1968title 6/18/04 12:34 PM Page 1
Handbook of Sensor Networks:
Compact Wireless and
Wired Sensing Systems
CRC PRESS
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
Edited by
M
OHAMMAD
I
LYAS

AND
I
MAD
M
AHGOUB

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material is quoted with
permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
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8—dc22 20040438521968_C00.fm Page iv Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLCPreface

As the field of communications networks continues to evolve, a very interesting and challenging area —
wireless sensor networks — is rapidly coming of age. A wireless sensor network consists of a large number
of sensor nodes that may be randomly and densely deployed. Sensor nodes are small electronic compo-
nents capable of sensing many types of information from the environment, including temperature; light;
humidity; radiation; the presence or nature of biological organisms; geological features; seismic vibra-
tions; specific types of computer data; and more. Recent advancements have made it possible to make
these components small, powerful, and energy efficient and they can now be manufactured cost-effectively
in quantity for specialized telecommunications applications. Very small in size, the sensor nodes are
capable of gathering, processing, and communicating information to other nodes and to the outside
world. Based on the information handling capabilities and compact size of the sensor nodes, sensor
networks are often referred to as “smart dust.”
Sensor networks have numerous applications, including health; agriculture; geology; retail; military;
home; and emergency management. Sensor network research and development derive many concepts
and protocols from distributed computer networks such as the Internet; however, several technical
challenges in sensor networks need to be addressed due to the specialized nature of the sensors and the
fact that many sensor network applications may involve remote mobile sensors with limited power sources
that must dynamically adapt to their environment. This handbook proposes to capture the current state
of sensor networks and to serve as a source of comprehensive reference material on them.
The handbook has a total of 40 chapters written by experts from around the world and is divided into
the following nine sections:

•It presents accurate, up-to-date information on a broad range of topics related to wireless sensor
networks.
•It presents material authored by experts in the field.
•It presents the information in an organized and well-structured manner.
•Although it is not precisely a textbook, it can certainly be used as one for graduate courses and
research-oriented courses that deal with wireless sensor networks. Any comments from the readers
will be highly appreciated.
Many people have contributed to this handbook in their unique ways. The first and the foremost group
that deserves immense gratitude is the highly talented and skilled researchers who have contributed 40
chapters to this handbook. All of them have been extremely cooperative and professional. It has also
been a pleasure to work with Nora Konopka and Helena Redshaw of CRC Press; we are extremely grateful
for their support and professionalism. We also thank Sophie Kirkwood and Gail Renard in the CRC
production department. Our families have extended their unconditional love and strong support
throughout this project and they all deserve very special thanks.

Mohammad Ilyas and Imad Mahgoub

Boca Raton, Florida

1968_C00.fm Page vi Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLCEditors

Mohammad Ilyas

, Ph.D., received his B.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from the University of
Engineering and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan, in 1976. From March 1977 to September 1978, he worked
for the Water and Power Development Authority in Pakistan. In 1978, he was awarded a scholarship for

to completion. He has served as a consultant to industry.
Dr. Mahgoub served as a member of the
executive committee/program committee of

the 1998, 1999, and 2000 IEEE International Performance,
Computing and Communications Conferences.

He has served on the program committees of several
international conferences and symposia. He is currently the vice chair of the 2004 International Sympo-
sium on Performance Evaluation of Computer and Telecommunication Systems. Dr. Mahgoub is a senior
member of IEEE and a member of ACM.

1968_C00.fm Page vii Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLCContributors

T. Abdelzaher

University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia

Özgür B. Akan

Georgia Institute of
Technology


ATR — Adaptive
Communications Research
Laboratories
Kyoto, Japan

Athanassios Boulis

University of California at
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California

Richard R. Brooks

The Pennsylvania State
University
State College, Pennsylvania

Mihaela Cardei

Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida

Erdal Cayirci

Istanbul Technical University
Istanbul, Turkey

Krishnendu Chakrabarty


University of Valencia
Valencia, Spain

Joel I. Goodman

MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Lexington, Massachusetts

Zygmunt J. Haas

Cornell University
Ithaca, New York

Martin Haenggi

University of Notre Dame
Notre Dame, Indiana

Hossam Hassanein

Queen’s University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada

T. He

University of Virginia
Charlottesville, Virginia

Chi-Fu Huang


Ames, Iowa

Porlin Kang

Rutgers University
Piscataway, New Jersey

Rajgopal Kannan

Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Zdravko Karakehayov

Technical University of Sofia
Sofia, Bulgaria

Farinaz Koushanfar

University of California at
Berkeley
Berkeley, California

Sheng-Po Kuo

National Chiao-Tung University
Hsin-Chu, Taiwan

Baohua Li



University of Washington at
St. Louis
St. Louis, Missouri

David R. Martinez

MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Lexington, Massachusetts

Amitabh Mishra

Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia

Koji Nakano

Hiroshima University
Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan

Eric Nettleton

The University of Sydney
New South Wales, Australia

José Marcos Nogueira

Federal University of Minas
Gerais


Gang Qu

University of Maryland
College Park, Maryland

Jan M. Rabaey

University of California at
Berkeley
Berkeley, California

Nageswara S.V. Rao

Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Lydia Ray

Louisiana State University
Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Albert I. Reuther

