©2001 CRC Press LLC
Ce
3
+
Ti
3
+
Cr
3+
Cr
4 +
Sm
+
2
V
+
2
Wavelength ( µm)
0.5
1.0 1.5
2.0
4
(SrF )
2
(MgF )
2
(LiYF )
4
6
(BeAl O , LiSrAlF )
2

examples of avalanche-pumped upconversion lasers, see References 18 and 1037.
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 1.1.3
Multi-step Upconversion Excitation Schemes
optical transition ⇒ ion-ion energy transfer transitions
➟
nonradiative transition
Laser
ion
Upper
laser
level
Codopant
ion Upconversion excitation scheme
Pr
3+ 3
P
0
—
Yb
3+
1)
3
H
4
→
1
G
4
2)

3+
) ⇒
3
H
4
–
1
G
4
(Pr
3+
)
3)
1
G
4
→
3
P
1,0
Nd
3+ 4
D
3/2
— 1)
4
I
9/2
→
4

→
4
D
3/2
2
P
3/2
— 1)
4
I
9/2
→
4
G
5/2 ➟
4
F
3/2
2)

4
F
3/2
→
4
D
3/2 ➟
2
P
3/2

8
–
5
I
6
(Ho
3+
)
3)
2
F
7/2
→
2
F
5/2
(Yb
3+
)
4)
2
F
5/2
–
2
F
7/2
(Yb
3+
) ⇒

–
2
F
7/2
(Yb
3+
) ⇒
5
I
8
–
5
I
6
(Ho
3+
)
➟
5
I
7
Er
3+ 2
P
3/2
— 1)
4
I
15/2
→

) ⇒
4
I
11/2
–
4
F
7/2

➟
4
S
3/2
(Er
2
3+
)
4)
4
S
3/2
–
4
I
15/2
(Er
2
3+
) ⇒
4

H
9/2
— 1)
4
I
15/2
→
4
I
11/2
(Er
1
3+
)
2)
4
I
15/2
→
4
I
11/2
(Er
2
3+
)
3)
4
I
11/2

11/2➟4
I
13/2
(Er
3
3+
)
5)
4
S
3/2
–
4
I
15/2
(Er
2
3+
) ⇒
4
I
13/2
–
2
H
9/2
(Er

11/2
2)
4
I
11/2
→
4
F
5/2,7/2
→
➟
4
S
3/2
1)
4
I
15/2
→
4
I
11/2
(Er
1
3+
)
2)
4
I
15/2

S
3/2
(Er
2
3+
)
4
F
9/2
Yb
3+
Yb
3+
1)
2
F
7/2
→
2
F
5/2
(Yb
3+
)
2)
4
I
15/2
→
4

→
2
F
5/2
(Yb
3+
)
2)
2
F
5/2
–
2
F
7/2
(Yb
3+
) ⇒
4
I
15/2
–
4
I
11/2
(Er
3+
)
3)
2

➟
4
F
9/2
4
I
11/2
— 1)
4
I
15/2
→
4
I
13/2
(Er
1
3+
)
2)
4
I
15/2
→
4
I
13/2
(Er
2
3+

3+ 1
I
6
Yb
3+
1)
2
F
7/2
→
2
F
5/2
(Yb
3+
)
2)
2
F
7/2
–
2
F
5/2
(Yb
3+
) ⇒
3
H
6

