Introduction to Nanotechnology References 5
ulus of elasticity, hardness, bending strength, fracture
toughness, and fatigue life. Finite element modeling is
carried out to study the effects of surface roughness
and scratches on stresses in nanostructures. When nano-
structures are smaller than a fundamental physical length
scale, conventional theory may no longer apply, and new
phenomena may emerge. Molecular mechanics is used
to simulate the behavior of a nano-object.
1.6 Organization of the Handbook
The handbook integrates knowledge from the fabrica-
tion, mechanics, materials science, and reliability points
of view. Organization of the book is straightforward.
The handbook is divided into six parts. This first part
introduces the nanotechnology field, including an intro-
duction to nanostructures, micro/nanofabrication and,
micro/nanodevices. The second part introduces scan-
ning probe microscopy. The third part provides an
overview of nanotribology and nanomechanics, which
will prepare the reader to understand the tribology and
mechanics of industrial applications. The fourth part
provides an overview of molecularly thick films for
lubrication. The fifth part focuses on industrial appli-
cations and microdevice reliability. And the last part
focuses on the social and ethical implications of nano-
technology.
References
1.1 R. P. Feynmann: There’s plenty of room at the bot-
tom, Eng. Sci. 23 (1960) 22–36, and
www.zyvex.com/nanotech/feynman.html (1959)
1.2 I. Amato: Nanotechnology, www.ostp.gov/nstc/

39–47
1.14 J. Bryzek, K. Peterson, W. McCulley: Microma-
chines on the march, IEEE Spectrum (May 1994) 20–
31
1.15 L. J. Hornbeck, W. E. Nelson: Bistable deformable
mirror device, OSA Technical Digest 8 (1988) 107–110
1.16 L. J. Hornbeck: A digital light processing(tm) update
– Status and future applications (invited), Proc. Soc.
Photo-Opt. Eng. 3634 (1999) 158–170
1.17 B. Bhushan: Tribology and Mechanics of Magnetic
Storage Devices, 2nd edn. (Springer, New York 1996)
1.18 H. Hamilton: Contact recording on perpendicular
rigidmedia,J.Mag.Soc.Jpn.15 (Suppl. S2) (1991)
481–483
1.19 T. Ohwe, Y. Mizoshita, S. Yonoeka: Development of
integrated suspension system for a nanoslider with
an MR head transducer, IEEE Trans. Magn. 29 (1993)
3924–3926
1.20 D. K. Miu, Y. C. Tai: Silicon micromachined scaled
technology, IEEE Trans. Industr. Electron. 42 (1995)
234–239
1.21 L. S. Fan, H. H. Ottesen, T. C. Reiley, R. W. Wood: Mag-
netic recording head positioning at very high track
densities using a microactuator-based, two-stage
servo system, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 42 (1995)
222–233
1.22 D. A. Horsley, M. B. Cohn, A. Singh, R. Horowitz,
A. P. Pisano: Design and fabrication of an angular
Introduction
Springer Handbook

1.30 K. E. Drexler: Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery,
Manufacturing and Computation (Wiley, New York
1992)
1.31 G. Timp (Ed.): Nanotechnology (Springer, Berlin,
Heidelberg 1999)
1.32 E. A. Rietman: Molecular Engineering of Nanosys-
tems (Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg 2001)
1.33 H. S. Nalwa (Ed.): Nanostructured Materials and
Nanotechnology (Academic, San Diego 2002)
1.34 W. A. Goddard, D. W. Brenner, S. E. Lyshevski,
G. J. Iafrate: Handbook of Nanoscience, En-
gineering, and Technology (CRC, Boca Raton
2003)
Introduction
Springer Handbook
of
Nanotechnology
B. Bhushan • ! Springer 2004
1
7
Nanostruc
Part A
Part A Nanostructures, Micro/Nanofabrication,
and Micro/Nanodevices
2 Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications:
Molecule-Based Devices
Françisco M. Raymo, Coral Gables, USA
3 Introduction to Carbon Nanotubes
Marc Monthioux, Toulouse, France
Philippe Serp, Toulouse, France

Chong H. Ahn, Cincinnati, USA
Jin-Woo Choi, Baton Rouge, USA
10 Therapeutic Nanodevices
Stephen C. Lee, Columbus, USA
Mark Ruegsegger, Columbus, USA
Philip D. Barnes, Columbus, USA
Bryan R. Smith, Columbus, USA
Mauro Ferrari, Columbus, USA
Springer Handbook
of
Nanotechnology
B. Bhushan • ! Springer 2004
1
8
Springer Handbook
of
Nanotechnology
B. Bhushan • ! Springer 2004
1
9
Nanomaterial
2. Nanomaterials Synthesis and Applications:
Molecule-Based Devices
The constituent components of conventional
devices are carved out of larger materials relying
on physical methods. This top-down approach to
engineered building blocks becomes increasingly
challenging as the dimensions of the target
structures approach the nanoscale. Nature, on
the other hand, relies on chemical strategies

transistors based on functional molecular
2.1 Chemical Approaches
to Nanostructured Materials .................. 10
2.1.1 From Molecular Building Blocks
to Nanostructures......................... 10
2.1.2 Nanoscaled Biomolecules:
Nucleic Acids and Proteins............. 10
2.1.3 Chemical Synthesis
of Artificial Nanostructures ............ 12
2.1.4 From Structural Control
to Designed Properties
and Functions.............................. 12
2.2 Molecular Switches and Logic Gates ....... 14
2.2.1 From Macroscopic
to Molecular Switches ................... 15
2.2.2 Digital Processing
and Molecular Logic Gates ............. 15
2.2.3 Molecular AND, NOT, and OR Gates .. 16
2.2.4 Combinational Logic
at the Molecular Level .................. 17
2.2.5 Intermolecular Communication ...... 18
2.3 Solid State Devices ................................ 22
2.3.1 From Functional Solutions
to Electroactive
and Photoactive Solids.................. 22
2.3.2 Langmuir–Blodgett Films .............. 23
2.3.3 Self-Assembled Monolayers ........... 27
2.3.4 Nanogaps and Nanowires.............. 31
2.4 Conclusions and Outlook ....................... 35
References .................................................. 36