TOEFL Success
Read the passage to review the vocabulary you
have learned. Answer the questions that follow.
Until a century ago, military medicine was poor at battling disease. The
ratio of soldiers killed by diseases to those killed in combat was probably
at least two to one. For strategic reasons, military camps were
often set up near a body of water. This gave some protection
from enemy artillery, but it exposed soldiers to disease-
carrying mosquitoes. Mosquitoes also plagued troops in the
trenches. Low-ranking troops suffered the most. Officers who
were advanced enough in the hierarchy slept in separate tents
on high ground.
The long-held belief that disease resulted from evil spirits or bad air
eventually ceased to rule military medicine. The germ theory mobilized
actual science against disease. General George Washington ordered that
his men be vaccinated against smallpox.Their allegiance to him can be
measured by the fact that they obeyed, for Washington’s doctors used the
actual smallpox virus, not the safer vaccination that Edward Jenner would
introduce in 1798.
1.
Which sentence best expresses the essential information of this
passage?
a.
Army officers were far healthier than common foot soldiers.
b.
For a long time, a soldier was more likely to die of disease than in
battle.
c.
Armies should camp on dry ground, not near water.
d.
Diseases are caused by viruses and spread by mosquitoes.

a
4.
d
5.
b
TOEFL Prep II
1.
ranked
2.
allegiance
3.
hierarchy
4.
ratio
5.
strategy
TOEFL Success
1.
b
2.
c
Military Operations
85
www.just2download.blogspot.com
LESSON
War and Conquest
Target Words
1.
annex
6.

The highest point
Gregory knew that his running skills had to be at their apex during
the tournament.
Usage tips
Apex is often used to describe the high point of someone’s
abilities.
3.
collapse v.
To fall down, usually because of weakness
Parts of speech
collapse
n,
collapsible
adj
18
Copyright © 2005 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click here for terms of use.
www.just2download.blogspot.com
4.
conquest n.
A takeover by force or continued effort
The first recorded conquest of Mt. Everest was by Tensing Norgay
and Sir Edmund Hilary.
Usage tips
Conquest is usually followed by an of phrase.
Parts of speech
conquer
v
5.
devise v.
To find an original way to make an object or a plan

Although many native nations resisted, the U.S. government eventu-
ally took over almost all Indian land.
Parts of speech
resistance
n,
resistant
adj
9.
severely adv.
Harshly; extremely
Commanders severely punished any soldier who criticized the battle
plan.
Parts of speech
severity
n,
severe
adj
War and Conquest
87
www.just2download.blogspot.com
10.
violation n.
An action that breaks a law or agreement; mistreatment
of something that deserves respect
The army’s testing of new weapons was a violation of the cease-fire
agreement.
The sculptures at Mt. Rushmore may be a violation of sacred In-
dian land.
Usage tips
Violation is often followed by an of phrase.

Read the passage to review the vocabulary you
have learned. Answer the questions that follow.
The Roman conquest of North Africa is, in the prevailing view, less
interesting than Rome’s European adventures. In truth, one of the first
88
Society
www.just2download.blogspot.com