2
F
7/2
(Yb
3+
) ⇒
3
F
4

3
F
3
(Tm
1
3+
)
➟3
H
4
5)
3
F
3
–
3
H

5/2

2
F
7/2
(Yb
3+
) ⇒
1
D
2

3
P
J
(Tm
2
3+
)
➟1
I
6
Tm
3+ 1
D
2
— 1)

6
→
3
H
4
(Tm
2
3+
)
3)
3
H
4
–
3
H
6
(Tm
1
3+
) ⇒
3
H
4
–
1
D
2
(Tm
2

F
4
(Tm
3+
)
3)
2
F
5/2
–
2
F
7/2
(Yb
3+
) ⇒
3
F
4
–
3
F
2
(Tm
3+
)
➟3

2
F
7/2
–
2
F
5/2
(Yb
3+
) ⇒
3
H
6
–
3
H
5
(Tm
3+
)
➟3
F
4
3)
2
F
7/2

(Tm
3+
)
5)
2
F
7/2
→
2
F
5/2
(Yb
3+
)
6)
2
F
5/2
–
2
F
7/2
(Yb
3+
) ⇒
3
H
4
–
1

4
→
3
H
5
Nd
3+ 4
F
3/2
→
4
I
13/2
→
4
I
11/2
Ho
3+ 5
S
2
→
5
I
5
→
5
I
6
5

I
8
5
S
2
→
5
I
5

➟5
I
6
→
5
I
7
5
S
2
→
5
I
5

➟


5
S
2
→
5
F
5

➟5
I
4

➟5
I
5
→
5
I
6
→
5
I
7
5

4
I
13/2
4
S
3/2
→
4
I
11/2
→
4
I
13/2
4
S
3/2
→
4
I
13/2
→
4
I
15/2
4
S
3/2
→
4

15/2
4
F
9/2
→
4
I
11/2
→
4
I
13/2
4
I
11/2
→
4
I
13/2
→
4
I
15/2
Tm
3+ 3
F
4
→
3
H

13/2
–
4
I
15/2
(Er
3+
) ⇒
5
I
8
–
5
I
7
(Ho
3+
)
5
I
7
→
5
I
8
(Ho
3+
)
4
I

7
→
5
I
8
(Ho
3+
)
Er
3+
+ Tm
3+ 4
S
3/2
→
4
I
13/2
(Er
3+
) ⇒
4
I
13/2
–
4
I
15/2
(Er
3+

)
4
I
13/2
–
4
I
15/2
(Er
3+
) ⇒
3
H
6
–
3
F
4
(Tm
3+
)
3
F
4
→
3
H
6
(Tm
3+

⇒
5
I
8
–
5
I
7
(Ho
3+
)
55
I
7
→
5
I
8
(Ho
3+
)
3
H
4
→
3
F
4
(Tm
3+

(Ho
3+
)
Er
3+
+ Tm
3+
+ Ho
3+ 4
I
11/2
→
4
I
13/2
(Er
3+
)
4
I
13/2
–
4
I
15/2
(Er
3+
) ⇒
3
H

55
I
7
→
5
I
8
(Ho
3+
)
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Further Reading
Caird, J. and Payne, S. A., Crystalline Paramagnetic Ion Lasers, in Handbook of Laser
Science and Technology, Suppl. 1: Lasers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1991), p. 3.
Hanna, D. C. and Jacquier, B., Eds., Miniature coherent light sources in dielectric media,
Opt. Mater. 11, Nos. 2/3 (1999).
Kaminskii, A. A., Crystalline Lasers: Physical Processes and Operating Schemes, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL (1996).
Kaminskii, A. A., Laser Crystals, Their Physics and Properties, Springer-Verlag,
Heidelberg (1990).
Moulton, P., Paramagnetic Ion Lasers, in Handbook of Laser Science and Technology, Vol.
I: Lasers and Masers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (1995), p. 21
©2001 CRC Press LLC
1.1.2 Host Crystals Used for Transition Metal Laser Ions
Table 1.1.6
Host Crystals Used for Transition Metal Laser Ions
Crystal Ti
3+
V
2+

O
4 • •
BeAl
6
O
10 •
Be
3
Al
2
Si
6
O
18 •
CaGd
4
(SiO
4
)
3
O
•
CaY
2
Mg
2
Ge
3
O
12 •

Al
3
O
12 •
Gd
3
Sc
2
Ga
3
O
12 •
La
3
Ga
5
GeO
14 •
La
3
Ga
5.5
Nb
0.5
O
14 •
La
3
Ga
5.5

4
(SiO
4
)
3
O
•
YA1O
3 •
Y
2
SiO
5 •
Y
3
Al
5
O
12 • •
Y
3
Ga
5
O
12 •
Y
3
Sc
2
Al

3+
Cr
4+
Mn
5+
Fe
2+
Co
2+
Ni
2+
KZnF
3 • •
LiCaAlF
6 •
LiSrAlF
6 • •
LiSrCrF
6 •
LiSrGaF
6 •
MgF
2 • •
MnF
2 •
Na
3
Ga
3
Li


