
adverbial:
concerning or having the function of an adverb
analysis:
the division of a sentence into its constituents
apostrophe:
a punctuation mark indicating possession, or omission
(contraction)
article:
the words a, an, the, indicating any one of something, or a
specific one
auxiliary:
of a verb, a helper, usually accompanying an infinite verb, in
order to form a finite tense
brackets: punctuation marks, showing parenthesis, and enclosing infor-
mation additional to the structure of a sentence
capital:

main clause, plus one or more subordinate clauses
concession:
of a phrase or clause, that which concedes or admits a
possible happening
condition:
of a phrase or clause, that which depends for its fulfilment on
something else happening
conjunction:
a word that links two things, or introduces a subordinate,
adverbial or noun clause
continuous:
of tense, expressing continuous action
dashes:
punctuation marks in the form of short lines, that separate a
piece of information from the remaining part of the sentence –
usually less formal than brackets
dative:
of case, the part of a sentence forming the indirect object indicated
by ‘to’ or ‘for’ someone or something
definite:
of article, the
degree:
a level of comparison applied to gradable adjectives or adverbs
demonstrative:
of adjectives or pronouns, indicating particular items,
e.g. this …
determinant: (or determiners) modern term generally referring to
articles and various kinds of adjectives
direct:
of speech, the exact words spoken, marked with inverted

that comprise it
imperative:
of mood, the verb form of a sentence that constitutes a
command
indefinite:
of article, a or an; of pronouns, those which are non-specific,
e.g. someone
indicative:
of mood, the verb form of a statement
indirect:
of object, that person or thing indirectly affected by the action
of the verb; of speech, that which is reported to have been spoken,
by someone addressing a third party
infinitive:
the form of a verb that shows no tense and has no subject,
often preceded by ‘to’ as in ‘to be’
inflexion:
that action by which various spelling forms such as affixes
alter the meaning of a word, as in break, breakable
interjection:
an exclamation, one word or several denoting shock or
other strong emotion
interrogative:
of a pronoun, adjective or adverb, introducing a question;
of a sentence, a question
intonation:
of speech, the tone which helps to convey meaning
intransitive:
of a verb, one that does not have an object
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