MIT Lincoln Laboratory
Lexington, Massachusetts

1968_C00.fm Page x Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLC

Berkeley
Berkeley, California

Loren Schwiebert

Wayne State University
Detroit, Michigan

Rahul C. Shah

University of California at
Berkeley
Berkeley, California

Chien-Chung Shen

University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware

Amit Sinha

Engim, Inc.
Acton, Massachusetts

Sasha Slijepcevic

University of California at
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, California


New South Wales, Australia

Miroslav Sveda

Brno University of
Technology
Brno, Czech Republic

Vishnu Swaminathan

Duke University
Durham, North Carolina

Yu-Chee Tseng

National Chiao-Tung
University
Hsin-Chu, Taiwan

Radimir Vrba

Brno University of
Technology
Czech Republic

Quanhong Wang

Queen’s University
Kingston, Ontario, Canada


Boca Raton, Florida

Qishi Wu

Oak Ridge National
Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee

Kenan Xu

Queen’s University
Kingston, Ontario,
Canada

1968_C00.fm Page xi Monday, June 14, 2004 11:23 AM
Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLCMark Yarvis

Intel Corporation
Hillsboro, Oregon

Wei Ye

University of Southern
California
Los Angeles, California

Lin Yuan

1
Opportunities and Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks
Martin Haenggi
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Opportunities
1.3 Technical Challenges
1.4 Concluding Remarks
2
Next-Generation Technologies to Enable Sensor Networks
Joel I. Goodman,
Albert I. Reuther, David R. Martinez
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Goals for Real-Time Distributed Network Computing for Sensor Data Fusion
2.3 The Convergence of Networking and Real-Time Computing
2.4 Middleware
2.5 Network Resource Management
2.6 Experimental Results
3
Sensor Network Management
Linnyer Beatrys Ruiz, José Marcos Nogueira,
Antonio A. F. Loureiro
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Management Challenges
3.3 Management Dimensions
3.4 MANNA as an Integrating Architecture
3.5 Putting It All Together
3.6 Conclusion
4
Models for Programmability in Sensor Networks
Athanassios Boulis

7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background
7.3 Modeling of Perceptual Systems
7.4 Perceptual Systems in Practice
7.5 Research Issues and Summary
SECTION II Applications
8
Sensor Network Architecture and Applications
Chien-Chung Shen, Chaiporn Jaikaeo,
Chavalit Srisathapornphat
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sensor Network Applications
8.3 Functional Architecture for Sensor Networks
8.4 Sample Implementation Architectures
8.5 Summary
9
A Practical Perspective on Wireless Sensor Networks
Quanhong Wang,
Hossam Hassanein, Kenan Xu
9.1 Introduction
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Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLC
9.2 WSN Applications
9.3 Classification of WSNs
9.4 Characteristics, Technical Challenges, and Design Directions
9.5 Technical Approaches
9.6 Conclusions and Considerations for Future Research
10
Introduction to Industrial Sensor Networking
Miroslav Sveda, Petr Benes,

12.7 Summary
13
Tiered Architectures in Sensor Networks
Mark Yarvis, Wei Ye
13.1 Introduction
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Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLC
13.2 Why Build Tiered Architectures?
13.3 Spectrum of Sensor Network Hardware
13.4 Task Decomposition and Allocation
13.5 Forming Tiered Architectures
13.6 Routing and Addressing in a Tiered Architecture
13.7 Drawbacks of Tiered Architectures
13.8 Conclusions
14
Power-Efficient Topologies for Wireless Sensor Networks
Ayad Salhieh,
Loren Schwiebert
14.1 Motivation
14.2 Background
14.3 Issues for Topology Design
14.4 Assumptions
14.5 Analysis of Power Usage
14.6 Directional Source-Aware Routing Protocol (DSAP)
14.7 DSAP Analysis
14.8 Summary
15
Architecture and Modeling of Dynamic Wireless Sensor Networks
Symeon Papavassiliou, Jin Zhu
15.1 Introduction

A Comparative Study of Energy-Efficient (E
2
) Protocols for Wireless Sensor
Networks
Quanhong Wang, Hossam Hassanein
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Motivations and Directions
18.3 Cross-Layer Communication Protocol Stack for WSNs
18.4 Energy-Efficient MAC Protocols
18.5 Energy-Efficient Network Layer Protocols
18.6 Concluding Remarks
SECTION V Tracking Technologies
19
Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks
Mihaela Cardei, Jie Wu
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Area Coverage
19.3 Point Coverage
19.4 Barrier Coverage
19.5 Conclusion
20
Location Management in Wireless Sensor Networks
Jan Beutel
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Location in Wireless Communication Systems
20.3 Location in Wireless Sensor Networks
20.4 Summary
21
Positioning and Location Tracking in Wireless Sensor Networks
Yu-Chee Tseng,

24.1 Sensor Networks: Organization and Processing
24.2 Architectures for Sensor Integration
24.3 Example of Architecture Evaluation in High-Energy Physics
25
Computational and Networking Problems in Distributed Sensor Networks
Qishi Wu, Nageswara S.V. Rao, Richard R. Brooks, S. Sitharama Iyengar,
Mengxia Zhu
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Foundational Aspects of DSNs
25.3 Sensor Deployment
25.4 Routing Paradigms for DSNs
25.5 Conclusions and Future Work
26
Cooperative Computing in Sensor Networks
Liviu Iftode, Cristian Borcea,
Porlin Kang
26.1 Introduction
26.2 The Cooperative Computing Model
26.3 Node Architecture
26.4 Smart Messages
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Copyright © 2005 by CRC Press LLC