CaF
2 • • •
SrF
2 • •
Table 1.1.8
Host Crystals Used for Trivalent Lanthanide Laser Ions
Crystal Ce
3+
Pr
3+
Nd
3+
Sm
3+
Eu
3+
Dy
3+
Ho
3+
Er
3+
Tm
3+
Yb
3+Oxides

Pr
3+
Nd
3+
Sm
3+
Eu
3+
Dy
3+
Ho
3+
Er
3+
Tm
3+
Yb
3+Oxides

BaGd
2
(MoO
4
)
4 •
BaLaGa
3

O
12 •
Bi
4
(Si,Ge)
3
O
12 •
Bi
12
SiO
20 •
Ca
0.25
Ba
0.75
-
(NbO
3
)
2
•
CaAl
4
O
7
•
•
CaGd
4

-
Ga
3
O
12
•
CaSc
2
O
4 •
CaWO
4 • • • • •
CaYAlO
4 •
CaY
2
Mg
2
Ge
3
O
12 • •
CaY
4
(SiO
4
)
3
O
• • •

Ga
2
Ge
4
O
14 •
Ca
3
Ga
2
SiO
7 •
Ca
3
Ga
4
O
9 •
Ca
3
(Nb,Ga)
2
-
(Ga
3
O
12
•
Ca
3

3+
Nd
3+
Sm
3+
Eu
3+
Dy
3+
Ho
3+
Er
3+
Tm
3+
Yb
3+
CeP
5
O
14 •
CsLa(WO
4
)
2 •
CsNd(MoO
4
)
2 •
ErAlO

5
O
12 •
GdAlO
3 • • • •
GdGaGe
2
O
7 •
GdP
5
O
14 •
GdScO
3 •
GdVO
4 • •
Gd
2
(MoO
4
)
3 •
Gd
2
(WO
4
)
3 •
Gd

3
O
12 • • •
HfO
2
-Y
2
O
3 •
Ho
3
Al
5
O
12 •
Ho
3
Ga
5
O
12 •
Ho
3
Sc
2
Al
3
O
12 •
KEr(WO

KY(WO
4
)
2 • • • •
K(Y,Er)(WO
4
)
2 • •
K
3
(La,Nd)(PO
4
)
2
•
K
5
Bi(MoO
4
)
4
•
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 1.1.8—continued
Host Crystals Used for Trivalent Lanthanide Laser Ions
Crystal Ce
3+
Pr
3+
Nd

5
•
LaGaGe
2
O
7
•
LaMgAl
11
O
19
•
LaNbO
4
•
LaP
5
O
14
•
(La,Nd)P
5
O
14
•
(La,Pr)P
5
O
14 •
LaSc

O
3
-9SiO
2
•
La
2
Si
2
O
7
•
La
3
Ga
5
GeO
14
•
La
3
Ga
5
SiO
14
•
La
3
Ga
5.5

LiGd(MoO
4
)
2
•
LiLa(MoO
4
)
2
•
LiNbO
3 • • • • •
LiPrP
4
O
14 •
LuA1O
3 • • • •
LuScO
3
•
Lu
2
SiO
5
•
Lu
3
Al
5

17
•
NaBi(WO
4
)
2
•
NaGaGe
2
O
7
•
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 1.1.8—continued
Host Crystals Used for Trivalent Lanthanide Laser Ions
Crystal Ce
3+
Pr
3+
Nd
3+
Sm
3+
Eu
3+
Dy
3+
Ho
3+
Er

NaNdP
4
O
12
•
NaYGeO
4
•
NaY(MoO
4
)
2
•
NaY(WO
4
)
2
•
Na(Nd,Gd)-
(WO
4
)
2
•
Na
3
Nd(PO
4
)
2

4
•
Nd(Ga,Cr)
3
(BO
3
)
4
•
NdGaGe
2
O
7
•
Nd
3
Ga
5
O
12
•
Nd
3
Ga
5
GeO
14
•
Nd
3

2
•
ScBeAlO
4
•
•
Sc
2
O
3
•
Sc
2
SiO
5 •
SrAl
2
O
4
•
•
SrAl
4
O
7
•
• • • •
SrAl
12
O

3+
Pr
3+
Nd
3+
Sm
3+
Eu
3+
Dy
3+
Ho
3+
Er
3+
Tm
3+
Yb
3+
SrLaGa
3
O
7 • •
SrMoO
4 •
•
•
SrWO
4
•

2
Ge
4
O
14
•
Sr
3
Ga
2
GeO
14 •
Sr
4
Ca(PO
4
)
3
•
Sr
5
(PO
4
)
3
• •
Tm
3
Al
5

2
O
3
•
• • •
Y
2
O
3
-ThO
2
•
• •
Y
2
SiO
5
•
Y
3
Al
3
O
12
•
Y
3
Al
3
O

12
•
Y
3
Sc
2
Ga
3
O
12 • • •
Yb
3
Al
5
O
12 • •
ZrO
2
-Er
2
O
3 • • •
ZrO
2
-Y
2
O
3 •
Host Crystals Used for Trivalent Lanthanide Laser Ions
Crystal Ce
3+
Pr
3+
Nd
3+
Sm
3+
Eu
3+
Dy
3+
Ho
3+
Er
3+
Tm
3+
Yb
3+
Ba(Y,Er)
2
F
8 •
Ba(Y,Yb)
2
F
8 •
BaYb

3 • •
CaF
2
-ErF
3
-TmF
3
-
YbF
3
•
CaF
2
-GdF
3 •
CaF
2
-HoF
3 • • •
CaF
2
-HoF
3
-ErF
3 •
CaF
2
-LaF
3 •
CaF

•
• •
CaF
2
-YF
3
-NdF
3
•
CdF
2
•
CdF
2
-CeF
3
•
CdF
2
-GaF
3
•
CdF
2
-GdF
3
•
CdF
2
-LaF

CsGd
2
F
7
•
CsY
2
F
7
•
ErF
3
-HoF
3 •
ErLiF
4 •
GdF
3
-CaF
2
•
GdLiF
4
•
HoLiF
4 •
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 1.1.8—continued
Host Crystals Used for Trivalent Lanthanide Laser Ions
Crystal Ce

5
•
K
5
(Nd,Ce)Li
2
F
10
•
K
5
NdLi
2
F
10
•
LaBr
3 •
LaCl
3 •
(La,Pr)Cl
3 • •
LaF
3 • •
•
• •
LaF
3
-SrF
2

6 •
α-NaCaErF
6 • • • •
α-NaCaYF
6 •
5NaF-9YF
3
•
Na
0.4
Y
0.6
F
2.2
•
PbCl
2
•
PrBr
3 •
PrCl
3 •
PrF
3 •
SrF
2
•
•
SrF
2

-LuF
3
•
SrF
2
-ScF
3
•
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Table 1.1.8—continued
Host Crystals Used for Trivalent Lanthanide Laser Ions
Crystal Ce
3+
Pr
3+
Nd
3+
Sm
3+
Eu
3+
Dy
3+
Ho
3+
Er
3+
Tm
3+
Yb

CaF
2
-CeO
2
•
Ca
3
Sr
2
(PO
4
)
3
F
•
Ca
4
Sr(PO
4
)
3
F
•
Ca
5
(PO
4
)
3
F

Sr
5
(VO
4
)
3
Cl •
Sr
5
(VO
4
)
3
F •Chalcogenides
La
2
O
2
S •
©2001 CRC Press LLC
1.1.4 Tables of Transition Metal Ion Lasers
Table 1.1.9
Transition Metal Ion LasersOptical pump


O
12
(YAG) laser
NdYLF — Nd:LiYF
4
(YLF) laser
NdYAP — Nd:YAlO
3
(YAP) laser
RL — ruby (Al
2
O
3
:Cr) laser
RS — Raman-shifted
TiS — Ti:sapphire (Al
2
O
3
) laser
TmYAP — Tm:YAlO
3
(YAP) laser
TmHoYAG — Tm,Ho:Y
3
Al
5
O
12
(YAG) laser

300 DNdYAP p 83, 84, 86, 92,
97–108
300 Cu laser p 1039
510 DNdYAG p 84
300 DNdYAG qs 99
300 Ar laser AML 110
300 DNdYAP SML 113
0.700–0.818 300 sun cw 1155
BeAl
2
O
4
2
E →
2
T
2
0.73–0.95 300 DNdYAG cw 170
300 DNdYAG
p 171,172
0.753–0.946 300
Xe lamp p 189
YA1O
3
2
E →
2
T
2
0.6116 300 DNdYAP p 59

→
4
A
2 1.07–1.16 80 Ar laser cw 261, 303–305
1.1213 77 Xe lamp p 488
Chromium (Cr
2+
, 3d
4
)
Host
crystal
Laser
transition
Wavelength
( m)
Temp.
(K)
Optical
pump Mode Ref.
CdMnTe
5
E →
5
T
2
2.515 300 RS NdYAG p 1031
5
E →
5

2.138–2.760
300 TmYAP cw 1124
~2.35
300 Co:MgF
2
L p 915
Chromium (Cr
3+
, 3d
3
)
Host
crystal
Laser
transition
Wavelength
( m)
Temp.
(K)
Optical
pump Mode Ref.
Al
2
(WO
4
)
3
4
T
2

) 77 Xe lamp p 153
0.7041(N
1
) 77 Xe lamp p 153
0.6943–0.6952 300–500 Xe lamp p 137
0.7670 300 Xe lamp p 197
Be
3
Al
2
Si
6
O
18
2
E →
4
A
2
0.685 300 RS-DNdL p 123
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.720–0.842 300 Kr laser cw 164, 165
0.720–0.842 300 Xe lamp p 166
BeAl

2
E →
4
A
2
0.6804 300 Xe lamp p 121,122
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.70–0.82 — Hg lamp cw 140–142
300 Kr laser cw 143
BeAl
2
O
4
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.70–0.82 — Xe lamp cw 141, 142
300–330 Xe lamp p 120, 144–6
330–370 Xe lamp p 120, 145,
148, 149

2
→
4
A
2
0.87–1.21 300 RL, DL p 241, 1017
(Gd,Ca)
3
-
(Ga,Mn,Zr)
5
O
12
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.774–0.814 300 Xe lamp p 198
Gd
3
Ga
5
O
12
4
T
2

Ga
3
O
12
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.742–0.842 300 Xe lamp p 177, 178
Kr laser cw
174–176
Ar laser cw
174–176
KZnF
3
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.766–0.865 300 Kr laser cw 193
dye laser p 191, 192
ruby laser qcw 194
Xe lamp p 195
0.775–0.816 80 Kr laser cw 191, 192

2
0.88–1.22 300 ruby laser p 241, 242,
1017
La
3
Ga
5.5
Nb
0.5
O
14
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.9–1.25 300 ruby laser p 240, 1017
©2001 CRC Press LLC
Chromium (Cr
3+
, 3d
3
)—continued
Host
crystal
Laser
transition
Wavelength

2
→
4
A
2
0.9–1.25 300 ruby laser p 240, 1017
La
3
Ga
5
SiO
14
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.815–1.22 300 Kr laser cw 209, 1017
ruby laser p 208
La
3
Ga
5.5
Ta
0.5
O
14
4

2
0.750–0.950 300 Xe lamp p 186
LiSrAlF
6
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.780–1.010 300 Xe lamp p 201
0.78–0.92 300 Kr laser cw 196, 199
0.809–0.910 300 LD PML 894
0.815–0.915 300 NdYLF p 200
~0.825–0.875 300 LD PML 1066
LiSrCrF
6
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.890 300 TiS laser p 243
LiSrGaF
6
4
T

2
0.792 300 Kr laser cw 206
ScBO
3
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.787–0.892 300 Kr laser cw 162, 202,
203
Sr
3
Ga
2
Ge
4
O
14
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.895 300 ruby laser p 1017
0.90–1.15 300 ruby laser p 241, 242

4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.74 300 Kr laser cw 173
Y
3
Sc
2
Al
3
O
12
4
T
2
→
4
A
2
0.767 300 Kr laser cw 196
Y
3
Sc
2
Ga
3